Presented by S. Fuhrimann, T. Kimani, F. Hansen, B. Bett, J. Zinsstag and E. Schelling at the Regional Conference on Zoonoses in Eastern Africa, Naivasha, Kenya, 9-12 March 2015.
Presentation by Dr Mohamed Hassan of the Ministry of Agriculture, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, at the Enhancing Safe Inter-regional Livestock Trade held at Dubai, UAE, 13-16 June 2011.
Rift Valley fever virus: Diagnosis and vaccinesmarketsblog
Presentation by Dr Kariuki Njenga of the Centers of Disease Control & Prevention, at the Enhancing Safe Inter-regional Livestock Trade held at Dubai, UAE, 13-16 June 2011.
A mathematical model for Rift Valley fever transmission dynamicsNaomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Bernard Bett of the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Presentation by Dr Mohamed Hassan of the Ministry of Agriculture, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, at the Enhancing Safe Inter-regional Livestock Trade held at Dubai, UAE, 13-16 June 2011.
Rift Valley fever virus: Diagnosis and vaccinesmarketsblog
Presentation by Dr Kariuki Njenga of the Centers of Disease Control & Prevention, at the Enhancing Safe Inter-regional Livestock Trade held at Dubai, UAE, 13-16 June 2011.
A mathematical model for Rift Valley fever transmission dynamicsNaomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Bernard Bett of the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Rift Valley fever virus seroprevalence among ruminants and humans in northeas...ILRI
Presentation by Johanna Lindahl, Ian Njeru, Joan Karanja, Delia Grace and Bernard Bett at the first joint conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany, 4–8 September 2016.
African Swine Fever (ASF) control: An entry point for enhancing human welfare...ILRI
Presented by Richard Bishop, Jocelyn Davies, Cynthia Onzere, Steve Kemp, Vish Nene, Guenther Keil, Marisa Arias and Edward Okoth at the ILRI BioSciences Day, Nairobi, 27 November 2013
Dr. James A. Roth - FMD Vaccination: Preparedness, Availability, and LimitationsJohn Blue
FMD Vaccination: Preparedness, Availability, and Limitations - James Roth, DVM, Director, Center for Food Security and Public Health and Executive Director, Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
Epidemiology of African Swine Fever: A prerequisite to controlILRI
Presentation by Richard Bishop, Edward Okoth, Jocelyn Davies at the 'BecA-CSIRO Partnership Review meeting' held on 10-14 September 2012 at ILRI Nairobi, Kenya Campus.
African swine fever epidemiology and control in smallholder pig systems: The ...ILRI
Presented by Michel Dione at an online Danida Fellowship Center course on sustainable and safe livestock production from farm to fork, 19 November 2021.
Mass vaccination, immunity and coverage: Modelling population protection agai...ILRI
Presentation by Theo Knight-Jones, S. Gubbins, A.N. Bulut, K.D.C. Stärk, D.U Pfeiffer, K.J. Sumption and D.J. Paton at the annual meeting of the Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Elsinore, Denmark, 16-18 March 2016.
Malaria history in Sri Lanka has many milestones. There was a period when thousands of people died due to malaria. At that time, Sri Lanka started official malaria control program and achieved almost eradication in 1960.
Dr. Thomas Gidlewski - Update on Feral Swine Diseases and SurveillanceJohn Blue
Update on Feral Swine Diseases and Surveillance - Dr. Thomas Gidlewski, Program Manager, Surveillance/Biological Labs, Wildlife Services, USDA APHIS National Wildlife Disease Program, from the 2018 NIAA Annual Conference, Livestock Traceability: Opportunities for Animal Agriculture, plus the Traceability and the Real World Interactive Workshop, April 10 - 12, Denver, CO, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeUDeS810OcOfuEYwj1oHKQ
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Rift Valley fever virus seroprevalence among ruminants and humans in northeas...ILRI
Presentation by Johanna Lindahl, Ian Njeru, Joan Karanja, Delia Grace and Bernard Bett at the first joint conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany, 4–8 September 2016.
