This document provides an anatomy review of the upper limb, shoulder joint, and brachial plexus. It contains 25 multiple choice or fill-in-the-blank questions about the bones, muscles, nerves, and vasculature of the arm, forearm, and shoulder. Key areas assessed include identifying bones and muscles of the arm and shoulder, describing the brachial plexus formation and branches, and explaining anatomical relationships in the axilla and elbow joint. The document tests detailed knowledge of upper limb anatomy.
The document provides information about anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis including:
1. It describes the boundaries and layers of the abdominal wall including the muscles and fascia.
2. It discusses the inguinal region and types of hernias that can occur there.
3. It explains the peritoneum, mesenteries, and retroperitoneal organs.
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that supplies the muscles and skin of the upper limb. It is formed by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C5-T1, with some contribution from C4 and T2. The brachial plexus has roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and terminal branches. Injuries can occur at the upper or lower plexus levels, resulting in different patterns of muscle weakness and sensory loss depending on the affected nerves.
This lecture give us an understanding about the pathway of the peripheral nerves that emerges from the brachial and cervical plexus. I also discuss about the motor and cutaneous innervation from these nerves and also some condition relate to peripheral nerve injury.
The genitofemoral nerve is responsible for both the sensory and motor innervation of the cremasteric reflex. It arises from two tendons - the anterior tendon from the anterior inferior iliac spine and the posterior tendon from a groove above the rim of the acetabulum. The adductor magnus muscle consists of two parts that originate from different areas of the pelvis.
This document describes the anatomy and clinical relevance of the brachial plexus. It details the roots, trunks, divisions, and cords of the plexus and their relationship to the axillary artery. Injuries to different parts of the plexus or its branches can result in various neurological deficits, which are described. The document outlines the functional impacts of injuries to the median, radial, and ulnar nerves. Specific brachial plexus injuries like Erb's palsy and Klumpke's palsy are also summarized.
The brachial plexus is formed from the spinal nerves C5 through T1. It is located under the arm in the axillary region and innervates the muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper extremity. The brachial plexus is divided into roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. Its five main branches are the musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves, each of which innervate different muscle groups of the arm and hand.
This document summarizes the muscles of the shoulder, arm, and forearm. It provides the name, origin, insertion, innervation, and function for each muscle. Some key shoulder muscles include the deltoid, trapezius, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and rotator cuff muscles. Key arm muscles are the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachialis. Important forearm muscles include the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum, and flexor digitorum profundis.
The document provides information about anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis including:
1. It describes the boundaries and layers of the abdominal wall including the muscles and fascia.
2. It discusses the inguinal region and types of hernias that can occur there.
3. It explains the peritoneum, mesenteries, and retroperitoneal organs.
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that supplies the muscles and skin of the upper limb. It is formed by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C5-T1, with some contribution from C4 and T2. The brachial plexus has roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and terminal branches. Injuries can occur at the upper or lower plexus levels, resulting in different patterns of muscle weakness and sensory loss depending on the affected nerves.
This lecture give us an understanding about the pathway of the peripheral nerves that emerges from the brachial and cervical plexus. I also discuss about the motor and cutaneous innervation from these nerves and also some condition relate to peripheral nerve injury.
The genitofemoral nerve is responsible for both the sensory and motor innervation of the cremasteric reflex. It arises from two tendons - the anterior tendon from the anterior inferior iliac spine and the posterior tendon from a groove above the rim of the acetabulum. The adductor magnus muscle consists of two parts that originate from different areas of the pelvis.
This document describes the anatomy and clinical relevance of the brachial plexus. It details the roots, trunks, divisions, and cords of the plexus and their relationship to the axillary artery. Injuries to different parts of the plexus or its branches can result in various neurological deficits, which are described. The document outlines the functional impacts of injuries to the median, radial, and ulnar nerves. Specific brachial plexus injuries like Erb's palsy and Klumpke's palsy are also summarized.
The brachial plexus is formed from the spinal nerves C5 through T1. It is located under the arm in the axillary region and innervates the muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper extremity. The brachial plexus is divided into roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. Its five main branches are the musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves, each of which innervate different muscle groups of the arm and hand.
This document summarizes the muscles of the shoulder, arm, and forearm. It provides the name, origin, insertion, innervation, and function for each muscle. Some key shoulder muscles include the deltoid, trapezius, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and rotator cuff muscles. Key arm muscles are the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachialis. Important forearm muscles include the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum, and flexor digitorum profundis.
The document defines and describes the boundaries and contents of the femoral triangle. The femoral triangle is a triangular depressed area in the upper medial thigh below the inguinal ligament. Its boundaries are the inguinal ligament superiorly, the sartorius muscle laterally, and the adductor longus muscle medially. Structures passing through it include the femoral nerve and vessels in the femoral sheath. Clinical correlates of the femoral triangle include assessing pulses, catheterization, vulnerability to injury, and controlling bleeding.
This presentation summarizes nerve injuries of the lower limb. It begins with an overview of the nervous system and its components. It then discusses the specific nerves of the lower limb, including their anatomy and areas of innervation. Various mechanisms of nerve injury are described. Sunderland and Seddon's classifications of nerve injuries are explained. Finally, the presentation covers assessment, investigations and management of nerve injuries, both conservative and surgical.
This document summarizes the bones and joints of the upper limb. It describes the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna and bones of the hand. It outlines the key features and functions of each bone as well as the joints they form, including the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger joints. Nerves associated with each bone are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the brachial plexus including its roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches. It describes the relationship between the cords of the brachial plexus and the axillary artery. Key branches such as the dorsal scapular nerve, long thoracic nerve, and branches to the phrenic nerve and muscles of the neck are outlined. The branches of the supraclavicular and infraclavicular parts of the brachial plexus including the musculocutaneous nerve, lateral and medial pectoral nerves, median nerve, ulnar nerve and radial nerve are also described. Common brachial plexus injuries are listed.
The document summarizes key bones and muscles of the upper limb, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, axilla, axillary artery, and brachial plexus. It describes the location and attachments of each bone. It also outlines the branches of the axillary artery and lists the muscles that act on the shoulder joint.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the pelvis and thigh. It describes the bony anatomy including bones such as the ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, and femur. It also discusses articulations like the sacroiliac joint and ligaments including the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments. Additionally, it outlines the muscular anatomy including muscles like the gluteus maximus, tensor fascia latae, adductor longus, and hamstrings. Finally, it briefly touches on vascular/neuro anatomy such as the femoral triangle, femoral artery, and dermatomes.
peripheral nerves of the upper limb - appliedSumer Yadav
The document discusses the peripheral nerves of the upper limb, including the brachial plexus and its five main branches: the axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, median nerve, and ulnar nerve. It describes the origin, course, branches, and innervation of each nerve. Key points include that the brachial plexus provides cutaneous and motor innervation to the upper limb and gives rise to the five main nerves. Injuries to specific nerves can result in characteristic muscle weakness or sensory loss depending on the innervation.
