Sc10 vitamins in 2 pages
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This document summarizes key vitamins, their sources, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity levels. It outlines that thiamine (B1) deficiency can cause beriberi and is found in whole grains, pork, and fish. Riboflavin (B2) deficiency results in cataracts and is found in milk. Niacin (B3) deficiency causes pellagra and is found in cereals. Cobalamin (B12) deficiency can cause pernicious anemia and is found in animal tissues. Vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy and is found in citrus fruits. Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets or osteomalacia and is produced in the body with sun exposure or
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Vitamins water
This document summarizes key vitamins, their sources, deficiency manifestations, causes of deficiency, functions, and activation structures. It discusses the following vitamins: thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), ascorbic acid (C), cobalamin (B12), and folic acid. The summary provides essential information on the roles of each vitamin in metabolism and biochemical reactions in the body.
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This document provides information about Vitamin A, including its key features, functions, deficiency, toxicity, and sources. It discusses how Vitamin A is necessary for vision, gene transcription, immune function, embryonic development, and other processes. Deficiency can cause night blindness and keratomalacia, while toxicity may result in headaches, vomiting, and other issues. Good sources include liver, egg yolks, dairy products, carrots, and other orange and dark green vegetables.
Vitamin B3,b5 and b6 ,the pallagra preventive factors
roles and deficincy disorders of vitamin B6 ,vitamin b5, vitamin B3
Role of niacin in the hyperliidemia type II
Hypervitaminosis
This document discusses hypervitaminosis, or toxic levels of vitamins, in animals. It covers the sources, functions, and signs of toxicity for several vitamins including A, B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, cobalamin), C, D, E, K, and folic acid. The key signs of toxicity include bone and neurological issues for vitamin A, diarrhea and skin problems for various B vitamins, acidified urine and gastrointestinal upset for vitamin C, calcium deposits in soft tissues for vitamin D, and bleeding issues for vitamins E and K. Fat soluble vitamins can accumulate in the liver while water soluble vitamins are more quickly eliminated.
Vitamin B3 Niacin
VITAMIN B3
GUL MUNEER
Niacin
Niacinamide 0R Nicotinamide
Vitamin P OR PP (pellagra preventive)
Pellagra preventive factor
Anti black tongue factor
Nicotinic acid
Vitamin G (after Goldberger’s death, vitamin B3 was some times called in his honor)
Structure of Vitamin B3
Function of Vitamin B3
DISCOVERY of Vitamin B3
PROPERTIES of Vitamin B3
Nicotinic Acid (Plant form)
CHEMISTRY of Vitamin B3
Sources of Vitamin B3
RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE (RDA) of Vitamin B3
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS of Vitamin B3
Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Niacin
Metabolism of B-3
Deficiency of B3
Pyridoxine deficiency and toxicity
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency can cause neurological and dermatological symptoms that are reversible with pyridoxine administration. Elderly individuals and infants consuming less than 100 mg of pyridoxine per day are at greater risk of deficiency. High doses of pyridoxine are effective in treating certain genetic disorders like homocystinuria and pyridoxine-responsive seizures. However, long-term high intake of pyridoxine can potentially cause neuropathy.
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The document discusses several water soluble vitamins, including their structures, functions, deficiencies, signs and symptoms, and dietary sources. It covers thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, folic acid, cobalamin, and ascorbic acid. The document provides information on each vitamin to educate on their roles and importance for human health.
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This document discusses vitamin B3 (niacin). It begins by introducing vitamin B3 and its role as a coenzyme. It then discusses the absorption, transport, storage and excretion of niacin. Food sources of niacin are also listed. The functions of niacin include its role in metabolic reactions as well as treating conditions like pellagra, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Deficiency can cause pellagra while toxicity can cause liver damage. Recommended daily intakes are provided.
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This document summarizes key vitamins, their sources, deficiency manifestations, causes of deficiency, functions, and activation structures. It discusses the following vitamins: thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), ascorbic acid (C), cobalamin (B12), and folic acid. The summary provides essential information on the roles of each vitamin in metabolism and biochemical reactions in the body.
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Function of Vitamin B3
DISCOVERY of Vitamin B3
PROPERTIES of Vitamin B3
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Sources of Vitamin B3
RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE (RDA) of Vitamin B3
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Pyridoxine deficiency and toxicity
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency can cause neurological and dermatological symptoms that are reversible with pyridoxine administration. Elderly individuals and infants consuming less than 100 mg of pyridoxine per day are at greater risk of deficiency. High doses of pyridoxine are effective in treating certain genetic disorders like homocystinuria and pyridoxine-responsive seizures. However, long-term high intake of pyridoxine can potentially cause neuropathy.
