Sc2220 Lecture 7 2009
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The document discusses the patriarchal tendency in human societies and various theories about its origins. It defines key terms like patriarchy, matriarchy, patrilineal and matrilineal. Common explanations for patriarchy like physical strength differences or capitalism are criticized for not accounting for variations in gender relations across societies or how power is socially constructed. The tendency towards patriarchy is presented as a complex issue requiring further discussion to understand its causes.
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The document discusses three proposed explanations for the development of patriarchal societies:
1. Childcare and investment in offspring - Historically, women have invested far more time and resources in pregnancy, lactation, and childcare than men. This created a tendency toward maternal parenting and male control over female sexuality.
2. Sexual exchange theory - Humans have hidden ovulation and use sex for social bonding, not just reproduction. Men generally have a higher sex drive than women. This created an environment where women could use sexual access as a bargaining chip to gain resources from men for childcare.
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This document provides an overview of a lecture on patriarchy and gender studies. It discusses:
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Entire 1 hour presentation can be viewed by linking here:
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This lecture discusses gender and sexuality from an anthropological perspective. It begins with terminology related to kinship systems such as patrilineal, matrilineal, and bilateral. It then examines how different kinship systems shape gender relations and can be either patriarchal or egalitarian. The lecture also distinguishes between sex, gender, and sexuality. It explores examples of gender pluralism and third genders in other cultures and how notions of masculinity and femininity are social and cultural elaborations rather than determined by biology alone.
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1. The distinction between sex (biological) and gender (socially constructed), and debates around this. While some argue gender is socially imposed, others see biology as influencing behavior.
2. Gender as a social construct, influenced by factors like gender socialization from a young age and societal expectations that define femininity and masculinity.
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This document discusses different sociological perspectives on the family, including modernist and postmodernist views. It examines how postmodernists argue that families have greater diversity and choice in relationships compared to structuralist views. The document also discusses how postmodernists believe family structures have become more fragmented and chaotic as individuals have more freedom to choose their lifestyles.
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The document discusses kinship systems among different cultures. It begins by defining kinship and explaining how kinship structures social relationships through cultural interpretations of biological reproduction. It then provides examples of kinship systems among the Ju/'hoansi people, including their complex rules around naming, marriage, residence and joking/avoidance relationships between relatives. The document contrasts patrilineal and patrilocal systems, which tend to be patriarchal, with matrilineal and matrilocal systems, which tend to be more egalitarian. It discusses how kinship systems influence gender roles, inheritance, and power dynamics within families and societies.
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2. Sexual exchange - With hidden ovulation and higher male sex drives, women can use sex as a commodity to exchange for resources to help with childcare. This motivates men to acquire resources.
3. Socioeconomic conditions - Men's acquired extrinsic resources like meat and money provide more power in societies than women's intrinsic attractiveness. Additional factors like the "grandmother hypothesis
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Gender
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How Culture Constructs Gender DifferenceBiological models
How Culture Constructs Gender Difference
Biological models assume that biological sex determines gender,
That biological differences lead to behavior differences, which lead to social arrangements.
By this account, social inequalities are encoded into our physiological composition.
That biological anomalies alone account for variation.
Biological researchers always assumed that gender difference implied gender inequality because western notions of difference do usually lead to and justify inequality.
However, some anthropologists argue that biological models projected their western values onto other cultures.
That these models ignore the role of colonialism and the roles of women in establishing gender differences in traditional cultures.
Anthropological evidence offers a world of amazing diversity of the cultural constructions of gender.
Yet some themes remain constant:
Virtually all societies manifest some amount of difference between men and women.
Virtually all cultures exhibit some form of male domination, despite variations in gender definitions.
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Males and females were equally happy, trustful, and confident.
Men and women shared child rearing, both were “maternal” and both discouraged aggression in boys and girls.
Both men and women were thought to be relatively equally sexual.
In the Mundugamor culture (a tribe of head hunters and cannibals), citizens viewed men and women as similar but expected persons of both sexes to be violent and aggressive.
Women showed little “maternal instinct,” detested pregnancy and nursing and could hardly wait to return to the serious business of work.
There was violent rivalry between fathers and sons.
All people feared that they were being wronged by others.