This document contains questions from several lectures related to thoracic anatomy:
1. Questions cover the anatomy of structures like the thoracic outlet, internal thoracic artery, intercostal arteries and veins, muscles of respiration, lungs and pleura, heart, mediastinum, large blood vessels, nerves of the thorax, esophagus, and azygos system.
2. The questions test knowledge of the origins, courses, relations, branches and clinical importance of these various thoracic structures.
3. Incomplete statements about the anatomy are also included to be filled in, relating to topics like the root of the lung, bronchial and pulmonary arterial supply, coronary arterial distribution, and veins drain
This document describes the anatomy of the upper limb, including bones, joints, muscles, nerves and vasculature. It provides details on the boundaries, bones and fractures of the upper limb. It discusses the origins, insertions and actions of muscles that move the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist and hand. It describes the rotator cuff muscles, common injuries like tennis elbow and fractures of the scaphoid bone and supracondylar humerus. The document concludes with an overview of the arteries of the upper limb including the axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar arteries and their branches.
The document provides detailed information about the anatomy and function of the spinal cord. It can be summarized as follows:
The spinal cord is a cylindrical column of nervous tissue that extends from the brainstem and provides motor and sensory innervation to the body below the head. It is surrounded by protective meninges and terminates around the L1 vertebra in adults. The spinal cord is divided into regions that each give rise to pairs of spinal nerves which innervate different parts of the body. Injuries to the spinal cord can cause paralysis or other functional impairments depending on the level and severity of the injury.
The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body that originates from the lumbosacral plexus. It provides motor innervation to the muscles of the posterior thigh, leg, and foot. Sensory innervation is provided to the back of the thigh and parts of the leg and foot. Injury to the sciatic nerve can result in motor deficits like foot drop and sensory loss in its territory. Compression of the nerve can cause sciatica, with pain radiating down the leg. Consideration of the nerve's anatomy is important when giving injections in the gluteal region.
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves that provides motor innervation to the muscles of the upper limb and sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb. It is divided into 5 parts - roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. The document proceeds to describe each part in detail and lists the minor branches of the brachial plexus, their spinal root contributions, and motor and sensory functions. The blood supply of the brachial plexus is also summarized.
The document provides an anatomy overview of the upper limbs, beginning with the axilla (armpit) and its boundaries, contents, and walls. It then discusses the breast and its structure. Next, it covers the rotator cuff muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint. Finally, it lists the muscles responsible for abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.
The document summarizes key neck muscles - the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes. It notes that the neck contains 26 muscles total. The sternocleidomastoid is one of the largest neck muscles, arising from two heads and enabling head and neck movement. The scalenes consist of three muscles - anterior, medius and posterior. Both the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes work together to enable actions like lateral neck flexion and contralateral head rotation.
The document discusses the anatomy of the upper limb, brachial plexus, and scapular region. The brachial plexus is formed by the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves and provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. It is located in the axilla and gives rise to the major nerves of the arm. The axillary artery originates from the subclavian artery and gives rise to vessels that supply the upper limb before terminating as the brachial artery in the arm. Veins in the upper limb drain into the axillary and brachial veins. Key muscles of the scapular region include the deltoid, teres major, triceps brachii
Blood supply of upper limb by Dr-Ismail KhanDr-Ismail Khan
The document summarizes the arterial supply of the upper limb. It describes the axillary artery, its parts, branches and relations. It discusses the arterial anastomoses around the shoulder joint. It then describes the brachial artery, its branches including the profunda brachii artery, and the arterial anastomoses around the elbow joint. It concludes by outlining the radial and ulnar arteries, their branches and relations, and the formation of the superficial and deep palmar arches in the hand.
These questions were provided by students in groups 1, 5 and 9 for preparation for their 4th credit exam. The document contains 52 multiple choice questions related to anatomy of the head and neck region, cranial nerves, muscles of mastication, and the temporomandibular joint. The questions cover topics such as the origin and branches of the facial nerve, muscles involved in chewing and facial expression, and joints and ligaments of the temporomandibular joint.
Anatomy of posterior tibial nerve by imMurtaza Syed
The document provides detailed information on the anatomy and function of the posterior tibial nerve. It describes the nerve's origin, branches, innervation areas, and testing techniques. Key points include:
- The posterior tibial nerve originates from lumbar and sacral nerve roots and provides motor and sensory innervation to muscles and skin in the leg and foot.
- It gives off branches that innervate important calf and foot muscles like the gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor hallucis longus.
- The nerve can become entrapped in the tarsal tunnel, causing tarsal tunnel syndrome.
- Electromyography techniques are used to study the nerve by stimulating and recording from sites along its path
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The document defines key terms related to metabolism like catabolism, anabolism, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle. It provides details on how glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are broken down to produce acetyl-CoA and enter the citric acid cycle. The cycle generates ATP, NADH, FADH2 that fuel the electron transport chain to produce more ATP. Glycolysis and glycogen metabolism are also summarized.
This document contains questions and answers about renal gross anatomy, microstructure, and physiology. It discusses topics like renal blood supply, nephron structure and function, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion, and regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance. Key points include descriptions of nephron segments like the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and collecting duct. It also covers mechanisms of glomerular filtration, countercurrent multiplication, and hormone regulation by aldosterone, ADH, and others.
The document defines and describes the boundaries and contents of the femoral triangle. The femoral triangle is a triangular depressed area in the upper medial thigh below the inguinal ligament. Its boundaries are the inguinal ligament superiorly, the sartorius muscle laterally, and the adductor longus muscle medially. Structures passing through it include the femoral nerve and vessels in the femoral sheath. Clinical correlates of the femoral triangle include assessing pulses, catheterization, vulnerability to injury, and controlling bleeding.
This presentation summarizes nerve injuries of the lower limb. It begins with an overview of the nervous system and its components. It then discusses the specific nerves of the lower limb, including their anatomy and areas of innervation. Various mechanisms of nerve injury are described. Sunderland and Seddon's classifications of nerve injuries are explained. Finally, the presentation covers assessment, investigations and management of nerve injuries, both conservative and surgical.
