Sc2218 lecture 6 (2011)
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This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from a lecture on gender and sexuality in anthropology. It defines and distinguishes among sex, gender, and sexuality. It discusses how gender is a social and cultural elaboration of biological sex. Examples of gender systems like marriage, inheritance, and residence patterns are presented to show how they vary across cultures. The influence of sexual bonding and reproduction on the development of gender is also discussed.
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This document provides an overview of a lecture on patriarchy and gender studies. It discusses:
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2) Different gender systems and the patriarchal tendency seen in many human societies.
3) Terminology related to patriarchy, matriarchy, and different inheritance and residence patterns.
4) How patrilineal and patrilocal systems tend to produce patriarchal societies while matrilineal and matrilocal systems tend toward more egalitarian relationships.
5) Challenges in defining patriarchy and analyzing why it exists in many societies.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in gender studies, including:
- The history of gender studies and distinguishing sex from gender.
- Gender is socially and culturally constructed through processes like socialization and gender systems that define masculinity and femininity.
- Gender is explored in contexts like popular culture, social relations around power and work, and in contemporary society.
- Biological, cultural and social factors all influence gender, which is what society makes of biological sex differences.
- Systems of inheritance, residence, and power distribution vary across societies and influence gender relations. While patriarchal systems tend to empower men more, some societies are more egalitarian.
Sc2220 Lecture 13 2009
The document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from a 13-week course on gender studies. It covers the following topics: introduction to gender studies and distinguishing between sex, gender and sexuality; biology and gender; cultural constructions of gender through socialization; social dynamics of gender including patriarchy and matriarchy; gender in social relations and structures; and issues of gender at work.
Gender
The document discusses various concepts related to gender including:
- Gender refers to the socially constructed roles and behaviors of men and women, as opposed to sex which refers to biological differences.
- Patriarchy involves the control of women's productive and reproductive abilities as well as their sexuality by men in society.
- Gender roles are expectations of how men and women should behave and the types of work they do in a society.
- Gender equality means equal treatment and opportunities for both sexes while gender equity recognizes different needs but aims for equal outcomes.
Gender
It refers to the social attributes, roles and responsibilities, associated with being male & female and the relationships between women & men (girls & boys).
“the gender question is not just about women but about both women and men and how they interact”
(the gender question, Human Development Report 2000)
Sc2220 lecture 8 2011
This document summarizes explanations for the development of patriarchal societies. It discusses three interrelated conditions that help explain patriarchy:
1. The reproductive "baby burden" - Human offspring require substantial care that is primarily provided by mothers due to biological factors like breastfeeding. This limits mothers' activities and creates dependency.
2. Sexual exchange - With hidden ovulation and higher male sex drives, women can use sex as a commodity to exchange for resources to help with childcare. This motivates men to acquire resources.
3. Socioeconomic conditions - Men's acquired extrinsic resources like meat and money provide more power in societies than women's intrinsic attractiveness. Additional factors like the "grandmother hypothesis
Sc2218 Lecture 6 (2008a)
The document discusses gender and sexuality from an anthropological perspective. It begins by defining key concepts like sex, gender and sexuality, and how they differ. It then examines how gender and sexuality are cultural constructs that vary widely across societies, rather than being innate or biologically determined. Specific examples are provided of varying concepts of gender, as well as the naturalization of gender norms.
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The document discusses key concepts related to gender, including:
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- Gender is socially constructed and varies across cultures, while sex is a biological and physical categorization.
- Patriarchy describes a social system where males hold primary power, and where societies are organized around male authority. It influences the control of women's productive, reproductive, and sexual abilities.
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This document discusses sex and gender. It defines sex as the biological and physical differences between males and females, such as genetic or reproductive characteristics. Gender is defined as the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and identities associated with being male or female in a society. The document notes that while sex is biologically determined, gender is socially constructed and can vary across cultures and over time. It explores various theories about gender roles and inequality between males and females in society.
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How Culture Constructs Gender DifferenceBiological models
How Culture Constructs Gender Difference
Biological models assume that biological sex determines gender,
That biological differences lead to behavior differences, which lead to social arrangements.
By this account, social inequalities are encoded into our physiological composition.
That biological anomalies alone account for variation.
Biological researchers always assumed that gender difference implied gender inequality because western notions of difference do usually lead to and justify inequality.
However, some anthropologists argue that biological models projected their western values onto other cultures.
That these models ignore the role of colonialism and the roles of women in establishing gender differences in traditional cultures.
Anthropological evidence offers a world of amazing diversity of the cultural constructions of gender.
Yet some themes remain constant:
Virtually all societies manifest some amount of difference between men and women.