In the Tchambuli culture (as in the US) men and women were seen as very different.
It was a patrilineal culture and polygyny was accepted.
One sex was comprised primarily of nurturing and gossipy consumers who spent their days dressing up and going shopping.
These were the men
The women were dominant, energetic, economic providers.
They fished (activity on which the entire culture depended).
They had real positions of power in the society.
Completely unadorned, they were business- like, controlled all commerce and diplomacy of the culture, and were the initiators of ...
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Introduction to Sociology Lesson 11 Family as a Social Ins.docx
Introduction to Sociology Lesson 11
Family as a Social Institution
Introduction
¤ We are now entering a new section in the course. We will
now delve deeper into social institutions.
¤ This week we will discuss family as a social institution.
¤ Before we can talk about family as a social institution, we
must learn about institutions in general.
Social Institutions
¤ Social institutions are actually sets of beliefs, behaviors,
and rules that are aimed at fulfilling the needs of society.
¤ Social Institutions include:
¤ family,
¤ religion,
¤ education,
¤ economy, and
¤ Governments.
Family as a Social Institution
¤ Family is the social institution responsible for:
¤ Socialization of children
¤ Replacing personnel (reproduction)
¤ Preserving order (child rearing, regulation of sexual behavior)
¤ Economic support
¤ Adult intimate relationships
¤ Let us step away from family as a social institution for a
moment and look at the family as a more traditional
concept.
What is Family?
¤ Families are relationships in which people:
¤ live together with commitment,
¤ form an economic unit
¤ care for any young,
¤ and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the
group.
Different Family Types
¤ Most people will be a part of two different kind of families
in their life time: the family of orientation and the family of
procreation.
¤ We will take a closer look at both on the next screens.
Family of Orientation
¤ The first type of family that we are a part of is our family of
orientation.
¤ Family of orientation
¤ The family in which you are born or are adopted and in
which early socialization usually takes place
¤ This family includes you, your parents, your sisters and
brothers…
My Family of Orientation
My family of
orientation is
made up of
me, my
brother, my
four sisters,
and my
parents.
Family of Procreation
¤ The second type of family that we are a part of is our
family of procreation.
¤ Family of procreation
¤ The family we form by having or adopting children.
¤ If you are married and have children, or if you just have
children, your children, spouse, if applicable, and you make
up your family of procreation.
Marieʼ’s Family of Procreation
Marie is my
oldest sister.
Marieʼ’s
family of
procreation
is made up
of her, her
husband,
and their
three
children.
More Variations of Family
¤ Families can also be categorized as nuclear and
blended.
¤ A nuclear family is a more traditional family consisting of
a mother, a father, and children.
¤ A blended family is one that is created through
remarriage, and it can include step children and step
parents.
Extended Family
¤ Extended family
¤ A family unit composed of relatives (such as grandparents,
uncles, and aunts) in addition to parents and children who
live in the same househ.
Ch 11 The Family
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Ch11 The Family
The document discusses several statements about marriage and divorce rates in the United States and asks the reader to determine whether they are true or false. It defines a family as a social institution that satisfies basic societal needs and provides examples of other social institutions. It also discusses key concepts in family structures including nuclear vs extended families, inheritance patterns, authority structures, and rules around residence.
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- 7. Patri- and Matri- (Some Terminology) Patri- (male) Matri- (female) -archy (rule, govern) -lineal (in the line of) -local (residence, location) Patriarchy: society in which power is disproportionately held by men Examples: Matrilineal: society in which property, names, status, etc. is inherited through women Patrilocal: society in which married couples live with the man’s side of the family *These are all different things; a society can be matrilineal but patriarchal
- 13. Why have patrilineal or matrilineal inheritance? What are the effects of these cultural rules?
- 23. Range of Matriarchy/Patriarchy All things being equal, we would expect a range of societies – from Highly Matriarchal to Highly Patriarchal. In fact, we find a range of societies from more-or-less Egalitarian to Highly Patriarchal. Societies That Do Not Exist Societies That Do Exist Egalitarian Very Matriarchal Very Patriarchal WHY?
- 26. Physical Strength = Power Arnold Schwarzenegger: Governor of California George W. Bush: President of the United States ??
- 27. Bill Gates: Power Broker