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PYRIDOXINE (B6)
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a water-soluble vitamin that exists as three closely related compounds - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. All three can be converted to the active coenzyme form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), which is involved in many important metabolic processes like amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters and heme. Deficiency of vitamin B6 can cause neurological, dermatological and hematological issues due to impairment of these metabolic pathways. While essential for many functions, excess intake of vitamin B6 beyond recommended limits may cause sensory neuropathy.
VITAMIN B1 THIAMINE MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism. It consists of a pyrimidine ring connected to a thiazole ring. Thiamine acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates and the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of thiamine can cause diseases like beriberi, which presents as either "wet" beriberi with edema or "dry" beriberi with neurological symptoms. Treatment involves high doses of thiamine supplementation.
A presentation on pantothenic acid or b5
1. Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in energy production and metabolism.
2. It is widely found in foods like meat, eggs, legumes, and whole grains. Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A which is involved in important processes in the body.
3. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare due to its abundance in foods, but may cause burning sensations in hands and feet, fatigue, and muscle cramps. The recommended daily intake is 2-7 mg depending on age.
Vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts that serve important roles in the body. The document defines vitamins A, B1-B12, C, D, E, and K and briefly describes their functions and dietary sources. Key roles include vitamin A supporting vision and gene regulation, B vitamins acting as enzyme cofactors in energy production and metabolism, vitamin C aiding collagen synthesis and antioxidant functions, vitamin D regulating calcium absorption and immune function, vitamin K required for blood clotting, and vitamins having both fat and water soluble forms.
Vitamins all
Vitamins all
1. Vitamins. Definition - Organic compound required in small amounts. Vitamin A Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K A few wordsabout each.
2. Sourcesin diet - Many plants(photoreceptors), also meat, especially liver. Fat soluble, so you can get too much, or too littleif absorption isaproblem. Vitamin A - Retinol Retinol (vitamin A) Someuses: Vision (11-cis-retinol bound to rhodopsin detectslight in our eyes). Regulating genetranscription (retinoic acid receptorson cell nuclei arepart of a system for regulating transcription of mRNAsfor anumber of genes).
Thiamine
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in energy production and nerve function. It is involved in carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid metabolism as the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate. Thiamine deficiency can lead to diseases like beriberi, which has wet, dry, and infantile forms causing symptoms like edema, nerve damage, and heart problems. Other deficiency symptoms include weakness, confusion, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Good dietary sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, pork, and nuts.
Thiamine (vitamin b1) Biochemistry – Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews World ...
Thiamine pyrophosphate is the biologically active form of the vitamin, formed by the transfer of a pyrophosphate group (PPi) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to thiamine
ATP → AMP + PPi
TPP serves as a coenzyme (a non-protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of the enzyme)
In the formation or degradation of α-ketols by transketolase (A)
In the oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids (B)
ATP
α-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
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A comprehensive presentation on Thiamine and beriberi for MBBS, BDS, B. Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self-study.
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Biotin deficiency and toxicity
Biotin deficiency is rare because biotin is found widely in foods and synthesized by gut bacteria. Deficiencies can be caused by antagonists or inadequate intake from mother's milk or intravenous nutrition. Symptoms include skin rashes, tongue inflammation, loss of appetite, nausea, depression, and lipid metabolism issues. One case was caused by a child eating raw eggs for six years, as the protein avidin in raw eggs binds biotin and prevents absorption. Marginal biotin levels may play a role in sudden infant death syndrome. While biotin toxicity is very low, excess biotin may help reduce diabetes symptoms.
Metabolic functions of biotin
Biotin functions as a coenzyme for carboxyl transfer reactions in intermediary metabolism. It is involved in the reactions of various carboxylases and decarboxylases through biotin-dependent carboxylation. Key biotin-dependent carboxylases include pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. Biotin also plays roles in gene expression, biotinylation of proteins, and cell cycle regulation. It affects the activity of transcription factors and expression of genes involved in biotin homeostasis and metabolism.
VITAMIN B1 [THIAMINE] MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY BY P. RAVISANKAR [ SOURCE, STRUCTUR...
Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays several critical roles in the body. It is required for the conversion of carbohydrates into glucose and for energy production. A deficiency can cause beriberi disease and related neurological issues. Vitamin B1 cannot be stored in the body and must be replenished daily through foods like pork, legumes, nuts and grains.