This document summarizes the bones and joints of the upper limb. It describes the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna and bones of the hand. It outlines the key features and functions of each bone as well as the joints they form, including the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger joints. Nerves associated with each bone are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the brachial plexus including its roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches. It describes the relationship between the cords of the brachial plexus and the axillary artery. Key branches such as the dorsal scapular nerve, long thoracic nerve, and branches to the phrenic nerve and muscles of the neck are outlined. The branches of the supraclavicular and infraclavicular parts of the brachial plexus including the musculocutaneous nerve, lateral and medial pectoral nerves, median nerve, ulnar nerve and radial nerve are also described. Common brachial plexus injuries are listed.
The document summarizes key bones and muscles of the upper limb, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, axilla, axillary artery, and brachial plexus. It describes the location and attachments of each bone. It also outlines the branches of the axillary artery and lists the muscles that act on the shoulder joint.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the pelvis and thigh. It describes the bony anatomy including bones such as the ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, and femur. It also discusses articulations like the sacroiliac joint and ligaments including the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments. Additionally, it outlines the muscular anatomy including muscles like the gluteus maximus, tensor fascia latae, adductor longus, and hamstrings. Finally, it briefly touches on vascular/neuro anatomy such as the femoral triangle, femoral artery, and dermatomes.
peripheral nerves of the upper limb - appliedSumer Yadav
The document discusses the peripheral nerves of the upper limb, including the brachial plexus and its five main branches: the axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, median nerve, and ulnar nerve. It describes the origin, course, branches, and innervation of each nerve. Key points include that the brachial plexus provides cutaneous and motor innervation to the upper limb and gives rise to the five main nerves. Injuries to specific nerves can result in characteristic muscle weakness or sensory loss depending on the innervation.
This document contains questions from several lectures related to thoracic anatomy:
1. Questions cover the anatomy of structures like the thoracic outlet, internal thoracic artery, intercostal arteries and veins, muscles of respiration, lungs and pleura, heart, mediastinum, large blood vessels, nerves of the thorax, esophagus, and azygos system.
2. The questions test knowledge of the origins, courses, relations, branches and clinical importance of these various thoracic structures.
3. Incomplete statements about the anatomy are also included to be filled in, relating to topics like the root of the lung, bronchial and pulmonary arterial supply, coronary arterial distribution, and veins drain
This document describes the anatomy of the upper limb, including bones, joints, muscles, nerves and vasculature. It provides details on the boundaries, bones and fractures of the upper limb. It discusses the origins, insertions and actions of muscles that move the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist and hand. It describes the rotator cuff muscles, common injuries like tennis elbow and fractures of the scaphoid bone and supracondylar humerus. The document concludes with an overview of the arteries of the upper limb including the axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar arteries and their branches.
The document provides detailed information about the anatomy and function of the spinal cord. It can be summarized as follows:
The spinal cord is a cylindrical column of nervous tissue that extends from the brainstem and provides motor and sensory innervation to the body below the head. It is surrounded by protective meninges and terminates around the L1 vertebra in adults. The spinal cord is divided into regions that each give rise to pairs of spinal nerves which innervate different parts of the body. Injuries to the spinal cord can cause paralysis or other functional impairments depending on the level and severity of the injury.
The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body that originates from the lumbosacral plexus. It provides motor innervation to the muscles of the posterior thigh, leg, and foot. Sensory innervation is provided to the back of the thigh and parts of the leg and foot. Injury to the sciatic nerve can result in motor deficits like foot drop and sensory loss in its territory. Compression of the nerve can cause sciatica, with pain radiating down the leg. Consideration of the nerve's anatomy is important when giving injections in the gluteal region.
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves that provides motor innervation to the muscles of the upper limb and sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb. It is divided into 5 parts - roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. The document proceeds to describe each part in detail and lists the minor branches of the brachial plexus, their spinal root contributions, and motor and sensory functions. The blood supply of the brachial plexus is also summarized.
The document provides an anatomy overview of the upper limbs, beginning with the axilla (armpit) and its boundaries, contents, and walls. It then discusses the breast and its structure. Next, it covers the rotator cuff muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint. Finally, it lists the muscles responsible for abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.
The document summarizes key neck muscles - the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes. It notes that the neck contains 26 muscles total. The sternocleidomastoid is one of the largest neck muscles, arising from two heads and enabling head and neck movement. The scalenes consist of three muscles - anterior, medius and posterior. Both the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes work together to enable actions like lateral neck flexion and contralateral head rotation.
The document discusses the anatomy of the upper limb, brachial plexus, and scapular region. The brachial plexus is formed by the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves and provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. It is located in the axilla and gives rise to the major nerves of the arm. The axillary artery originates from the subclavian artery and gives rise to vessels that supply the upper limb before terminating as the brachial artery in the arm. Veins in the upper limb drain into the axillary and brachial veins. Key muscles of the scapular region include the deltoid, teres major, triceps brachii
Blood supply of upper limb by Dr-Ismail KhanDr-Ismail Khan
The document summarizes the arterial supply of the upper limb. It describes the axillary artery, its parts, branches and relations. It discusses the arterial anastomoses around the shoulder joint. It then describes the brachial artery, its branches including the profunda brachii artery, and the arterial anastomoses around the elbow joint. It concludes by outlining the radial and ulnar arteries, their branches and relations, and the formation of the superficial and deep palmar arches in the hand.
These questions were provided by students in groups 1, 5 and 9 for preparation for their 4th credit exam. The document contains 52 multiple choice questions related to anatomy of the head and neck region, cranial nerves, muscles of mastication, and the temporomandibular joint. The questions cover topics such as the origin and branches of the facial nerve, muscles involved in chewing and facial expression, and joints and ligaments of the temporomandibular joint.
Anatomy of posterior tibial nerve by imMurtaza Syed
The document provides detailed information on the anatomy and function of the posterior tibial nerve. It describes the nerve's origin, branches, innervation areas, and testing techniques. Key points include:
- The posterior tibial nerve originates from lumbar and sacral nerve roots and provides motor and sensory innervation to muscles and skin in the leg and foot.
- It gives off branches that innervate important calf and foot muscles like the gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor hallucis longus.
- The nerve can become entrapped in the tarsal tunnel, causing tarsal tunnel syndrome.
- Electromyography techniques are used to study the nerve by stimulating and recording from sites along its path
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The document defines key terms related to metabolism like catabolism, anabolism, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle. It provides details on how glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are broken down to produce acetyl-CoA and enter the citric acid cycle. The cycle generates ATP, NADH, FADH2 that fuel the electron transport chain to produce more ATP. Glycolysis and glycogen metabolism are also summarized.
