The document proposes a new channel assignment method called ODCAM that uses channel diversity to improve network capacity in multi-channel multi-radio wireless mesh networks. ODCAM selects channels along network paths to ensure channel diversity between hops. It stores channel information in a Channel Diversity Table and implements channel selection through the HWMP routing protocol. Simulation results show ODCAM increases average throughput by 12.78% and decreases average end-to-end delay compared to a hybrid channel assignment approach.
Channel Aware Mac Protocol for Maximizing Throughput and FairnessIJORCS
The proper channel utilization and the queue length aware routing protocol is a challenging task in MANET. To overcome this drawback we are extending the previous work by improving the MAC protocol to maximize the Throughput and Fairness. In this work we are estimating the channel condition and Contention for a channel aware packet scheduling and the queue length is also calculated for the routing protocol which is aware of the queue length. The channel is scheduled based on the channel condition and the routing is carried out by considering the queue length. This queue length will provide a measurement of traffic load at the mobile node itself. Depending upon this load the node with the lesser load will be selected for the routing; this will effectively balance the load and improve the throughput of the ad hoc network.
The document proposes a full-duplex cognitive MAC (FDC-MAC) protocol for cognitive radio networks. The protocol consists of two stages: (1) a FD sensing stage where secondary users perform concurrent spectrum sensing and transmission at a controlled power level to mitigate self-interference, and (2) a transmission stage where secondary users transmit at maximum power if the sensing stage indicated an available channel. The document develops a mathematical model to analyze the throughput performance of the FDC-MAC protocol and proves that there exists an optimal sensing time and transmit power configuration to maximize throughput. Extensive simulation results demonstrate significant throughput gains of the FDC-MAC protocol over half-duplex and single-stage full-duplex MAC protocols.
Simulation based Evaluation of a Simple Channel Distribution Scheme for MANETsIOSR Journals
This document presents a proposed multi-channel distribution scheme for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and evaluates it through simulation. The proposed scheme assigns channels to nodes based on their node IDs to avoid control overhead from time synchronization. While neighboring nodes on the same channel is possible, the probability is low given random node distribution. The proposed scheme is compared to a single-channel scheme in ns-2 simulations. Results show the proposed technique has better performance.
This document proposes an improved position-based power aware routing algorithm for mobile ad-hoc networks. It introduces using a weighted metric of remaining battery power, speed, and distance of nodes to determine routes. The existing MFR (Most Forward within Radius) algorithm does not consider factors like battery power and speed differences, which can lead to unreliable communication or packet loss. The proposed algorithm uses a weighted combination of distance, velocity, and battery power metrics to select routes, aiming to balance load, increase network lifetime, and improve network performance compared to MFR. Simulation results showed the proposed algorithm reduces packet loss and increases throughput compared to MFR.
INVESTIGATING MULTILAYER OMEGA-TYPE NETWORKS OPERATING WITH THE CUT-THROUGH T...IJCNCJournal
The continuous increase in the complexity of data networks has motivated the development of more effective Multistage Interconnection Networks (MINs) as important factors in providing higher data transfer rates in various switching divisions. In this paper, semi-layer omega-class networks operating with a cut-through forwarding technique are chosen as test-bed subjects for detailed evaluation, and this network architecture is modelled, inspected, and simulated. The results are examined for relevant singlelayer omega networks operating with cut-through or ‘store and forward’ forwarding techniques. Two series of experiments are carried out: one concerns the case of uniform traffic, while the other is related to hotspot traffic. The results quantify the way in which this network outperforms the corresponding singlelayer network architectures for the same network size and buffer size. Furthermore, the effects of the dimensions of the switch elements and their corresponding reliability on the overall interconnection system are investigated, and the complexity and the relevant cost are examined. The data yielded by this investigation can be valuable to MIN engineers and can allow them to achieve more productive networks with lower overall implementation costs.
In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), QoS (Quality of Service) in sensor application plays a very important
role. QoS based routing is required to ensure the best use of nodes in WSN. In this paper, a comparative
study of QoS based routing in Media Access Control (MAC) protocols are presented based on the traits to
solve problems like prioritization, timeliness, reliability etc. The study mainly focuses on some priority
based QoS protocols used in WSN and a comparison among them. The study reveals that among the five
mentioned protocols; QMAC, PRIMA, DB-MAC, RAP, GTS; PRIMA shows the best performance in the
category of Packet Prioritization, Scheduling Scheme, Queue Type, Energy Awareness and QoS.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel cross-layer routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks. The technique calculates both signal strength and node mobility to select the most efficient and stable path for data transmission. It aims to improve on traditional ad hoc routing protocols like AODV by considering both link quality metrics from the physical layer (signal strength) and node mobility. The proposed method selects routes based on signal strength if mobility is high, and on traditional hop count if mobility is low, in order to find paths that reduce link failure and improve throughput.
AN EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF HELLO PROCESS FOR ROUTING PROTOCOL IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
In the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) update of link connectivity is necessary to refresh the neighbor tables in data transfer. A existing hello process periodically exchanges the link connectivity information, which is not adequate for dynamic topology. Here, slow update of neighbour table entries causes link failures which affect performance parameter as packet drop, maximum delay, energy consumption, and reduced throughput. In the dynamic hello technique, new neighbour nodes and lost neighbour nodes are used to compute link change rate (LCR) and hello-interval/refresh rate (r). Exchange of link connectivity information at a fast rate consumes unnecessary bandwidth and energy. In MANET resource wastage can be controlled by avoiding the re-route discovery, frequent error notification, and local repair in the entire network. We are enhancing the existing hello process, which shows significant improvement in performance.
Channel Aware Mac Protocol for Maximizing Throughput and FairnessIJORCS
The proper channel utilization and the queue length aware routing protocol is a challenging task in MANET. To overcome this drawback we are extending the previous work by improving the MAC protocol to maximize the Throughput and Fairness. In this work we are estimating the channel condition and Contention for a channel aware packet scheduling and the queue length is also calculated for the routing protocol which is aware of the queue length. The channel is scheduled based on the channel condition and the routing is carried out by considering the queue length. This queue length will provide a measurement of traffic load at the mobile node itself. Depending upon this load the node with the lesser load will be selected for the routing; this will effectively balance the load and improve the throughput of the ad hoc network.