Fat soluble vitamines
Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the body and play important roles in metabolism. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, and immunity. Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption and bone development. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes. Vitamin K is required for blood clotting through synthesis of coagulation factors. These vitamins have synergistic and antagonistic relationships with each other and other nutrients like minerals in carrying out their metabolic functions. Deficiencies can cause various health issues depending on the vitamin. Requirements vary between species, life stages, and physiological state.
BIOTIN (B7)
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for vision and immune function. It can be obtained from animal foods as retinol or from plant foods as provitamin A carotenoids like beta-carotene. Good sources include liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, spinach and pumpkin. A lack of vitamin A can cause eye disease and blindness, while too much preformed vitamin A from supplements can be toxic, especially for pregnant women.
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Vitamin e
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
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VITAMIN B1 THIAMINE MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism. It consists of a pyrimidine ring connected to a thiazole ring. Thiamine acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates and the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of thiamine can cause diseases like beriberi, which presents as either "wet" beriberi with edema or "dry" beriberi with neurological symptoms. Treatment involves high doses of thiamine supplementation.
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Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts that serve important roles in the body. The document defines vitamins A, B1-B12, C, D, E, and K and briefly describes their functions and dietary sources. Key roles include vitamin A supporting vision and gene regulation, B vitamins acting as enzyme cofactors in energy production and metabolism, vitamin C aiding collagen synthesis and antioxidant functions, vitamin D regulating calcium absorption and immune function, vitamin K required for blood clotting, and vitamins having both fat and water soluble forms.
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1. Vitamins. Definition - Organic compound required in small amounts. Vitamin A Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K A few wordsabout each.
2. Sourcesin diet - Many plants(photoreceptors), also meat, especially liver. Fat soluble, so you can get too much, or too littleif absorption isaproblem. Vitamin A - Retinol Retinol (vitamin A) Someuses: Vision (11-cis-retinol bound to rhodopsin detectslight in our eyes). Regulating genetranscription (retinoic acid receptorson cell nuclei arepart of a system for regulating transcription of mRNAsfor anumber of genes).
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Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in energy production and nerve function. It is involved in carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid metabolism as the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate. Thiamine deficiency can lead to diseases like beriberi, which has wet, dry, and infantile forms causing symptoms like edema, nerve damage, and heart problems. Other deficiency symptoms include weakness, confusion, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Good dietary sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, pork, and nuts.
Thiamine (vitamin b1) Biochemistry – Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews World ...
Thiamine pyrophosphate is the biologically active form of the vitamin, formed by the transfer of a pyrophosphate group (PPi) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to thiamine
ATP → AMP + PPi
TPP serves as a coenzyme (a non-protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of the enzyme)
In the formation or degradation of α-ketols by transketolase (A)
In the oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids (B)
ATP
α-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
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A comprehensive presentation on Thiamine and beriberi for MBBS, BDS, B. Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self-study.
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Biotin deficiency and toxicity
Biotin deficiency is rare because biotin is found widely in foods and synthesized by gut bacteria. Deficiencies can be caused by antagonists or inadequate intake from mother's milk or intravenous nutrition. Symptoms include skin rashes, tongue inflammation, loss of appetite, nausea, depression, and lipid metabolism issues. One case was caused by a child eating raw eggs for six years, as the protein avidin in raw eggs binds biotin and prevents absorption. Marginal biotin levels may play a role in sudden infant death syndrome. While biotin toxicity is very low, excess biotin may help reduce diabetes symptoms.
Metabolic functions of biotin
Biotin functions as a coenzyme for carboxyl transfer reactions in intermediary metabolism. It is involved in the reactions of various carboxylases and decarboxylases through biotin-dependent carboxylation. Key biotin-dependent carboxylases include pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. Biotin also plays roles in gene expression, biotinylation of proteins, and cell cycle regulation. It affects the activity of transcription factors and expression of genes involved in biotin homeostasis and metabolism.
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Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays several critical roles in the body. It is required for the conversion of carbohydrates into glucose and for energy production. A deficiency can cause beriberi disease and related neurological issues. Vitamin B1 cannot be stored in the body and must be replenished daily through foods like pork, legumes, nuts and grains.
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Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
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Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for vision and immune function. It can be obtained from animal foods as retinol or from plant foods as provitamin A carotenoids like beta-carotene. Good sources include liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, spinach and pumpkin. A lack of vitamin A can cause eye disease and blindness, while too much preformed vitamin A from supplements can be toxic, especially for pregnant women.
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A comprehensive presentation on Thiamine and biochemical aspects of Beriberi for MBBS, BDS, B Pham and Biotechnology students to facilitate easy leaning.