This document contains questions and answers about renal gross anatomy, microstructure, and physiology. It discusses topics like renal blood supply, nephron structure and function, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion, and regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance. Key points include descriptions of nephron segments like the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and collecting duct. It also covers mechanisms of glomerular filtration, countercurrent multiplication, and hormone regulation by aldosterone, ADH, and others.
This document provides an overview of microbiology, collagen synthesis and disorders, and bacterial pathology. It includes definitions of key terms, descriptions of structures and processes, and comparisons of characteristics between different microorganisms and collagen types. Some key points covered are the four basic groups of pathogens, differences between gram positive and negative bacteria, collagen synthesis requiring vitamins C and lysyl hydroxylase activation, and classes of bacteria based on infectivity.
This document contains questions about the cardiac cycle, regulation of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. It includes questions about the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels, components of the renin-angiotensin system, mechanisms of hypertension medications like diuretics and beta blockers, and definitions of key terms like primary and secondary hypertension.
This document provides information about the autonomic nervous system from a pharmacological perspective. It discusses topics such as:
- The differences between afferent and efferent nerve fibers.
- Features of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems such as neurotransmitters, receptors, and pathways.
- Concepts in pharmacology including receptors, antagonism, potency, and how drugs can influence signaling pathways.
- Intracellular signaling pathways involving second messengers like cAMP and IP3, and how they activate downstream targets.
The innate immune system provides the first line of defense through physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and cellular responses. It responds quickly but non-specifically to pathogens. The adaptive immune system responds more slowly, but recognizes specific pathogens and mounts targeted responses through antibodies and memory cells. B cells and T cells are the main cells of the adaptive system. Antibodies attack pathogens in various ways, and their structure allows for binding. The immune system generates diversity through processes like gene rearrangement, hypermutation, and class switching that occur during lymphocyte development.
Gus suffered a rugby injury that required an examination of cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise. The document provides definitions and explanations of terms related to:
- The differences between dynamic and isometric exercise
- Factors affecting oxygen consumption and delivery during exercise
- Cardiovascular and respiratory changes that occur with increasing exercise intensity
- Effects of posture on venous circulation and blood pressure regulation
- Causes and physiology of hemorrhage and shock
This document contains questions related to asthma pathophysiology, treatment, and management. It covers topics such as the causes of asthma symptoms, lung anatomy, types of asthma medications and their mechanisms of action, factors that influence medication adherence, and the placebo effect. Non-adherence to asthma treatment is common, with typical rates around 30-50%. Improving communication between doctors and patients can help increase treatment adherence.
1. The document discusses various topics related to membrane transport processes, pH and buffers, electrical properties of cells, communication between excitable cells, anatomical terminology, the skeleton, joints and muscle.
2. Key concepts include diffusion, facilitated transport, active transport, blood pH regulation, membrane potentials, action potentials, anatomical directions, bone structure, cartilage function, synovial joints, and muscle attachments.
3. The questions cover molecular transport across membranes, acid-base balance mechanisms, nerve signaling pathways, anatomical structures and relationships, bone formation, joint types, and muscle origins and insertions.
This document discusses John Palmer's chest pain and Starling's Law. It provides questions and answers on topics related to cardiac output, preload and afterload, Starling's Law, differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle, factors that affect conduction of the cardiac action potential, the electrocardiogram, and types of red blood cells.
The document contains titles for multiple sections or chapters that cover topics related to anatomy, physiology, clinical problems, and systems of the human body. Some examples of topics included are the upper limb, endocrine system, infections, reproduction/fertility, puberty, and the nervous system.
This document contains questions and answers related to the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the upper limb. It covers topics like the bones and joints of the wrist, muscles of the hand, neurovascular structures, and common conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome. Key points addressed include the attachments and actions of small hand muscles, the nerves that pass through the carpal tunnel, anti-inflammatory drug treatments for arthritis, and dermatomes/myotomes related to brachial plexus injuries.
The document summarizes the major muscles of the gluteal region, thigh, and leg. It describes the origin, insertion, innervation, and function of muscles that act on the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Key muscles discussed include the gluteus maximus, tensor fascia lata, gluteus medius and minimus, piriformis, obturator internus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, iliopsoas, sartorius, quadriceps femoris, gracilis, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis long
This document provides information about anatomy of the chest wall, thoracic cavity, lungs, heart and related structures. It covers topics such as layers of the thoracic wall, bones and muscles of the rib cage, structures passing through thoracic inlets and outlets, anatomy of breathing including the pleural membranes and diaphragm, vascular and lymphatic drainage of the chest, lobes and fissures of the lungs, structures within the mediastinum, and basic cardiac anatomy including the pericardium and internal structures of the atria and ventricles. The document is in a question and answer format to test knowledge of these anatomical structures and relationships.
This document contains questions about the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. It begins with questions about the layers of the GI tract, saliva production, swallowing nerves, parts of the stomach, gastric nerves and motility, stomach volumes and pH regulation. Subsequent questions cover the small intestine, liver, pancreas, and large intestine.
This document provides a list of questions related to the glands of the GI tract, viral hepatitis, the liver, bile, and alcohol. It includes questions about the structure and function of salivary glands, liver lobules, bile ducts, and the effects of alcohol on the body. Key points addressed are the differences between cell secretion types, antibody responses to hepatitis, liver enzyme function, and the toxic effects of excessive alcohol consumption.
This document discusses various topics related to imaging, physiology, and treatment of urinary incontinence and the bladder, hospitalization and stressful medical procedures. It addresses imaging techniques for the abdominal viscera, the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the lower urinary tract, components of the bladder wall, effects of different receptor types in the bladder, and medications used to treat overactive bladder conditions. Regarding hospitalization, it outlines the negative impacts on patients as well as positive social impacts. Communication, attitude of staff, and factors like separation from caregivers are discussed as influencing patients' experience. Stressful treatment environments and sources of stress after surgery are also summarized.
This document provides information on cell biology, organelles, microscopy techniques, the cytoskeleton, membranes, enzymes, and cell motility. Some key points covered include:
1. The definitions of a cell and subcellular organelles along with their typical sizes.
2. The basic differences between prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses.
3. The scale ranges that can be seen with light vs electron microscopes.
4. The components and main functions of the cytoskeleton.
5. The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure and classes of membrane proteins.
6. Enzyme classes, kinetics, inhibitors and regulation mechanisms.
7. The roles
Vera's Blood Vomiting scenario introduces topics related to the histology and function of the gastrointestinal tract. It provides an overview of the layers of the GI tract, key cell types like parietal and chief cells, common sites of bleeding in the upper GI, and symptoms corrected with blood transfusion in acute GI bleeding. It also discusses the enteric nervous system, motility factors, and secretions involved in digestion.