The document proposes a full-duplex cognitive MAC (FDC-MAC) protocol for cognitive radio networks. The protocol consists of two stages: (1) a FD sensing stage where secondary users perform concurrent spectrum sensing and transmission at a controlled power level to mitigate self-interference, and (2) a transmission stage where secondary users transmit at maximum power if the sensing stage indicated an available channel. The document develops a mathematical model to analyze the throughput performance of the FDC-MAC protocol and proves that there exists an optimal sensing time and transmit power configuration to maximize throughput. Extensive simulation results demonstrate significant throughput gains of the FDC-MAC protocol over half-duplex and single-stage full-duplex MAC protocols.
Simulation based Evaluation of a Simple Channel Distribution Scheme for MANETsIOSR Journals
This document presents a proposed multi-channel distribution scheme for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and evaluates it through simulation. The proposed scheme assigns channels to nodes based on their node IDs to avoid control overhead from time synchronization. While neighboring nodes on the same channel is possible, the probability is low given random node distribution. The proposed scheme is compared to a single-channel scheme in ns-2 simulations. Results show the proposed technique has better performance.
This document proposes an improved position-based power aware routing algorithm for mobile ad-hoc networks. It introduces using a weighted metric of remaining battery power, speed, and distance of nodes to determine routes. The existing MFR (Most Forward within Radius) algorithm does not consider factors like battery power and speed differences, which can lead to unreliable communication or packet loss. The proposed algorithm uses a weighted combination of distance, velocity, and battery power metrics to select routes, aiming to balance load, increase network lifetime, and improve network performance compared to MFR. Simulation results showed the proposed algorithm reduces packet loss and increases throughput compared to MFR.
INVESTIGATING MULTILAYER OMEGA-TYPE NETWORKS OPERATING WITH THE CUT-THROUGH T...IJCNCJournal
The continuous increase in the complexity of data networks has motivated the development of more effective Multistage Interconnection Networks (MINs) as important factors in providing higher data transfer rates in various switching divisions. In this paper, semi-layer omega-class networks operating with a cut-through forwarding technique are chosen as test-bed subjects for detailed evaluation, and this network architecture is modelled, inspected, and simulated. The results are examined for relevant singlelayer omega networks operating with cut-through or ‘store and forward’ forwarding techniques. Two series of experiments are carried out: one concerns the case of uniform traffic, while the other is related to hotspot traffic. The results quantify the way in which this network outperforms the corresponding singlelayer network architectures for the same network size and buffer size. Furthermore, the effects of the dimensions of the switch elements and their corresponding reliability on the overall interconnection system are investigated, and the complexity and the relevant cost are examined. The data yielded by this investigation can be valuable to MIN engineers and can allow them to achieve more productive networks with lower overall implementation costs.
In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), QoS (Quality of Service) in sensor application plays a very important
role. QoS based routing is required to ensure the best use of nodes in WSN. In this paper, a comparative
study of QoS based routing in Media Access Control (MAC) protocols are presented based on the traits to
solve problems like prioritization, timeliness, reliability etc. The study mainly focuses on some priority
based QoS protocols used in WSN and a comparison among them. The study reveals that among the five
mentioned protocols; QMAC, PRIMA, DB-MAC, RAP, GTS; PRIMA shows the best performance in the
category of Packet Prioritization, Scheduling Scheme, Queue Type, Energy Awareness and QoS.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel cross-layer routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks. The technique calculates both signal strength and node mobility to select the most efficient and stable path for data transmission. It aims to improve on traditional ad hoc routing protocols like AODV by considering both link quality metrics from the physical layer (signal strength) and node mobility. The proposed method selects routes based on signal strength if mobility is high, and on traditional hop count if mobility is low, in order to find paths that reduce link failure and improve throughput.
AN EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF HELLO PROCESS FOR ROUTING PROTOCOL IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
In the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) update of link connectivity is necessary to refresh the neighbor tables in data transfer. A existing hello process periodically exchanges the link connectivity information, which is not adequate for dynamic topology. Here, slow update of neighbour table entries causes link failures which affect performance parameter as packet drop, maximum delay, energy consumption, and reduced throughput. In the dynamic hello technique, new neighbour nodes and lost neighbour nodes are used to compute link change rate (LCR) and hello-interval/refresh rate (r). Exchange of link connectivity information at a fast rate consumes unnecessary bandwidth and energy. In MANET resource wastage can be controlled by avoiding the re-route discovery, frequent error notification, and local repair in the entire network. We are enhancing the existing hello process, which shows significant improvement in performance.
In order enhance the network efficiency of Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs), an Power Unbiased Cooperative Media Access Control(PUC-MAC) protocol in MANETs was planned during this paper. It adopted the most effective partnership choice statement to select the cooperative node with higher channel condition, higher passing rate and additional balanced power consumption. Simulation results showed that PUC-MAC outperforms EC-MAC,Cooperative MAC (CoopMAC) and IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination perform (DCF) in terms of the packet release quantitative relation, network outturn and network lifespan beneath 2 distinct channel noise levels, particularly beneath the worst channel condition.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing metric called NMH (New Metric for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol) for wireless mesh networks. The paper argues that existing routing metrics do not adequately consider factors like channel diversity, interference, and end-to-end delay. The proposed NMH metric combines two-hop channel diversity and hop delay. Simulation results showed that NMH outperformed WCETT (Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time) in terms of average network throughput, end-to-end delay, and number of flows supported.
ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTICAST ROUTING IN MANET ijac journal
In this paper, we have presented the Modified Multicasting through Time Reservation using Adaptive
Control for Excellent Energy efficiency (MMC-TRACE). It is a real time multicasting architecture for
Mobile Ad-Hoc networks to make their work an energy efficient one .MMC-TRACE is a cross layer design
where the network layer and medium access control layer functionality are done in a single integrated
layer design. The basic design of the architecture is to establish and maintain an active multicast tree
surrounded by a passive mesh within a mobile ad hoc network. Energy efficiency is maximized by enabling
the particular node from sleep to awake mode while the remaining nodes of the same path are maintained
at sleep mode. Energy efficiency too achieved by eliminating most of the redundant data receptions across
nodes. The performance of MMC-TRACE are evaluated with the help of ns-2 simulations and comparisons
are made with its predecessor such as MC-TRACE. The results show that the MMC-TRACE provides
superior energy efficiency, competitive QoS performance and bandwidth efficiency.