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Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
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This document provides information on water soluble vitamins. It discusses the criteria of water soluble vitamins, including that they are hydrophilic and soluble in water. It then describes several B vitamins in detail, including their roles as coenzymes in important metabolic processes and the deficiency symptoms that can arise from not getting enough of each vitamin. The vitamins covered are B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and vitamin C.
Vitamins ✨.pdf
This document provides an overview of vitamins, including their definitions, classifications, and roles in metabolism. It discusses both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C, the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin), which are excreted in urine and have a lower risk of toxicity. Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K, which are stored in body fat and have a higher risk of toxicity. Each vitamin is described in terms of its active forms, functions, deficiency symptoms, and major food sources
Vitamins
The document discusses vitamins, which are organic nutrients required in small quantities for biochemical functions and proper metabolism. It categorizes vitamins into two types - fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K that can be stored in the body, and water-soluble vitamins like the B vitamins and C that are not stored and must be replenished daily. It provides details on the physiological importance, deficiency symptoms, potential excess effects, and dietary sources of each vitamin.
Vitamins
The document discusses vitamins, which are organic nutrients required in small quantities for biochemical functions and proper metabolism. It categorizes vitamins into two types - fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K that can be stored in the body, and water-soluble vitamins like the B vitamins and C that are not stored and must be replenished daily. It provides details on the physiological importance, deficiency symptoms, potential excess effects, and dietary sources of each vitamin.
165809 vitamins
The document discusses vitamins, which are organic nutrients required in small quantities for biochemical functions and proper metabolism. It categorizes vitamins into two types - fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K that can be stored in the body, and water-soluble vitamins like the B vitamins and C that are not stored and must be replenished daily. It provides details on the physiological importance, deficiency symptoms, potential excess effects, and dietary sources of each vitamin.
Vitamins Reqirement And Deficiencies
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Deficiencies of specific vitamins can lead to diseases like scurvy, rickets, and beriberi. While vitamins are essential for health, excessive intake of certain vitamins can also be toxic. Maintaining a balanced diet is important to meet vitamin needs without risk of deficiency or toxicity.
FAT AND WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
This document provides information about vitamins, including their classes, functions, deficiency signs, and sources. It discusses the differences between fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and require a constant supply. The document then provides details for several important vitamins, including their roles, what may occur during a deficiency, and common food sources. Vitamins discussed include A, D, E, K, C, B-complex vitamins, and B12. The information aims to outline essential characteristics and functions of various vitamins for animal health.
Water solublevitamins
This document discusses water soluble vitamins. It provides classifications of vitamins as water soluble or fat soluble. Water soluble vitamins include groups B and C, as well as vitamins H, P, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, and vitamin B12. These vitamins form coenzymes, do not affect membranes, and do not cause hypervitaminosis. The document provides details on the structures, functions, deficiency diseases, and dietary sources of several B vitamins.
Ch11 Energy Metabolism and Blood Health
Vitamins and minerals play important roles in energy metabolism and blood health. B vitamins function as coenzymes in many reactions involved in energy production. Deficiencies can cause diseases like beriberi (thiamin) or pellagra (niacin). Folate and B12 are especially important for blood cell formation and preventing megaloblastic anemia. Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency and can cause iron deficiency anemia. Other minerals like copper and vitamins like vitamin K also support blood health and clotting.
vitamins notes.pdf
This document summarizes key vitamins, their common names, food sources, deficiency diseases, symptoms, and functions. It lists vitamins A through K and describes each vitamin's role in the body as well as diseases that can result from deficiencies. The document provides an overview of vitamins and how they contribute to health by acting as coenzymes in important metabolic processes.
Water soluble vitamins
Water soluble vitamin related to food and nutrition in the course of medical biochemistry for MBBS students
Vitamins
This document summarizes water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, including their functions, sources, and key differences. Water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C and the B vitamins are not stored in the body and need to be consumed regularly from foods. Fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K are stored in body cells and do not need to be consumed as often, but can become toxic if consumed in large excess. The document lists common food sources of each vitamin and their roles in metabolic processes and health.
Chapter 8 Notes
The document provides an overview of vitamins, including their classification as either fat-soluble or water-soluble, their functions, food sources, recommended intake amounts, and potential for toxicity at high levels of intake. Key points covered include the roles of various vitamins such as A, D, E, K, B vitamins, and C in biochemical processes and health, along with deficiencies that can arise from inadequate intake.