This document provides information on respiratory physiology including lung anatomy, mechanics of breathing, gas exchange, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, and related concepts. Key points covered include the lobes of the lungs, the layers of mucus in the respiratory epithelium, the muscles involved in breathing, definitions of various lung volumes, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, factors affecting gas diffusion, and the roles of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and bicarbonate buffering in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
This document contains questions and answers related to the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by listing structures that pass through various spaces in the arm and forearm, such as the brachial artery and median nerve passing through the cubital fossa. It then covers the muscles, nerves, arteries and veins of the upper limb in more detail, describing their origins, innervations and relationships to surrounding structures. Key areas discussed include the shoulder, axilla, elbow, and the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm.
The pectoral region contains several important muscles - Pectoralis major originates from the sternum and ribs and inserts on the humerus, acting to adduct and medially rotate the arm. Pectoralis minor originates from ribs 3-5 and inserts on the coracoid process, depressing the shoulder. Serratus anterior originates from ribs 1-8 and inserts on the scapula, drawing the scapula forward during boxing.
The axilla is a pyramid-shaped space bounded by the clavicle, scapula, ribs, and humerus. It contains the brachial plexus, axillary artery and vein, lymph nodes, and fat. Damage to the
Brachhial Pllllexus bllllock 1 of 2.pptxMinaz Patel
1) The document reviews the anatomy of the brachial plexus and describes approaches for interscalene brachial plexus block, including anterior and posterior approaches.
2) The anterior approach involves inserting the needle anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, while the posterior approach involves inserting the needle in the "V" formed by the trapezius and levator scapulae muscles.
3) Both approaches can be guided by nerve stimulation and/or ultrasound to identify the brachial plexus between the anterior and middle scalene muscles for local anesthetic injection.
1. The suboccipital triangle is a triangular space located deep in the suboccipital region on each side of the neck.
2. It is bounded by four suboccipital muscles and contains the suboccipital plexus of veins, the dorsal ramus of C1, and the third part of the vertebral artery.
3. The suboccipital triangle provides an important surgical approach for procedures such as cisternal puncture and removal of posterior fossa tumors.
Brachial and lumbosacral plexus-Dr.B.B.GosaiDr.B.B. Gosai
The document discusses the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses. It describes the formation, branches, distribution and applied aspects of the brachial plexus from the cervical spinal nerves C5-T1. Key branches include the radial, ulnar and median nerves. It also discusses the formation of the lumbosacral plexus from the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves, including the femoral and sciatic nerves which supply the lower limb. Clinical implications of injuries to different parts of the brachial plexus are also summarized.
The document provides information on the brachial plexus including its anatomy, variation, relations, and mechanisms of injury. It describes the formation of the brachial plexus from the ventral rami of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves. It details the trunks, divisions, cords and major branches of the brachial plexus. Common variations and mechanisms of injury including Erb's palsy, Klumpke's palsy, and brachial plexus injuries from shoulder dislocations are summarized. Clinical presentations of different brachial plexus injuries are also outlined.
Anatomy of brachial plexus explained in detail along with nerve supply of all the muscles of upper limb and various paralysis caused by brachial plexus injury
Lecture 5.1 Axilla and Brachial Plexus Moodle version.pdfakshayabatti
The axilla is bounded by muscles and contains important neurovascular structures running to the upper limb. It has 5 groups of lymph nodes that drain parts of the upper body. The brachial plexus originates in the neck and forms the main nerves of the upper limb, with injuries potentially causing specific muscle weaknesses depending on the location of damage.
The suboccipital triangle is a region deep in the suboccipital region, bounded by four suboccipital muscles. It contains the third part of the vertebral artery, the dorsal ramus of the C1 nerve (suboccipital nerve), the suboccipital plexus of veins, and the greater occipital nerve. The suboccipital nerve innervates the four suboccipital muscles and semispinalis capitis muscle. The greater occipital nerve communicates with the suboccipital nerve and provides cutaneous innervation to the back of the head. The vertebral artery passes through the triangle deep to the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
USMLE MSK L014 Upper 03 Muscles of arm anatomy .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The muscles of the arm are responsible for various movements at the shoulder and elbow joints. These muscles can be divided into anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) groups, with additional muscles that contribute to the overall function of the arm. Understanding the actions and functions of these arm muscles is essential for comprehending upper limb movements and for the assessment and treatment of conditions affecting the arm. Proper balance and coordination between these muscles are crucial for optimal functioning of the upper limb.
This document contains slide titles and numbers for a presentation on anatomy related to the arm, cubital fossa, and elbow joint. It covers topics like osteology of the elbow complex, muscles of the arm, the brachial artery, median and ulnar nerves, and common injuries like fractures and nerve lesions. The document provides an outline of the content to be reviewed in the presentation.
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that provides cutaneous and muscular innervation to the upper limb, with a few exceptions. It is formed by the ventral rami of C5-T1 nerves. The roots combine to form three trunks which further divide into cords and branches. The branches include the muscles and skin of the arm, forearm, and hand. Variations can occur in root contributions and formations of trunks/cords. Injuries can result from trauma or childbirth and affect motor and sensory functions depending on the site of injury along the plexus.
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that provides cutaneous and muscular innervation to the upper limb, with a few exceptions. It is formed by the ventral rami of C5-T1 nerves. The roots combine to form three trunks which further divide into cords and branches. The branches include the muscles and skin of the arm, forearm, and hand. Variations can occur in root contributions and formations of trunks/cords. Injuries can result from trauma or childbirth and affect motor and sensory functions depending on the site of injury along the plexus.
shoulder Anatomy by ayalew.orthopedic residentpptx,AyalewKomande1
The document provides an overview of shoulder anatomy and physical examination. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder joint including the clavicle, scapula, and proximal humerus. It outlines the fascia, muscles including rotator cuff and axioappendicular muscles, as well as neurovascular structures like the brachial plexus in the axilla. The physical examination section covers inspection, palpation, and range of motion assessment including special tests for shoulder conditions.
The document discusses the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves that supplies sensation and motor function to the upper extremity. It is formed from the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves. The document details the anatomy of the brachial plexus including its roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches. It also discusses clinical conditions involving brachial plexus injury and techniques for brachial plexus nerve blocks such as interscalene and supraclavicular blocks.