LTE QOS DYNAMIC RESOURCE BLOCK ALLOCATION WITH POWER SOURCE LIMITATION AND QU...IJCNCJournal
3GPP has defined the long term evolution (LTE) for 3G radio access in order to maintain the future
competitiveness for 3G technology, the system provides the capability of supporting a mixture of services
with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. This paper proposes a new cross-layer scheduling
algorithm to satisfy better QoS parameters for real time applications. The proposed algorithm takes care of
allocating resource blocks (RBs) with different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) according to target
bit error rate (BER), user equipment supportable MCS, queue stability constraints and available transmit
power constraints. The proposed algorithm has been valued, compared with an earlier allocation algorithm
in terms of service rate and packet delay and showed better performance regards the real time
applications.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new Position Based Opportunistic Routing Protocol (POR) to improve reliable data delivery in mobile ad hoc networks. Existing geographic routing protocols have issues with route failures and delays in discovering new routes when nodes move. The proposed POR protocol selects multiple forwarding candidate nodes to opportunistically forward packets. If the primary forwarder fails, backup candidates can forward packets to avoid transmission interruptions. Simulation results show the POR protocol has lower delay and higher packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols.
Load aware and load balancing using aomdv routing in manetijctet
This document discusses load aware and load balancing techniques using multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It proposes using a location aided routing (LAR) protocol with the Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol to identify multiple routing backbones from the source to destination nodes based on the intermediate nodes' communication and processing capabilities. This helps distribute traffic loads evenly across multiple paths to improve load balancing, reduce congestion, and enhance quality of service in the MANET.
Newton-raphson method to solve systems of non-linear equations in VANET perfo...journalBEEI
This document discusses using the Newton-Raphson method to solve systems of non-linear equations to optimize VANET performance. It selects three MAC protocol parameters - transmission power, bitrate, and contention window - as variables. Simulations are run with different values of these parameters. The results for energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, and delay are used to derive three non-linear equations. The Newton-Raphson method is then applied to find the coefficients a, b, and c to optimize the objective function of minimizing energy*delay/PDR. Tables 4-6 show the objective function results for different parameter configurations.
With the increase of usage of wireless networks for purposes where the nodes are either stationary or minimally mobile, focus is also on increasing the network capacity of wireless networks. One such way is to use non-overlapping multiple channels provided by 802.11 by using multiple interfaces per node. Multiple non overlapped channels exist in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz spectrum. Under this scenario, several challenges need to be addressed before all the available channels can be fully utilized.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new cooperative channel load aware VoIP routing topology for 802.11 WLAN networks. It introduces the concept of cooperative channel transmitting technology for 802.11 WLAN networks and discusses some of the challenges in providing quality of service guarantees. It then presents a linear programming model and scheduling algorithm to implement cooperative channel transmissions while considering queue status and transitive node relationships to maximize throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling algorithm improves throughput and fairness compared to alternatives.
Hybrid Novel Approach for Channel Allocation in Heterogeneous Cognitive Radi...IJSRED
The document describes a proposed hybrid approach for channel allocation in heterogeneous cognitive radio networks. It aims to improve throughput and minimize packet transmission delay. The proposed approach uses Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) to identify the best channel for communication. It employs a common control channel (CCC) to control channel states. Transmission is controlled using TDMA-based Slotted Cognitive Function (SCF) and directional antenna-based Distributed Co-ordination Function (DCF). Simulation results show the proposed approach achieves higher throughput and lower delay compared to other protocols.
Channel Allocation and Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks: A survey and qualit...ijwmn
In order to avoid transmission's collisions and improve network performances in wireless mesh networks (WMNs), a reliable and efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol and a good channel allocation are needed. Allowing multiple channels use in the same network is often presented as a possible way to improve the network capacity. As IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16 standards provide more than one channel, thus a trivial way to improve the network performances is to allow transmission on multiple channels in each network node. A lot of research work have been conducted in the area of multi-channel allocation in order to improve the aggregate bandwidth of the hole network. In this paper, we focus our attention on the proposals for solving the channel allocation problem for Multi-Transceiver per node in the backbone level using the IEEE 802.11s technology. We classify these proposals into three categories. The first one consists on channel allocation proposals done at the MAC level independently to the other layers. The second one consists on a channel allocation approaches done by a modified MAC collaborating with upper layers. Finally, the third category concerns channel allocation methods implemented in a new layer resulting from a common-layer design between MAC and Network layer. For each category, the existing multi-channel protocols and their channel allocation approaches are identified. A qualitative comparison is conducted according to the advantages that they present, the limitations and problems they are facing, and the performances they are claiming to offer.
Quadrant Based DIR in CWin Adaptation Mechanism for Multihop Wireless NetworkIJCI JOURNAL
In Multihop Wireless Networks, traffic forwarding capability of each node varies according to its level of contention. Each node can yield its channel access opportunity to its neighbouring nodes, so that all the nodes can evenly share the channel and have similar forwarding capability. In this manner the wireless channel is utilized effectively, which is achieved using Contention Window Adaptation Mechanism (CWAM). This mechanism achieves a higher end-to-end throughout but consumes the network power to a higher level. So, a newly proposed algorithm Quadrant- Based Directional Routing Protocol (Q-DIR) is implemented as a cross-layer with CWAM, to reduce the total network power consumption through limited flooding and also reduce the routing overheads, which eventually increases overall network throughput. This algorithm limits the broadcast region to a quadrant where the source node and the destination nodes are located. Implementation of the algorithm is done in Linux based NS-2 simulator
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
4..[26 36]signal strength based congestion control in manetAlexander Decker
This document discusses several algorithms and approaches for improving TCP performance in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using signal strength measurements:
1. TCP Venoplus is a cross-layer approach that uses signal strength information from the MAC layer to better distinguish between packet losses due to congestion versus random errors.
