Scanning machines like MRI, X-ray, CT, and ultrasound use sensors to obtain images of the inside of the body. MRI specifically uses strong magnets and radio waves to generate detailed images. It works by aligning hydrogen protons in the body with a magnetic field, applying radio waves to flip the alignment of protons in different tissues, and detecting the energy given off as protons flip back to produce detailed images of internal structures like joints, muscles, and organs. This allows doctors to diagnose conditions without using radiation.
Miniatlas of Human Cross-Sectional AnatomyPhilip Tate
A cadaver was sectioned and photographed. The cadaver photographs were correlated with MRI and CT images. Photoshop and Quark Express were used to produce a 62 page atlas that presents sectional anatomy using a systemic approach.
Coauthored with James Kennedy and John Lampigano
MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body.
Developed by the Lauterbur in 1972 at Stony brook in New York.
MRI does not involve radiation
MRI contrasting agent is less likely to produce an allergic reaction that may occur when iodine-based substances are used for x-rays and CT scans
MRI gives extremely clear, detailed images of soft-tissue structures that other imaging techniques cannot achieve
The MRI machine cannot just simply “see the hydrogen nuclei which lie “hidden” in the water molecules distributed in the patient.
It needs to do ‘something’ to the hydrogen nuclei to detect their presence.
Miniatlas of Human Cross-Sectional AnatomyPhilip Tate
A cadaver was sectioned and photographed. The cadaver photographs were correlated with MRI and CT images. Photoshop and Quark Express were used to produce a 62 page atlas that presents sectional anatomy using a systemic approach.
Coauthored with James Kennedy and John Lampigano
MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body.
Developed by the Lauterbur in 1972 at Stony brook in New York.
MRI does not involve radiation
MRI contrasting agent is less likely to produce an allergic reaction that may occur when iodine-based substances are used for x-rays and CT scans
MRI gives extremely clear, detailed images of soft-tissue structures that other imaging techniques cannot achieve
The MRI machine cannot just simply “see the hydrogen nuclei which lie “hidden” in the water molecules distributed in the patient.
It needs to do ‘something’ to the hydrogen nuclei to detect their presence.
basic and brief but informative knowledge about what basically MRI is ...
easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tomography has emerged as a powerful imaging technique in the medical field because of its high resolution capability and potential for chemical specific imaging. Although similar to the X-ray computerized tomography (CT), it uses magnetic fields and radio frequency signals to obtain anatomical information about the human body as cross-sectional images in any desired direction and can easily discriminate between healthy and diseased tissue.
basic and brief but informative knowledge about what basically MRI is ...
easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tomography has emerged as a powerful imaging technique in the medical field because of its high resolution capability and potential for chemical specific imaging. Although similar to the X-ray computerized tomography (CT), it uses magnetic fields and radio frequency signals to obtain anatomical information about the human body as cross-sectional images in any desired direction and can easily discriminate between healthy and diseased tissue.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. Medical Definition of Scan
Scan is a data or image
obtained from the
examination of organs or
regions of the body by
gathering information with a
sensing device
3. Types of Scans and Medical
Imaging
1. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) /NMR
(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging)
2. X-Ray
3. CT( Computerized tomography )/ CAT
(computerized axial tomography ) are two
names for the same type of scan.
4. Ultrasound
5. DEXA (bone density)
6. PET scan
4. 1. MRI /NMR Scanning
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), also
known as nuclear magnetic resonance
imaging, is a scanning technique for creating
detailed images of the human body.
• MRI is used to examine internal body
structures and diagnose a variety of
disorders, such as strokes, tumors,
aneurysms, spinal cord injuries, multiple
sclerosis and eye or inner ear problems.
5. •The scan uses a strong magnetic field and
radio waves to generate images of parts of the
body that can't be seen as well with x-rays, CT
scans or ultrasound.
•It can help doctors to see inside joints,
cartilage, ligaments, muscles and tendons,
which makes it helpful for detecting various
sports injuries.
•The first mri scanner used to image the
human body was built in new york in 1977.
6. Physics behind MRI
• Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) allows us to see inside the
human body with amazing
detail, by using magnets and
radio waves.
• MRI does not involve radiation
like an X-ray or CT scan.
7. THE “MAGNET” IN MAGNETIC
RESONANCE IMAGING
• The MRI scanner is essentially a giant
magnet.
• The strength of the magnet is measured in a
unit called Tesla (T).
• Most MRI scanners used in hospitals and
medical research clinics are 1.5 or 3 Tesla.
• The earth’s magnetic field is around
0.00006 Tesla.
8. •A 3 Tesla MRI scanner is around 60,000 times
stronger than the earth’s magnetic field!
10. •MRI uses magnetic fields and radio
waves to measures how much water is in
different tissues of the body, maps the
location of the water and then uses this
information to generate a detailed
image.
•The images are so detailed because our
bodies are made up of around 65%
water, so we have lots of signal to
measure.
11. •The water molecule (H2O) is made up
of two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom. The hydrogen (H) atoms
are the part that makes water
interesting for MRI, and what we use
to measure the signal from the body
when we do an MRI scan.
12. •In hydrogen central nucleus contains a
single positive charge, called a proton .
•Like the Earth spinning on its axis with a
north and south magnetic pole, each
spinning hydrogen proton is like a tiny
magnet that spins around on its own axis.
13. •This spinning motion is known as precession.