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The document summarizes the anatomy and clinical presentations of injuries to the radial, median, and ulnar nerves. It describes the formation and branches of the brachial plexus. The radial nerve arises from the posterior cord and innervates the triceps and muscles of the posterior forearm. Median nerve injury can cause pointing of the index finger. Ulnar nerve injury results in a claw hand deformity due to paralysis of the intrinsic hand muscles.
The document describes the anatomy and formation of the brachial plexus. It discusses the roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches of the brachial plexus. It also summarizes the nerves arising from each component and their muscle innervations. Additionally, it covers brachial plexus injuries, anesthesia of the brachial plexus, and peripheral nerve blockade for surgery.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
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It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
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Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
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Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
1. Sc13 Sheilaʼs Sore Shoulder
Introduction to Upper Limb Anatomy
1. Label features A-S1
2. Which artery(ies) run from the subclavian over the 1st rib and ultimately divide into ulnar
and radial branches near the cubital fossa? 2
3. Name the main branches off of this artery before it divides into ulnar and radial3
4. Which artery gives rise to the common interosseous artery?4
5. Name the two vascular features formed by the convergence of radial and ulnar arteries
in the hand.5
6. Which arteries emerge from this structure?6
1 A = Phylanges, B = metacarpals, C = carpals, D = styloid processes, E = bicipital tuberosity, F = radial
tubersosity, G = ulnar tuberosity, F = trochlea, I = capitulum, J = lateral epicondyle (medial epicondyle on
other side of humerus next to trochlea), K = deltoid tuberosity, L = bicipital groove, M = lesser tuberosity, N =
greater tuberosity, O = corocoid process P = acromion, Q = glenoid, R = inferior angle of the scapula
(superior angle is opposite), S = scapula
2 brachial, axillary
3 produnda brachii, superior and medial ulnar collaterals, radial collateral
4 superior ulnar collateral, the common interosseous then divides into the posterior and
anterior interosseous arteries
5 deep (mainly radial) and superficial palmar arches (mainly ulnar)
6 digital arteries
2. 7. Which feature of the forearm connects to biceps brachii?7
8. Which artery runs in between the venae commitantes?8
9. Which veins drain directly into the axilliary vein?9
10. The cephalic and basilic veins run down the length of the upper arm and forearm,
which vein runs between them at the cubital fossa?10
11.Which vein is formed out of this one and runs down the length of the forearm only?11
The Pectoral Girdle
1. Name the five muscles that attach to the clavicle superiorly (i.e. muscles are below the
clavicle) and their nervous innervations12
2. Which two bony features does the clavicle attach to?13
3. Name the main ligament attached to the medial end of the clavicle14
4. Which feature(s) of the clavicle does the coraco-clavicular ligament attach to?15
5. What type/class of joint is the sterno-clavicular joint?16
6. What type/class of joint is the acromio-clavicular joint?17
7. What part of the scapula does the coraco-clavicular ligament attach to?18
7 radial tuberosity
8 brachial artery
9 basilic, cephalic (through bicep) and venae comitantes
10 median cubital
11 median vein of the forearm
12 pectoralis major (medial and lateral pectoral nerve), sternocleidomastoid (c2-3, 6th spinal accessory
nerve) trapezius (c3-4, 6th spinal accessory nerve), deltoid (axillary nerve), subclavius (subclavian nerve)
13 the articular facet of the manubrium of the sternum medially, the articular facet of the scapla laterally
14 costo-clavicular ligament
15 conoid tubercle and trapezoid ridge at the lateral end of the clavicle
16 synovial (joint capsule containing synovial fluid with fibrous cartliage at edge of bones)
17 synovial
18 coracoid process
3. 8. Considering an anterior view of the right humerus in the anatomical position, which
tubercle of the humoral head would be most medial and which would be the most
lateral?19
9. Which 'neck' of the humerus is the most superior?20
10.Name the groove that runs down the humerus from between the tubercles and the
artery it contains21
11.Which part of the humerus does the deltoid (shoulder) muscle attach to?22
12.The trochlea and the capitulum are features at the end of the humerus, which bone
insterts into which? 23
13.What are the bony prominences either side of these?24
14.Name the two fossae on the anterior surface of the humerus immediately above the
trochlea and the capitulum25
15.Name the fossa on the posterior surface above the trochlea26
16.What are the three attachments of pectoralis major?27
17.What are the four attachments of pectoralis minor and what is its nervous
innervation28?
18.What is the name of the smaller of the two muscles (i.e. other than biceps brachii) that
attaches the corocoid process of the scapula to the shaft of the humerus?29
19.What is its nervous innervation?30
19 lesser tubercle would be most medial, greater would appear on lateral edge of humoral head
20 anatomical neck is most superior before the tubercles, surgical neck is further down
21 the bicipital or intertubecular groove, contains a branch of the anterior humeral circumflex artery which
comes from the axilliary artery
22 deltoid process
23 radius into the capitulum, ulnus into the trochlea
24 medial epichondyle immediately medial to the ulnus/trochlea (inside side), lateral epichondyle immediately
lateral to the radius/capitulum (outside side)
25 capitulum = radial fossa, trochlea = coronoid fossa,
26 olecranon fossa
27 bicipital groove, clavicular head, sternal head
28 3rd, 4th, 5th ribs and the coracoid process of the scapula, median pectoral nerve only
29 coracobrachialis
30 musculocutaneous nerve c5-c6
4. 20.What is the nerouvs innervation of biceps brachii?31
21.What are the three fossae on the surface of the scapula?32
22.What is the name of the fossa on the scapula into which the humerus attaches?33
23.Which two muscles attach to opposite sides of the acromion process of the scapula?34
24.Name muscles A and B and their nervous innervation35
25. Name muscles A-F and their nervous innervation36
The Shoulder Joint and Axilla
1. What are the attachments of subscapularis? 37
2. What are the actions of subscapularis?38
31 musculocutaneous nerve c5-c6