2. Other algorithms proposed include Link-RED to tune wireless link drop probability, adaptive pacing to improve spatial reuse, and algorithms to predict link failures and find stable routes using signal strength measurements.
3. Received signal strength is also used in algorithms to minimize broadcast storms and adapt MAC layer retransmissions to distinguish true link failures from false ones caused by interference.
4. Gray zone prediction and
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to
different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high
throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple
channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as
interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like
interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN
need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting
several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel,
while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different
available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the
most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each
node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding
strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We
have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and
Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding
and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured
by means of simulation study.
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to
different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high
throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple
channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as
interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like
interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN
need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting
several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel,
while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different
available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the
most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each
node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding
strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We
have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and
Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding
and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured
by means of simulation study.
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel, while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured by means of simulation study.
RIVERBED-BASED NETWORK MODELING FOR MULTI-BEAM CONCURRENT TRANSMISSIONSijwmn
The paper presents a Riverbed simulator implementation with both routing and medium access control
(MAC) protocols for mobile ad-hoc network wireless networks with multi-beam smart antennas (MBSAs).
As one of the latest promising antenna techniques, MBSAs can achieve concurrent transmissions /
receptions in multiple directions/beams. Thus it can significantly improve the network throughput.
However, so far there is still no accurate network simulator that can measure the MBSA-based
routing/MAC protocol performance. In this paper, we describe the simulation models with the
implementation of MBSA antenna model in physical layer, MAC layer, and routing layer protocols, all in
Riverbed Modeler. We will compare two routing scenarios, i.e., multi-hop diamond routing scenario and
multi-path pipe routing. We will analyze the network performance for those two scenarios and illustrate the
advantages of using MBSAs in wireless networks.
RIVERBED-BASED NETWORK MODELING FOR MULTI-BEAM CONCURRENT TRANSMISSIONSijwmn
The paper presents a Riverbed simulator implementation with both routing and medium access control
(MAC) protocols for mobile ad-hoc network wireless networks with multi-beam smart antennas (MBSAs).
As one of the latest promising antenna techniques, MBSAs can achieve concurrent transmissions /
receptions in multiple directions/beams. Thus it can significantly improve the network throughput.
However, so far there is still no accurate network simulator that can measure the MBSA-based
routing/MAC protocol performance. In this paper, we describe the simulation models with the
implementation of MBSA antenna model in physical layer, MAC layer, and routing layer protocols, all in
Riverbed Modeler. We will compare two routing scenarios, i.e., multi-hop diamond routing scenario and
multi-path pipe routing. We will analyze the network performance for those two scenarios and illustrate the
advantages of using MBSAs in wireless networks.
RIVERBED-BASED NETWORK MODELING FOR MULTI-BEAM CONCURRENT TRANSMISSIONSijwmn
The paper presents a Riverbed simulator implementation with both routing and medium access control (MAC) protocols for mobile ad-hoc network wireless networks with multi-beam smart antennas (MBSAs). As one of the latest promising antenna techniques, MBSAs can achieve concurrent transmissions /
receptions in multiple directions/beams. Thus it can significantly improve the network throughput. However, so far there is still no accurate network simulator that can measure the MBSA-based
routing/MAC protocol performance. In this paper, we describe the simulation models with the implementation of MBSA antenna model in physical layer, MAC layer, and routing layer protocols, all in Riverbed Modeler. We will compare two routing scenarios, i.e., multi-hop diamond routing scenario and
multi-path pipe routing. We will analyze the network performance for those two scenarios and illustrate the advantages of using MBSAs in wireless networks.
EFFICIENT MULTI-PATH PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Wireless sensor networks are useful for streaming multimedia in infrastructure-free and hazardous environments. However, these networks are quite different from their wired counterpart and are composed of nodes with constrained bandwidth and energy. Multiple-path transmission is one of the methods for ensuring QoS routing in both wired and wireless environment. Directed diffusion, a well known wireless sensor network protocol, only routes packets through a single path, which barely meets the throughput requirement of multimedia data. Instead, we propose a multipath algorithm based on directed diffusion that reinforces multiple routes with high link quality and low latency. This algorithm retains the merits of the original directed diffusion algorithms, including its energy efficiency and scalability. A hybrid metric of link quality and latency is used as the criterion for path selection. In order to select disjoint paths, we propose a scheme for reinforced nodes to respond negatively to multiple reinforcement messages. We use the NS-2 simulation tool with video trace generated by Multiple Description Coding (MDC) to evaluate the performance. The results show that our algorithm gives better throughput and delay performance, i.e higher video quality, than standard directed diffusion that transmits over a single path, with low overheads and energy consumption.
ENERGY LOCATION AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL (ELARP) FOR WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA SENSOR...ijcsit
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding
environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in
volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks
(WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end
delay.Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover
multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end
delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive
multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance.
ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for
multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
In order enhance the network efficiency of Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs), an Power Unbiased Cooperative Media Access Control(PUC-MAC) protocol in MANETs was planned during this paper. It adopted the most effective partnership choice statement to select the cooperative node with higher channel condition, higher passing rate and additional balanced power consumption. Simulation results showed that PUC-MAC outperforms EC-MAC,Cooperative MAC (CoopMAC) and IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination perform (DCF) in terms of the packet release quantitative relation, network outturn and network lifespan beneath 2 distinct channel noise levels, particularly beneath the worst channel condition.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing metric called NMH (New Metric for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol) for wireless mesh networks. The paper argues that existing routing metrics do not adequately consider factors like channel diversity, interference, and end-to-end delay. The proposed NMH metric combines two-hop channel diversity and hop delay. Simulation results showed that NMH outperformed WCETT (Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time) in terms of average network throughput, end-to-end delay, and number of flows supported.
ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTICAST ROUTING IN MANET ijac journal
In this paper, we have presented the Modified Multicasting through Time Reservation using Adaptive
Control for Excellent Energy efficiency (MMC-TRACE). It is a real time multicasting architecture for
Mobile Ad-Hoc networks to make their work an energy efficient one .MMC-TRACE is a cross layer design
where the network layer and medium access control layer functionality are done in a single integrated
layer design. The basic design of the architecture is to establish and maintain an active multicast tree
surrounded by a passive mesh within a mobile ad hoc network. Energy efficiency is maximized by enabling
the particular node from sleep to awake mode while the remaining nodes of the same path are maintained
at sleep mode. Energy efficiency too achieved by eliminating most of the redundant data receptions across
nodes. The performance of MMC-TRACE are evaluated with the help of ns-2 simulations and comparisons
are made with its predecessor such as MC-TRACE. The results show that the MMC-TRACE provides
superior energy efficiency, competitive QoS performance and bandwidth efficiency.
LTE QOS DYNAMIC RESOURCE BLOCK ALLOCATION WITH POWER SOURCE LIMITATION AND QU...IJCNCJournal
3GPP has defined the long term evolution (LTE) for 3G radio access in order to maintain the future
competitiveness for 3G technology, the system provides the capability of supporting a mixture of services
with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. This paper proposes a new cross-layer scheduling
algorithm to satisfy better QoS parameters for real time applications. The proposed algorithm takes care of
allocating resource blocks (RBs) with different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) according to target
bit error rate (BER), user equipment supportable MCS, queue stability constraints and available transmit
power constraints. The proposed algorithm has been valued, compared with an earlier allocation algorithm
in terms of service rate and packet delay and showed better performance regards the real time
applications.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new Position Based Opportunistic Routing Protocol (POR) to improve reliable data delivery in mobile ad hoc networks. Existing geographic routing protocols have issues with route failures and delays in discovering new routes when nodes move. The proposed POR protocol selects multiple forwarding candidate nodes to opportunistically forward packets. If the primary forwarder fails, backup candidates can forward packets to avoid transmission interruptions. Simulation results show the POR protocol has lower delay and higher packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols.
Load aware and load balancing using aomdv routing in manetijctet
This document discusses load aware and load balancing techniques using multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It proposes using a location aided routing (LAR) protocol with the Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol to identify multiple routing backbones from the source to destination nodes based on the intermediate nodes' communication and processing capabilities. This helps distribute traffic loads evenly across multiple paths to improve load balancing, reduce congestion, and enhance quality of service in the MANET.
Newton-raphson method to solve systems of non-linear equations in VANET perfo...journalBEEI
This document discusses using the Newton-Raphson method to solve systems of non-linear equations to optimize VANET performance. It selects three MAC protocol parameters - transmission power, bitrate, and contention window - as variables. Simulations are run with different values of these parameters. The results for energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, and delay are used to derive three non-linear equations. The Newton-Raphson method is then applied to find the coefficients a, b, and c to optimize the objective function of minimizing energy*delay/PDR. Tables 4-6 show the objective function results for different parameter configurations.
With the increase of usage of wireless networks for purposes where the nodes are either stationary or minimally mobile, focus is also on increasing the network capacity of wireless networks. One such way is to use non-overlapping multiple channels provided by 802.11 by using multiple interfaces per node. Multiple non overlapped channels exist in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz spectrum. Under this scenario, several challenges need to be addressed before all the available channels can be fully utilized.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new cooperative channel load aware VoIP routing topology for 802.11 WLAN networks. It introduces the concept of cooperative channel transmitting technology for 802.11 WLAN networks and discusses some of the challenges in providing quality of service guarantees. It then presents a linear programming model and scheduling algorithm to implement cooperative channel transmissions while considering queue status and transitive node relationships to maximize throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling algorithm improves throughput and fairness compared to alternatives.
Hybrid Novel Approach for Channel Allocation in Heterogeneous Cognitive Radi...IJSRED
The document describes a proposed hybrid approach for channel allocation in heterogeneous cognitive radio networks. It aims to improve throughput and minimize packet transmission delay. The proposed approach uses Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) to identify the best channel for communication. It employs a common control channel (CCC) to control channel states. Transmission is controlled using TDMA-based Slotted Cognitive Function (SCF) and directional antenna-based Distributed Co-ordination Function (DCF). Simulation results show the proposed approach achieves higher throughput and lower delay compared to other protocols.
Channel Allocation and Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks: A survey and qualit...ijwmn
In order to avoid transmission's collisions and improve network performances in wireless mesh networks (WMNs), a reliable and efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol and a good channel allocation are needed. Allowing multiple channels use in the same network is often presented as a possible way to improve the network capacity. As IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16 standards provide more than one channel, thus a trivial way to improve the network performances is to allow transmission on multiple channels in each network node. A lot of research work have been conducted in the area of multi-channel allocation in order to improve the aggregate bandwidth of the hole network. In this paper, we focus our attention on the proposals for solving the channel allocation problem for Multi-Transceiver per node in the backbone level using the IEEE 802.11s technology. We classify these proposals into three categories. The first one consists on channel allocation proposals done at the MAC level independently to the other layers. The second one consists on a channel allocation approaches done by a modified MAC collaborating with upper layers. Finally, the third category concerns channel allocation methods implemented in a new layer resulting from a common-layer design between MAC and Network layer. For each category, the existing multi-channel protocols and their channel allocation approaches are identified. A qualitative comparison is conducted according to the advantages that they present, the limitations and problems they are facing, and the performances they are claiming to offer.
Quadrant Based DIR in CWin Adaptation Mechanism for Multihop Wireless NetworkIJCI JOURNAL
In Multihop Wireless Networks, traffic forwarding capability of each node varies according to its level of contention. Each node can yield its channel access opportunity to its neighbouring nodes, so that all the nodes can evenly share the channel and have similar forwarding capability. In this manner the wireless channel is utilized effectively, which is achieved using Contention Window Adaptation Mechanism (CWAM). This mechanism achieves a higher end-to-end throughout but consumes the network power to a higher level. So, a newly proposed algorithm Quadrant- Based Directional Routing Protocol (Q-DIR) is implemented as a cross-layer with CWAM, to reduce the total network power consumption through limited flooding and also reduce the routing overheads, which eventually increases overall network throughput. This algorithm limits the broadcast region to a quadrant where the source node and the destination nodes are located. Implementation of the algorithm is done in Linux based NS-2 simulator
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
4..[26 36]signal strength based congestion control in manetAlexander Decker
This document discusses several algorithms and approaches for improving TCP performance in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using signal strength measurements:
1. TCP Venoplus is a cross-layer approach that uses signal strength information from the MAC layer to better distinguish between packet losses due to congestion versus random errors.