Virtually all cultures exhibit some form of male domination, despite variations in gender definitions.
Variations in Gender Definitions
Anthropologists have found far more variability in the definitions of masculinity and femininity than any biologist would have predicted.
Men possessed of similar levels of testosterone, with similar brain structure and lateralization, seem to exhibit dramatically different levels of aggression, violence, and, especially, violence toward women.
Women with similar brains, hormones, and evolutionary imperatives have widely different experiences of passivity, PMS, and spatial coordination.
Margaret Meade’s Work
Meade examined three very different cultures in New Guinea.
In the Arapesh culture, all members were passive, gentle, and emotionally warm.
Males and females were equally happy, trustful, and confident.
Men and women shared child rearing, both were “maternal” and both discouraged aggression in boys and girls.
Both men and women were thought to be relatively equally sexual.
In the Mundugamor culture (a tribe of head hunters and cannibals), citizens viewed men and women as similar but expected persons of both sexes to be violent and aggressive.
Women showed little “maternal instinct,” detested pregnancy and nursing and could hardly wait to return to the serious business of work.
There was violent rivalry between fathers and sons.
All people feared that they were being wronged by others.
In the Tchambuli culture (as in the US) men and women were seen as very different.
It was a patrilineal culture and polygyny was accepted.
One sex was comprised primarily of nurturing and gossipy consumers who spent their days dressing up and going shopping.
These were the men
The women were dominant, energetic, economic providers.
They fished (activity on which the entire culture depended).
They had real positions of power in the society.
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Sc2220 lecture 8 2012
The document discusses explanations for the development of patriarchal societies. It argues that three interrelated factors contributed: 1) the greater biological investment required of women in child rearing due to pregnancy and lactation, 2) the potential for male cuckoldry creating disincentives for paternal investment, and 3) how these first two factors influenced the development of sexual and resource exchange systems between men and women that gave men influence over female sexuality and children.
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This document discusses key concepts related to gender and sexuality, including definitions of sex and gender. It describes how gender is a social construct based on biological sex differences. Several theories on the origins of gender inequality are provided, including historical, religious, biological, and sociological perspectives. Functionalism, conflict theory, and various feminist theories are outlined as explanations for the persistence of gender stratification. Examples of gender inequality in areas like the workplace and socialization are also presented.
2015Jun12 - Gender Sensitization - Gender Sensitization Cell - Aurora Degree ...
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2015Jun12 - A presentation was made to the Faculty of the Aurora Degree and PG College, Hyderabad, on this topic of Gender Sensitization. A live audio recording of the session, in English and Telugu, is also available: Please visit: www.archive.org and access the same:
https://archive.org/details/150612000GenderSensitizationAurora
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The document discusses three proposed explanations for the development of patriarchal societies:
1. Childcare and investment in offspring - Historically, women have invested far more time and resources in pregnancy, lactation, and childcare than men. This created a tendency toward maternal parenting and male control over female sexuality.
2. Sexual exchange theory - Humans have hidden ovulation and use sex for social bonding, not just reproduction. Men generally have a higher sex drive than women. This created an environment where women could use sexual access as a bargaining chip to gain resources from men for childcare.
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- 1. SC2218: Anthropology and the Human Condition Lecture 6: Gender and Sexuality Eric C. Thompson Semester 1, 2011/2012
- 4. Sex, Gender and Sexuality What is the difference?
- 5. What makes boys and girls different?
- 13. Patri- and Matri- (Some Terminology) Patri- (male) Matri- (female) -archy (rule, govern) -lineal (in the line of) -local (residence, location) Patriarchy: society in which power is disproportionately held by men Examples: Matrilineal: society in which property, names, status, etc. is inherited through women Patrilocal: society in which married couples live with the man’s side of the family *These are all different things; a society can be matrilineal but patriarchal
- 17. Why have patrilineal or matrilineal inheritance? What are the social effects of these cultural rules?
- 29. INTERMISSION… For your consideration: “Best Gender Song” Voted by the Gender Studies Class of 2008/2009
- 36. How Sex Came About…
- 43. Fact: Human Offspring Require Substantial Care, Feeding and Investment of Resources Who is going to do this?
- 50. Adult Male Adult Female Infant Surplus Resources Sexual Gratification Surplus Resources Human Pair Bonding & Sexual Exchange System This is only one part of human exchange, sexuality, and bonding systems. For example, Fathers very commonly give resources to children (in the absence of any relationship to the Mother). Men and Women very commonly exchange things other than sex for resources. Pure LOVE does exist ; but, it to is only one small part of the human system.
- 54. Bye-bye . . . See you next week in two weeks!