32 supra spinous, infra spinous and sub scapular
33 glenoid fossa
34 trapezius (back) and deltoid (shoulder)
35 A = Subscaoularis (upper and lower subscapular nerves), B = Serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve)
36 A = levator scapulae (dorsal scapular nerve) B = supraspinatus (supra scapular nerve), C = Rhomboid
minor (dorsal scapular nerve), D = rhomboid major (dorsal scapular nerve), E = teres major (lower
subscapular nerve) (latissiumus dorsi would be behind this), F = Infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), G =
teres minor (axilliary nerve)
37 subscapular fossa on thhe posterior side of the scapula with the lesser tubercle of the humoral head
38 adduction (away from median plane) of limb and medial rotation of shoulder
5. 3. Which two muscles rotate the scapula in order to increase the joint angle between the
humerus and the scapula?39
4. How would you identify winging of the scapula?40
5. Winging of the scapula signifies damage to which muscles and/or nerve?41
6. Which muscle has sternal and clavicular heads as well as an attachment to the lateral
ridge of the bicipital groove?42
7. Name the three muscles that attach to the corocoid process43
8. What is the glenoid labrum?44
9. Why does the glenohumoral joint capsule hang down into the axilla?45
10.What are the attachments on the scapula for the long tendons of biceps and triceps?46
11.Which muscle attached to the greater tubercle initiates abduction of the arm?47
12.What feature prevents rubbing of the supraspinatus muscle against the acromion
process?48
13.Describe the course of the axillary nerve from the axilla to the deltoid muscle which it
supplies49
14.How do you test for a trapped axillary nerve in a dislocated shoulder?50
15.What is the clinical sign for a broken clavicle or dislocated shoulder?51
39 trapezius and serratus anterior
40 get the patient to push against a wall/object
41 serratus anterior and/or the long thoracic nerve to serratus anterior
42 pectoralis major
43 pec minor, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii
44 ring of fibrocartilage around the edges of the glenohumoral joint, aims to deepen the joint capsule
45 to allow adduction of the glenophumoral joint
46 infra and supraglenoid tubercles respectively
47 supraspinatus
48 sub-acromial bursa
49 goes from anterior to posterior along the medial (inside side) of the surgical neck
50 after innervating the deltoid muscle, the axilliary nerve innervates the skin above it, so if nerve is trapped
the skin will be hypersensitive or desensitised
51 spasm of the powerful supraspinatous muscle causes the arm to collapse medially onto the chest
6. 16.Name muscles a-d52
Arm and Elbow Joint
1.Label trunks A-C and
nerves i-xiv on the diagram
of the brachial plexus53
2.Which parts of the spinal
vertebrae/surrounding
nerves does the brachial
plexus originate from?54
3.Which nerve of the brachial plexus supplies most of the structures in the posterior
compartments of the arm and forearm?55
4. What structures are contained within the axilliary sheath?56
5. What is the only muscle attached to the lesser tubercle?57
6. What is the nerve in red on the diagram above?58
7. What is the nervous innervation and attachments of biceps brachii?59
8. Which nerve runs through the spiral grove of the humerus?60
52 A- subscapularis, B- supraspinatus, C - infraspinatus, D - teres major
53 A - lateral cord, B - posterior cord, C - medial cord, i - dorsal scapula nerve, ii - subclavian nerve, iii -
suprascapular nerve, iv - musculocutaneous (C5-7), v - median nerve (C5-T1), vi - axilliary nerve (C5-6), vii-
radial nerve (C5-T1), viii - ulnar nerve C8-T1, ix - lower subscapular, x - thoraco-dorsal, xi - upper
subscapular, xii -median pectoral, xiii - median cutaneous,xiv- median cutaneous nerve of the forearm
54 anterior rami
55 radial nerve C5-T1
56 axilliary artery and vein, 3x cords of brachial plexus
57 subscapularis
58 C5-7 long thoracic nerve to serratus anterior
59 Nervous innervation = musculocutaneous, attachments = SH tendon in coracoid process, LH tendon to
scapula via intertubercular groove, insterion = bicipital aponeurosis across ulna and radius, radial tuberoisity
60 radial nerve (posterior cord of brachial plexus)
7. 9. Which is medial to it?61
10.Which flexor of the arm lies over the distal half of the humerus only?62
11.Which nerve enters this muscle posterior to anterior and which anterior to posterior?63
12.Name the carpal bones (SLTPTTCH)64
13.Which bones of the palm are not connected to adjacent bones by interosseus
ligaments?65
14.What is the styloid process?66
15. Between which two veins does the median cubital vein run?67
16. Which two arteries does the brachial artery split into when it goes through the cubital
fossa?68
17.Which nerve runs through the cubital fossa and is therefore in potential danger during
cannulation?69
18.Where is the quadrate ligament?70
19.Where is the annular ligament?71
20.What is the nervous innervation and attachments of the triceps?72
61 Ulnar nerve (medial cord of brachial plexus)
62 Brachialis
63 radial is post-ant having run through the spiral grove at the back of the humerus, ulnar is
ant-post
64 Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
65 The 1st and 2nd layers or carpals are not connected to each other by interosseus
ligaments (mid-carpal joint), metacarpal 1 (thumb) is also not connected to the carpals by
an interosseus ligament
66 End of radius and ulna at carpal junction, lined with hyaline cartilage and serving as an
attachment site for muscles
67 Basilic and cephalic
68 Ulnar and radial
69 Median nerve
70 Down the length of the forearm between radius and ulna
71 A band of fibres encircling the head of the radius
72 Radial nerve, olecranon process of ulna, infraglenoid tubercle if scapula, lateral head
above the radial sulcus, and medial head below
8. Calcium Homeostasis
1. Under what citcumstances could dietary calcium absorbtion increase and when would it
decrease?73
2. Which three dietary components increase calcium absorbtion and which decreases it?74
3. What is the normal range for plasma calcium concentration?75
4. In what forms is calcium found in the blood? 76
5. What is the distribution of calcium in body compartments? Give rough values in g77
6. What is the typical amount absorbed out of 1200mg in dietary calcium per day?78
7. How much calcium is lost in the urine and sweat?79
8. What are the symptoms associated with hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia?80
9. What are the effects of PTH, cholecalciferol (vitamin D) and calcitonin on blood calcium
and potassium?81
10. What is the stimulus for release of PTH?82
11.What are the second messengers and enzymes involved in stimulation and inhibition of