2. Other algorithms proposed include Link-RED to tune wireless link drop probability, adaptive pacing to improve spatial reuse, and algorithms to predict link failures and find stable routes using signal strength measurements.
3. Received signal strength is also used in algorithms to minimize broadcast storms and adapt MAC layer retransmissions to distinguish true link failures from false ones caused by interference.
4. Gray zone prediction and
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to
different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high
throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple
channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as
interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like
interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN
need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting
several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel,
while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different
available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the
most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each
node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding
strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We
have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and
Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding
and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured
by means of simulation study.
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to
different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high
throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple
channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as
interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like
interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN
need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting
several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel,
while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different
available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the
most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each
node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding
strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We
have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and
Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding
and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured
by means of simulation study.
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel, while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured by means of simulation study.
RIVERBED-BASED NETWORK MODELING FOR MULTI-BEAM CONCURRENT TRANSMISSIONSijwmn
The paper presents a Riverbed simulator implementation with both routing and medium access control
(MAC) protocols for mobile ad-hoc network wireless networks with multi-beam smart antennas (MBSAs).
As one of the latest promising antenna techniques, MBSAs can achieve concurrent transmissions /
receptions in multiple directions/beams. Thus it can significantly improve the network throughput.
However, so far there is still no accurate network simulator that can measure the MBSA-based
routing/MAC protocol performance. In this paper, we describe the simulation models with the
implementation of MBSA antenna model in physical layer, MAC layer, and routing layer protocols, all in
Riverbed Modeler. We will compare two routing scenarios, i.e., multi-hop diamond routing scenario and
multi-path pipe routing. We will analyze the network performance for those two scenarios and illustrate the
advantages of using MBSAs in wireless networks.
RIVERBED-BASED NETWORK MODELING FOR MULTI-BEAM CONCURRENT TRANSMISSIONSijwmn
The paper presents a Riverbed simulator implementation with both routing and medium access control
(MAC) protocols for mobile ad-hoc network wireless networks with multi-beam smart antennas (MBSAs).
As one of the latest promising antenna techniques, MBSAs can achieve concurrent transmissions /
receptions in multiple directions/beams. Thus it can significantly improve the network throughput.
However, so far there is still no accurate network simulator that can measure the MBSA-based
routing/MAC protocol performance. In this paper, we describe the simulation models with the
implementation of MBSA antenna model in physical layer, MAC layer, and routing layer protocols, all in
Riverbed Modeler. We will compare two routing scenarios, i.e., multi-hop diamond routing scenario and
multi-path pipe routing. We will analyze the network performance for those two scenarios and illustrate the
advantages of using MBSAs in wireless networks.
RIVERBED-BASED NETWORK MODELING FOR MULTI-BEAM CONCURRENT TRANSMISSIONSijwmn
The paper presents a Riverbed simulator implementation with both routing and medium access control (MAC) protocols for mobile ad-hoc network wireless networks with multi-beam smart antennas (MBSAs). As one of the latest promising antenna techniques, MBSAs can achieve concurrent transmissions /
receptions in multiple directions/beams. Thus it can significantly improve the network throughput. However, so far there is still no accurate network simulator that can measure the MBSA-based
routing/MAC protocol performance. In this paper, we describe the simulation models with the implementation of MBSA antenna model in physical layer, MAC layer, and routing layer protocols, all in Riverbed Modeler. We will compare two routing scenarios, i.e., multi-hop diamond routing scenario and
multi-path pipe routing. We will analyze the network performance for those two scenarios and illustrate the advantages of using MBSAs in wireless networks.
EFFICIENT MULTI-PATH PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Wireless sensor networks are useful for streaming multimedia in infrastructure-free and hazardous environments. However, these networks are quite different from their wired counterpart and are composed of nodes with constrained bandwidth and energy. Multiple-path transmission is one of the methods for ensuring QoS routing in both wired and wireless environment. Directed diffusion, a well known wireless sensor network protocol, only routes packets through a single path, which barely meets the throughput requirement of multimedia data. Instead, we propose a multipath algorithm based on directed diffusion that reinforces multiple routes with high link quality and low latency. This algorithm retains the merits of the original directed diffusion algorithms, including its energy efficiency and scalability. A hybrid metric of link quality and latency is used as the criterion for path selection. In order to select disjoint paths, we propose a scheme for reinforced nodes to respond negatively to multiple reinforcement messages. We use the NS-2 simulation tool with video trace generated by Multiple Description Coding (MDC) to evaluate the performance. The results show that our algorithm gives better throughput and delay performance, i.e higher video quality, than standard directed diffusion that transmits over a single path, with low overheads and energy consumption.
ENERGY LOCATION AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL (ELARP) FOR WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA SENSOR...ijcsit
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding
environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in
volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks
(WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end
delay.Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover
multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end
delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive
multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance.
ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for
multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end delay.Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance. ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
The present paper describes a novel Raspberry Pi and Arduino UNO architecture used as a meteorological station. One of the advantages of the proposed architecture is the huge quantity of sensors developed for its usage; practically one can find them for any application, and weather sensing is not an exception. The principle followed is to configure Raspberry as a collector for measures obtained from Arduino, transmitting occurs via USB; meanwhile, Raspberry broadcasts them via a web page. For such activity is possible thanks to Raspbian, a Linux-based operating system. It has a lot of libraries and resources available, among them Apache Web Server, that gives the possibility to host a web-page. On it, the user can observe temperature, humidity, solar radiance, and wind speed and direction. Information on the web-page is refreshed each five minute; however, measurements arrive at Raspberry every ten seconds. This low refreshment rate was determined because weather variables normally do not abruptly change. As an additional feature, system stores all information on the log file, this gives the possibility for future analysis and processing.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end delay. Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance. ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
JCWAEED: JOINT CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT AND WEIGHTED AVERAGE EXPECTED END-TO-END DE...csandit
In recent years, multi-channel multi-radio Wireless Mesh network has become one of the most important technologies in the evolution of next-generation networks. Its multi-hop, selforganization,self-healing and simple deployment is an effective way to solve the bottleneck problem of last mile. In this paper, we propose a new routing metric called WAEED, deployed in JCWAEED protocol, a joint channel assignment and weighted average expected end-to-end delay routing protocol which considers both interference suppression with factor IF and end-toend delay. Additionally, we give the exact calculation formula of transmission delay and queuing delay. Simulations results demonstrate that JCWAEED outperforms other joint design routing protocols in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay and packet loss rate.
T HE I MPACT OF TCP C ONGESTION W INDOW S IZE ON THE P ERFORMANCE E VA...ijwmn
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a temporary coll
ection of mobile nodes randomly moved within a
limited terrain area. The nodes are connected to fo
rm a wireless network without use any communication
infrastructure. Because of the limiting resources o
f MANET nodes, multiple hops
scheme is proposed for
data exchange
across the network. Varieties of mobile ad hoc rout
ing protocols have been developed to
support the multi-hop scheme of ad hoc networks. A
popular Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
provides a reliable connection in a computer networ
k environment; it sets its congestion window size i
n
response to the behavior of the network to achieve
the best performance. This work aims to investigate
and
compare the MANET protocol
performance, such as DSDV, AODV and DSR in terms of
network
throughput, average routing load, the packet delive
ry ratio (PDR), and average end-to-end delay by
varying the maximum congestion window size. Our si
mulation has been implemented using a well-known
NS-2.35 network simulator. The simulated results sh
ow that the demonstrates of the concepts of MANET
routing protocols with respect to TCP congestion wi
ndow size in MANET environment
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end delay.Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance. ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
Optimize the Network Coding Paths to Enhance the Coding Protection in Wireles...IJCNCJournal
Efficient protection techniques for multimedia data transfer over Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are very essential issues. In noisy Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) Quality of Service (QoS) is a challenging task due to bandwidth and limited energy, and unpredictable channel conditions. Therefore, Forward Error Correction (FEC), a class of channel coding has been widely used in WSN. Nevertheless, the bulky size of multimedia data makes it more difficult to be transported over the noisy multi-hop wireless network. Moreover, the efficiency of FEC drops as the number of hops increases. In this paper, an optimized protection technique based on network coding and rateless code has been proposed to enhance the throughput and reduce overhead during data transfer in WMSN. The performance of NCP-OPR is enhanced via Optimal Network Path Model (ONPM) where the best available paths are optimally selected using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In conjunction with the proposed protection scheme, the proposed ONPM is intended for limited power WSN by optimally distributing the power usage among the network paths so that the throughput can be improved.
Optimize the Network Coding Paths to Enhance the Coding Protection in Wireles...IJCNCJournal
- The document proposes an optimized protection technique using network coding and rateless codes to enhance throughput and reduce overhead during data transfer in wireless multimedia sensor networks.
- It presents an Optimal Network Path Model (ONPM) that uses Particle Swarm Optimization to select the best available paths in a way that optimally distributes power usage among network paths to improve throughput.
- The performance of the proposed ONPM is evaluated through simulations and compared to existing algorithms, showing it can enhance coding protection and effectively optimize network paths to improve data transfer in wireless multimedia sensor networks.
SNR/RP Aware Routing Algorithm: Cross-Layer Design for MANETSijwmn
Routing in MANET is complex due to the fact that the network graph is episodically connected and nodes get only intermittently connected because of nodes mobility, terrain, weather, and jamming that change topology rapidly. In this paper, we propose cross-layer design to achieve a reliable data transmission in MANET. A key challenge is to create a mechanism that can provide good delivery performance and high quality of service in intermittent networks. The key components of our approach include a cross-layer design (CLD) to improve information sharing between different protocol layers. In order to improve the end-to-end performance of MANET, we present mechanism that allows the network layer to adjust its routing protocol dynamically based on SNR and Received Power along the end-to-end routing path for each transmission link. We evaluate our approach using one of common MANET routing protocols, DSR, to illustrate that our CLD improved the performance of DSR.
SNR/RP Aware Routing Algorithm: Cross-Layer Design for MANETSijwmn
Routing in MANET is complex due to the fact that the network graph is episodically connected and nodes get only intermittently connected because of nodes mobility, terrain, weather, and jamming that change topology rapidly. In this paper, we propose cross-layer design to achieve a reliable data transmission in MANET. A key challenge is to create a mechanism that can provide good delivery performance and high quality of service in intermittent networks. The key components of our approach include a cross-layer design (CLD) to improve information sharing between different protocol layers. In order to improve the end-to-end performance of MANET, we present mechanism that allows the network layer to adjust its routing protocol dynamically based on SNR and Received Power along the end-to-end routing path for each transmission link. We evaluate our approach using one of common MANET routing protocols, DSR, to illustrate that our CLD improved the performance of DSR
Performance analysis of multilayer multicast MANET CRN based on steiner minim...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, the multicast mobile ad hoc (MANET) CRN has been developed, which involves multi-hop and multilayer consideration and Steiner minimal tree (SMT) algorithm is employed as the router protocol. To enhance the network performance with regards to throughput and packet delivery rate (PDR), as channel assignment scheme, the probability of success (POS) is employed that accounts for the channel availability and the time needed for transmission when selecting the best channel from the numerous available channels for data transmission from the source to all destinations nodes effectively. Within Rayleigh fading channels under various network parameters, a comparison is done for the performance of SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme versus maximum data rate (MDR), maximum average spectrum availability (MASA) and random channel assignment schemes. Based on the simulation results, the SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme was seen to demonstrate the best performance versus other schemes. Also, the results proved that the throughput and PDR performance are improved as the number the primary channels and the channel’s bandwidth increased while dropped as the value of packet size D increased. The network’s performance grew with rise in the value of idle probability (푃퐼) since the primary user’s (PU) traffic load is low when the value of 푃퐼 is high.