African Swine Fever (ASF) control: An entry point for enhancing human welfare...ILRI
Presented by Richard Bishop, Jocelyn Davies, Cynthia Onzere, Steve Kemp, Vish Nene, Guenther Keil, Marisa Arias and Edward Okoth at the ILRI BioSciences Day, Nairobi, 27 November 2013
Dr. James A. Roth - FMD Vaccination: Preparedness, Availability, and LimitationsJohn Blue
FMD Vaccination: Preparedness, Availability, and Limitations - James Roth, DVM, Director, Center for Food Security and Public Health and Executive Director, Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
Epidemiology of African Swine Fever: A prerequisite to controlILRI
Presentation by Richard Bishop, Edward Okoth, Jocelyn Davies at the 'BecA-CSIRO Partnership Review meeting' held on 10-14 September 2012 at ILRI Nairobi, Kenya Campus.
African swine fever epidemiology and control in smallholder pig systems: The ...ILRI
Presented by Michel Dione at an online Danida Fellowship Center course on sustainable and safe livestock production from farm to fork, 19 November 2021.
Mass vaccination, immunity and coverage: Modelling population protection agai...ILRI
Presentation by Theo Knight-Jones, S. Gubbins, A.N. Bulut, K.D.C. Stärk, D.U Pfeiffer, K.J. Sumption and D.J. Paton at the annual meeting of the Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Elsinore, Denmark, 16-18 March 2016.
Malaria history in Sri Lanka has many milestones. There was a period when thousands of people died due to malaria. At that time, Sri Lanka started official malaria control program and achieved almost eradication in 1960.
Dr. Thomas Gidlewski - Update on Feral Swine Diseases and SurveillanceJohn Blue
Update on Feral Swine Diseases and Surveillance - Dr. Thomas Gidlewski, Program Manager, Surveillance/Biological Labs, Wildlife Services, USDA APHIS National Wildlife Disease Program, from the 2018 NIAA Annual Conference, Livestock Traceability: Opportunities for Animal Agriculture, plus the Traceability and the Real World Interactive Workshop, April 10 - 12, Denver, CO, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeUDeS810OcOfuEYwj1oHKQ
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Application of system dynamics in the analysis of economic impacts of Rift Va...ILRI
Presented by Karl M. Rich and Francis Wanyoike at a Dynamic Drivers of Disease in Africa Consortium (DDDAC) project workshop, Naivasha, Kenya, 24-26 June 2014.
Towards the development of optimal vaccination strategies for Rift Valley fev...ILRI
Presentated by Bernard Bett, John Gachohi, Catherine Karungo, Salome Bukachi, Nicholas Svitek, Kariuki Njenga and Harry Oyas at the inaugural International Veterinary Vaccinology Network meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 26 March 2018.
VS FMD Strategy - Beth Lautner, DVM MS, USDA, APHIS, VS, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
Dr. Stephanie Shwiff - The Economic Impact on a Foreign Animal Disease or Dis...John Blue
The Economic Impact on a Foreign Animal Disease or Disease Outbreak - Dr. Stephanie Shwiff, USDA, from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
Modelling to support rinderpest outbreaks preparednessExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/rinderpest/home.html
http://www-data.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/event_200116.html
Presentation made during the international meeting titled “Maintaining global freedom from rinderpest” held in FAO-HQ from 20 to 22 January 2016.
Socio-economic effect of swine diseases: preliminary insights from MyanmarMyanmarPigs
Presentation by Dr Ayako Ebata of the Institute of Development Studies to the 2nd Regional Workshop on Swine Disease Control in Asia, held in Beijing, June 2017:
Presented by Bassirou Bonfoh, Jyldyz Shigaeva and Bernd Steimann at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
Current research on developing collaborations across sectors for zoonoses pre...ILRI
Presentation by Delia Grace at a national expert consultation on intersectoral coordination for prevention and control of zoonoses in India, New Delhi, India, 27 November 2013.
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
A gentle push towards improved hygiene and food safety through ‘nudge’ interv...ILRI
Poster by Kristina Roesel, Steven Kakooza, Memory Chirwa, Denis Mugizi, Joshua Waiswa, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Dorothée Étienne, Imara Roychowdhury, Lillian Diaz and Elizabeth Cook presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Rift Valley fever in Kenyan pastoral livestock: Individual-based demographic model to analyse the impact of Rift Valley fever
1. Rift Valley fever in Kenyan pastoral livestock: Individual-based demographic model to
analyse the impact of Rift Valley fever
S. Fuhrimann1,2, T. Kimani3,4, F. Hansen3, B. Bett3, J. Zinsstag1,2, E. Schelling1,2
1Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel; 2University of Basel; 3 International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya; 4Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – ECTAD, Eastern Africa
2. 1. Infected vectors (AEDES)
What triggers an RVF outbreak?