PTH secretion?83
12.What are the only bone related cell which present PTH receptors?84
73 Increase during childhood, pregnancy, and lactation, decrease with age and raised calcium intake.
74 Lactose, basic amino acids and vitamin D increase, Phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate) decreases
75 2.2-2.6mM
76 1.2mM free ionic form (biologically active), 1mM bound to plasma proteins, 0.3mM in complexes e.g. with
citrate
77 Plasma 350g, ECF 1g, soft tissues 3.6g, bone 1000g
78 1200mg eaten in a day, 450mg absorbed, but 150mg back into gut, 900mg in faeces. Net gain of 300mg/d
79 250mg/d in urine, 50mg/d in sweat
80 Hyper - sluggish nervous responses, ectopic calcification. Hypo - Hyperexcitable nervous system, tetany
81 PTH increases Ca in blood (by increasing reabsorbtion in the distal tubule) and decreases Pi (by
decreasing reabsorbtion in the kidney, although additional Pi is released from bone), Vit D increases both,
Calcitonin decreases both (calci-ʻtone-downʼ)
82 Low blood calcium, sensed by Ca receptor on PTH cell, it increases blood Ca but decreases Pi
83 Stimulation = acetylcholine and cAMP, Inhibition = phospholipase C and IP3
84 Osteoblasts, these effect osteoclasts which release calcium and phosphate contents.
9. 13.What effect does PTH have on vitamin D and how?85
14.What are the effects of hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism?86
15.Which cells in the thyroid produce calcitonin?87
16.What demographic groups may be most at risk of vitamin D deficiency?88
17.How does vitamin D increase calcium absorbtion in the gut?89
18. What is the effect of vitamin D on the kidney?90
19. What is the effect of glucocorticoids on calcium homeostasis?91
20. What is the basic difference between osteomalacia and osteoporosis?92
21. Aside from ethnicity, family history, age and gender, what are the main osteoporosis
risk factors?93
22. List the main treatments for osteoporosis94
Forearm 1: Pronators and Supinators
1. List the muscles and tendons with origins at the common flexor origin?95
2. What is their nervous innervation?96
3. Which flexor of the hand does not originate here and what is its nervous innervation?97
85 Activated 1-alpha hydroxylase which is needed to activate vitamin D
86 Hyper- hypercalcaemia through excessive bone reabsorbtion and ectopic calcification.Hypo- hypocalcemia
87 C cells or parafollicular cells
88 Vegans - vitamin D not present in plants, elderly and asian women and children
89 Up-regulates production of calbindin proteins, also has a direct effect on cell membranes to increase
calcium absorbtion.
90 Increases reabsorbtion of calcium and phosphate ions (opposite to calcitonin)
91 Decrease uptake and increase excretion
92 Osteomalacia - normal amount of bone but reduced mineral matrix ratio, Osteoporosis - reduced amount
of bone but normal matrix
93 Nutrition (calcium, sodium, protein, caffeine), Corticosteroids (inhibit osteoblasts)
94 Oestrogen replacement therapy, oestrogen receptor modulators, strontium, biphosphonates (inhibit
osteoclast activity), synthetic PTH preparations.
95 Palmiris longus, flexor carpi radialis
96 Median nerve
97 Flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve)
10. 4. How many phylanges do the fingers and thumbs have?98
5.What is the distal attachment (insertion) for
the flexor digitorum superficialis?99
6.What exists to prevent bowstringing of the
tendons over the carpal bones?100
7.Name muscles A-C and their nervous
innervation101
8.Is the anterior interosseus branch medial or
lateral to the median nerve?102
9.Which muscle (not shown in the diagram),
has two heads (one on the lateral epichondyle
and one on the ulnar head)?103
10.Which nerve does the posterior interosseus
nerve branch from?104
11.What is the other branch of this nerve called once the posterior interosseus has left it?
105
Forearm 2: Flexors and Extensors
1. Name muscles A and B?106
2. Which part of the fingers are flexor digitalis superficialis and flexor digitorum profundis
attached to?107
98 fingers have proximal, medial and distal thumb just has proximal and distal
99 median phalanges of the fingers
100 Flexor retinaculum
101 A = pronator teres (median), B = brachioradialis (radial), C = pronator quadratus
(anterior interosseus and median nerve)
102 lateral (interosseus), whereas the medial runs down the ulna
103 Supinator
104 radial
105 deep radial
106 A = flexor digitorum profundis, B = flexor pollicis longus
107 Profundis = distal phylanges, Superficialis = proximal phylanges
11. 3. What is 'bowstringing'?108
4. What is the origin of the flexor pollicis longus?109
5. What are the attachments for the flexor digitorum profundis? 110
6. What is the main nerve supplying the posterior (extensor) compartment of the forearm?
111
7. And the main nerve supplying the anterior (flexor) compartment?112
8. What type of movement is bringing the thumb towards and away from the palm?113
9. And towards or away from the fingers?114
10.And incontact with the tips of the fingers?115
11.What is the nerve supply for the flexor pollicis longus? 116
12.Which extensor muscle has attachments to the common extensor origin, ulnar and the
5th metacarpal?117
13.Whereabouts on the humerus is the common extensor origin located?118
14. What are the main differences between extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis?119
108 when tendon comes away from its anchorage point or normal course because of
damage to the flexor retinaculum which normally holds it in
109 Radius and interosseus membrane
110 ulna and interosseus membrane
111 radial nerve and branches
112 ulnar nerve
113 flexion and extension
114 adduction and abduction
115 opposition
116 median nerve and the anterior interosseus nerve ( branch of median nerve)
117 extensir carpi ulnaris
118 lateral epichondyle (closest to the radius)
119 brevis is shorter because it is attached to the 3rd and 2nd metacarpals and the lateral
epichondyle whereas longus is between the 2nd metacarpal of the index finger and the
lateral supraepichondylar ridge
12. 15.What are the nervous innervations of these two muscles?120
16.Why is there no separate muscle for abduction and adduction only for flexion/
extension?121
17.Which muscle/tendon/area of the arm becomes inflammed in tennis elbow? 122
18.What are the attachments and nervous innervation of extensor digitorum?123
19.What are the two muscles that split from the same origin in the distal ulna and end up
on the auricular and index fingers respectively?124
20.Identify muscles A and B125
21.Which artery runs along the floor of the anatomical snuff box between abductor and
extensor pollicis tendons?126
# # # # # 22.What is the clinical sign of fracture of the scaphoid
and/or damage to the scaphoid vein?127
120 like all the muscles in the posterior (extensor) compartment, its the radial nerve. Brevis
is supplied by the posterior interosseous branch of the radial, as is the extensor carpi
ulnaris. With the exception of brachioradialis, which is radial, the flexor muscles are
supplied by the median
121 Contracting both flexor and extensor muscles but only on lateral or medial side can
adduct or abduct
122 lateral epichondyle particularly the tendon for extensor carpi radialis brevis
123 lateral epichondyle/common extensor origin, attached into the middle and distal
phylanges of the four fingers
124 extensor digiti minimi and extensor indices (both posterior interosseus nerve)
125 A = abductor pollicis longus, B = abductor pollicis longus
126 radial artery
127 tenderness in the anatomical snuff box as the scaphoid vein runs through it