Presentation sports nutrition
This document provides an overview of sports nutrition. It defines sports nutrition as applying nutrition practices for maximal sports performance. It outlines the key objectives, content and nutrients important for athletes. The main nutrients discussed are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. For each nutrient, the document defines it, recommends daily intake amounts, identifies functions and provides food sources. It also discusses energy balance, general eating recommendations and common myths about sports nutrition.
Nutritional importance of vitamins and minerals
A lucid presentation on Nutritional importance of vitamins and minerals for medical , dental , pharmacology and biotechnology students to facilitate easy-learning.
vitamines.ppt
Vitamin E, C, K, and the B complex vitamins have important roles in human health. Vitamin E is a family of antioxidants that protects cell membranes and LDL from oxidation. Vitamin C aids in collagen synthesis and is important for tissue repair. Vitamin K is required for blood clotting and bone mineralization. The B vitamins function as coenzymes in energy production and amino acid metabolism. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, and megaloblastic anemia.
Vitamins
This document summarizes key vitamins and their functions. It discusses both fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (C, B-complex). Each vitamin is described in terms of its chemical properties, functions in the body, food sources, and deficiency symptoms. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the essential vitamins needed for human health.
FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION
This document summarizes key vitamins and their functions. It discusses both fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (C, B-complex). Each vitamin is described in terms of its chemical properties, functions in the body, dietary sources, and deficiency symptoms. The B-complex vitamins include thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), and cobalamin (B12).
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Sc10 vitamins in 2 pages
- 1. Viatmin Source Deficiency Function Toxicity Greater need if.. Thiamin B1 Whole grain, pork, poultry, fish, vegetable, dairy. Wet Beri Beri (cardiac symptoms), Dry Beri Beri (peripheral neurophathy, gait) Wernicke- Korsakoff, accumulation of lactate in muscles Co-enzyme in metabolic pathways. (Pyruvate dehydrogenase) Raw fish, coffee, tea, alcohol (inhibits absorbtion & enzyme converting thiamin into TPP), high carb, polished rice Riboflavin B2 Milk, protein In alcoholics (because of impaired liver/storage), cataracts FAD and FMN in redox Non-toxic Niacin B3 Cereals, converted from tryptophan in protein Pellagra, photosensitive dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia NAD and NADP in redox Pantothenic Acid B5 Ubiquitous Rare Component of Coenzyme A Pyridoxine B6 Root and green veg., supplements given with Isonazid Isonazid (TB drug) Transamination, haem synthesis, treatment of seizures, PMS, Downʼs, autism Peripheral neuorpathy Biotin B7 Peanuts, chocolate, egg yolk, gut flora Rare Prosthetic group for pyruvate to oxaloacetate (Krebs) and acetyl CoA to malonyl Coa Raw egg whites or long term antibiotic therapy (kills flora) Folate B9 Green veg (active as tetrahydrofolate) Results: Inadequate myelin synthesis, neural tube defects From: malabsorbtion, ethanol, drugs (anti-convulsants) Carrier of 1C units in metabolism, DNA
- 2. Viatmin Source Deficiency Function Toxicity Greater need if.. Cobalamin B12 Animal tissues Results in: pernicious anemia, inadequate myelin synthesis. From: Vegan diet, absent/defective IF, coeliac disease, gastrectomy, Carrier of methyl groups in metabolism, conversion of homocysteine to methionine, DNA, needed for conversion of MeTHF back to methotrexate (from B6), needed for myelin synthesis Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) RDI: 40mg Citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes Scurvy (after 3 months with no vit. C). Anti-oxidant nutrient, collagen, maintain Fe2+ state Oxalate, kidney stones, diarrhoea Smokers need 2x Vitamin A (retinol/ carotene) Carrots, oils, milk, egg yolk Results: night blindness, keratinisation of retina. From: inadequate protein diets Control of protein synthesis, in vision at low light intensity. Dermatitis, hair loss, mucous membrane defects, liver disfunction and thinning of bones Vitamin E Vegetable oils, wheat germ, nuts, veg. From: Depleted in frozen food Results: Hemolytic anaemia due to fragile RBC membranes Antioxidant, membrane integrity (against free radicals) Vitamin D UV light, milk, dairy Rickets (bendy bones), Osteomalacia (adult rickets) Acts as steroid hormones, maintain levels of calcium and phosphate in the bones so they become mineralised hypercalcemia, calcification of soft tissues (heart, lungs) Vitamin K Green vegetables, meat, eggs, cereals, milk, gut flora From: long term antibiotic therapy (destruction of gut flora). Results: increased clotting time, haemorrhagic disease of newborn