At any moment in time, all the billions of
hydrogen protons in our bodies are all in
random positions and spinning on their axes.
15. Explanation of figure
(A) Water is made up of two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen atom.
The hydrogen nucleus (shown in red as P+)
contains one positive charge—a proton
spinning around on its axis, which acts like a
tiny magnet.
16. • (B) in the MRI scanner, the protons align
with the b0 magnetic field, some “up”
(red), and slightly less “down” (white).
The total magnet field generated from all
the hydrogen protons almost cancel each
other out, to leave only the magnetic
field from the small proportion of extra
“up” protons, and it is this small magnetic
field that we can measure using MRI.
17.
18.
19. •However, this randomness changes when
we place a human body into a very strong
magnetic field, like an MRI scanner.
20. •Just like a compass needle aligns to the Earth’s
magnetic field, when these randomly spinning
hydrogen protons are placed in an MRI scanner, their
axes realign them with the scanner’s stronger
magnetic field.
21. •We call the scanners magnetic field
the B0 field. Just like a compass needle in
the earth’s field, the compass itself does not
physically move, but rather the needle spins
to align itself.
22. •Similarly, the hydrogen protons do not physically
move in your body when you enter an MRI
scanner, their axes just align along the direction
of the B0 field.
•Some will align “up” (parallel) and some will
align “down” (anti-parallel), while still spinning
around on their own axes .
•Due to the wonderful laws of quantum physics,
which we will not go into here, there are always
just slightly more “up” protons than “down.”
23. •If you now think about the total magnet
field generated from all our hydrogen
protons, these tiny magnets almost cancel
each other out, to leave only the magnetic
field from the small proportion of extra “up”
protons, and it is this small magnetic field
that we can measure using MRI.
24. •The B0 field not only affects the hydrogen
proton’s alignment.
•B0 field also affects how fast these
protons spin called Precessional
frequency
•The precessional frequency depends on
the strength of the magnetic field. The
stronger the magnetic field, the faster they
spin.
25. •These two ideas of axis realignment and
precessional frequency are important
when we use MRI to measure the signal
from these hydrogen molecules.
27. How do we distinguish the tiny
magnetic field caused by the extra
“up” hydrogen protons in our body
from the massive B0 field of the
scanner?
We use something called
Radio Frequency (RF)
28. We use Radio frequency pulse, to disturb or flip all
the protons, at the same time, out of alignment
from the scanners magnetic field.
The frequency of the RF pulse must be the same as
the frequency of the spinning hydrogen protons, so
they can exchange energy, so that they are on
resonance ,Have the same frequency
with each other.
29. Resonance enables the protons to absorb
enough energy from the RF pulse to rotate their
axes away from the B0 field, so that the MRI
scanner can measure it.
30. Comparing to a compass placed in the Earth’s
magnetic field pointing toward the north pole, we
can make the needle rotate to point east if we
place a small bar magnet next to the compass.
This is similar to the way the protons behave
when we turn on the RF pulse.
31. If the whole body is full of hydrogen “up”
protons all spinning at the same
precessing frequency in the B0, how do
we target just the ones in the brain to
investigate mental health?
We use the fact that the precessional
frequency of the protons is
dependant on the magnetic field
strength.
32. We apply a second magnetic field, B1 that varies across the
body.
In the example shown in the Figure , hydrogen protons in
the head will then be spinning faster than those in the
chest, stomach and feet.
Then, we tune the RF pulse to the precessing frequency of
the hydrogen protons in the head.
The RF pulse will then only be resonant with the protons in
the brain.
33. Therefore, only the protons in the brain will
absorb energy from the RF pulse and be flipped
away from the B0 field.
We can obviously tune our RF pulse to be
resonant with protons in other parts of the body,
like the feet, if we were interested in imaging the
feet!
34. HOW DO WE GET AN
IMAGE FROM THESE
SPINNING PROTONS?
how do we get an image from these
spinning, flipped hydrogen protons in
the brain?
35. When the RF pulse is turned off, the protons
flip back and realign along the main
magnetic field, B0.
If we think of our compass again, when we
move our small bar magnet away, the needle
will rotate from east to north and align with
the Earth’s magnetic field once more. As the
protons flip back and realign with B0, they
give off energy.
36. Different tissues in the body give off different
amounts of energy. To measure this emitted
energy, we require some special equipment
(called a coil) that is placed around the body part
we are imaging.
The coil acts as an antenna and detects the
released energy as an electrical current.
The electrical current is transformed, via a
computer, using a mathematical calculation
called a Fourier transformation .
37. Because protons in the different kinds of tissues in
the brain, such as gray matter, white matter and
blood, all give off different amounts of energy, the
result of the transformed energy is a highly
detailed image of the tissue inside the brain.
38.
39. (A) The B1 field is applied, which increases
across the body, from foot to head. Hydrogen
protons in the head will then be spinning
faster than those in the feet.
40. (B) Different tissues, such as white matter, gray
matter and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in the
body give off different amounts of energy. To
measure the energy emitted by the protons in
the brain when the RF pulse is turned off, we
place a coil around the head.
41. (C) This technique can provide many different images of the
brain, giving us information about (top right): how the brain
is structurally connected via white matter—the information
highways of the brain. (Middle right): the volume of gray
matter regions of the brain, where information is processed.
(Bottom right): how the brain is functionally connected—
how different regions of the brain communicate and work
together.