+
2. Flooding of mosquito breeding sites
3. Susceptible host population
3. Objective 1:
Model concept
Livestock
demography
RVF impact
Control
mesures
Objective 4:
Control measures and immunity
distribution
Objective 2:
Collect missing information by farming
system-PAP, MFM, MFHP
Objective 3:
Implementation and validation
4. Model conceptualisation
Gains
•Birth
Losses (turn over)
•Baseline Mortality
•Selling
•Slaughtering
•Baseline abortion
Losses (RVF)
• RVF morbidity
• RVF induced mortality
• RVF induced abortion
Livestock herd
•Species composition
• Cattle
• Camel
• Sheep
• Goats
•Age structure
•Sex ratio
•Pregnancy status
• Fertile
• Pregnant
• Waiting
•RVF infection status
• Susceptible
• Exposed
• Infectious
• Recovered
Annual demography
(norma l/ drought)
RVF outbreak situation
-Individual based
model,
Track over days, years
-8 herds
implemented in C++
language with the
Borland C++ builder
does not consider the in
and out-migration and
purchase of livestock
6. Simulations- based on 2000 animals of each species
1: Livestock demography (normal period / drought period)
2: RVF outbreak (2006/2007, assumed 2014/2015)
Infected, mortality, abortion, infected (sold &
slaughtered)
3: Immunity distribution after RVF outbreak (2006/2007)
Identify the period when animal popn is not at risk of animal
population
4: impacts of RVF outbreak with control measures on 2014/2015
( 3 vaccination options, 2 surveillance options, 3 pour on
treatments, larvicidal treatment, communication &awareness)
Analysis- 11 scenarios
5: Simulations outputs (proportions) were fed into an excel based
framework to compute absolute numbers of various variables
6: A second excel based BCA framework estimated production outs,
quantities of outputs and values and BCR
7. Data inputs
• baseline livestock demographics- herd structure, fertility, use of livestock
• Recovery of livestock production after the outbreak, and
• observations of RVF-like mortality & abortions
• other production losses after the outbreak (inter-epidemic).
• Daily infection probability
• Outbreak duration
• Incubation period
• Infectious period
• RVF case mortalities
• Abortion rates
• Vaccination probabilities
• Data sources:
8 focus group discussions in Garissa, Fafi, Lagdera, and Ijarausing participatory methods,
Jost et al. 2009, Schelling and Kimani 2007, Bird et al. 2009,
key informants, expert opinions
16. Impacts of Vaccination on assumed 2014/2015
epidemic
• Baseline vaccination – about 0.5 to 0.9 million (7%) million
sheep and goats vaccinated annually (S1,S4,S9-11)
• 2012-2013 Annual mass vaccination increasing coverage-
41-51% (all species) 27-33% (S3, S8 and S6)
• 2012 mass (35-43%, in each species) and 2013-2014
mass vaccination (8-11%) of young stock (S2, S5 and S7)
20. Conclusion
• The model proved its usefulness in describing the livestock demographic
dynamics during normal and drought periods in details.
• the simulation of the 2006/2007 RVF outbreak reflects the course of the last
RVF outbreak in NE-Province
• Maintaining status quo in terms of control measures and if next epidemic is
preceded by a severe drought, the impacts will be high
• Improving vaccination 2-3 years before an epidemic can reduce production
impacts significantly
• Two year mass vaccination offers higher benefits than 1 mass followed by
vaccination of young animals
21. Acknowledgement s
1. Swiss TPH
• Esther Schelling
• Jakob Zinsstag
2. International Livestock Research Institute
• Frank Hansen
• Bernard Bett
• Tom Randolph
3. CDC/KEMRI
• Kariuki Njenga
4. Austin Bitek
5. Egerton University
• Margaret Ngigi