Enhanced aodv route discovery and route establishment for qos provision for r...IJCNCJournal
MANET is a temporary connection of mobile nodes via wireless links having no centralized base station.
We developed a protocol with an enhanced route discovery mechanism that avoids the pre-transmission
delay. When a source node wants to communicate with another node, it broadcast RREQ. EAODV give
priority to the source node of real time transmission. When RREQ packet send to neighbor node, for real
time transmission it accept route request on priority basis and the drop ratio of packets decreased, then
throughput increases by receiving more packets at destination and delivery ratio also increased through
these QOS improved.
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ON DEMAND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT METHOD FOR CHANNEL DIVERSITY (ODCAM)
1. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 9, No. 1, February 2017
DOI: 10.5121/ijwmn.2017.9101 1
ON DEMAND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT METHOD
FOR CHANNEL DIVERSITY (ODCAM)
Sidi Ould CHEIKH
Nouackchott University, Nouackchott, Mauritania
ABSTRACT
The IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) is a new multi-hop technology increasing the coverage
of IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network and providing Internet access. In order to increase the mesh network
capacity, the WMN has evolved from single-radio single-channel architecture to Multi-Channel Multi-
Radios (MC-MR) architecture. In MC-MR the main challenge of the WMN is the channel assignment. In
this article, we propose a new channel assignment method based on channel diversity. This new method
named ODCAM (On Demand channel Assignment Method for channel diversity ) defines a channel
diversity mechanism used to select a new channel along the path between the source and the destination.
The best path between the source and the destination is provided by the HWMP (Hybrid Wireless Mesh
Protocol) protocol using MWCETT (Modified Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time) an
extension of the WCETT metric. The simulation results show the ODCAM performance compared with an
hybrid approach.
KEYWORDS
Wireless Mesh Network, IEEE 802.11s, Routing, Multi- channel Multi-radio.
1. INTRODUCTION
The IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) is a new technology increasing the coverage
of IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network [1]. It is characterized by multi-hop topology [2], simplicity of
deployment and providing low cost Internet connectivity. Three main approaches can be
identified to implement mesh routing functionality, which differ in the protocol layer
implementation (MAC, network or in-between layer).
The layer-2 approach provides frames forwarding and path selection at layer-2, the in-between
layer (layer-2.5) approach uses an additionnal software layer interposed between layer-2 and
layer-3. The layer-3 approach implements mesh functionality at network layer [3].
The WMN based-IEEE 802.11s task group proposed a layer-2 approach, which is a MAC layer
routing protocol HWMP (Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol), based on MAC addresses [2].
The main challenge of the WMN-based IEEE 802.11s is how to increase the capacity to support a
multi-hop QoS requirement, such as throughput and end-to-end delay [4]. In order to increase the
mesh network capacity, the WMN has evolved from single-radio single-channel architecture to
Multi-Channel Multi-Radios (MR-MC) architecture [5], however the channel assignment maping
the channel and the radio.
2. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 9, No. 1, February 2017
2
The IEEE 802.11s uses the Mac layer routing protocol for multi-hop communication. In literature
many routing metrics have been proposed to support the Multi-Channel Multi-Radios (MR-MC)
architecture. Authors in [5] proposed a channel assignment method combined with routing over
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel (MR-MC) Wireless Mesh Networks, this method improves throuhput
and reduces end-to-end delay of network. Another method have been proposed in [6], which
provides a new approach to the low throughput problem in multi-hop Wireless Mesh Network.
To improve the network capacity, we propose a new method based on channel assignment,
combined with HWMP (Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol) protocol. This new method named
ODCAM (On demand Assignment Method for channel diversity) proposes a new channel
diversity mechanism used to select a new channel along the path between the source and the
destination. The best path between the source and the destination is provided by HWMP using
MWCETT an extension of the WCETT metric [7].
The ODCAM method aims to increase the network throughput and minimising the end-to-end
delay in MR-MC architecture.
The rest of paper is organized as follows. Section II presents the related work, section III
describes the proposed method ODCAM and section IV presents simulation results. Finally
section V concludes the paper.
2. RELATED WORK
In order to increase the mesh network capacity, the WMN have evolved from single-radio single-
channel architecture to Multi-Channel Multi-Radios(MR-MC). The channel assignment find the
optimal maping between the radio and the channel to improve the network performance [8].
In this section we study the channel assignment methodes, the channel diversity and the MAC
layer routing protocols.
Several approaches for channel assignment have been proposed in literature [9]. Authors in [8],
classified it in three categories: static, dynamic and hybrid approaches.
Static approach assigns one radio interface to one channel along the path. The limitation of this
approach is it does not utilize the network resources effectively and furthermore it does not care
about the factors that affect network performances [8]. Where dynamic approaches assigns one
radio interface to one or many channels [9]. The principal challenges with the dynamic approach
is how to choose the appropriate channel. Additionally authors in [8] proposed a hybrid approach
based on static and dynamic appraoches. This approach aims to combine the advantages of static
and dynamic approaches.
Recently, many researchers proposes several metric routing protocols for Wireless Mesh
Networks (WMNs)[5, 6]. Some metrics are basesd on the channel diversity of the distant links
along the path between the source and the destination. However authors in [5] propose a channel
assignment combined with routing over Multi-Radio Multi-Channel (MR-MC) Wireless Mesh
Networks. This method improve throuhput and reduce end-to-end delay of network, but this
approach is implementing with layer three and based on DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) routing
protocol [5].
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Other method have been proposed in [6] based on AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector)
[10], it provides a new approach to the low throughput problem in multi-hop Wireless Mesh
Network, but this solution is implemented in the network layer [6].
In [2], the IEEE 802.11s task group proposed the path selection protocol HWMP, based on
AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector)[10] but not uses a diversity routing metric [2].
To cope with the issuses stated above, we propose a new method to improve the capacity of
Wireless Mesh Networks, which as based on channel asssignment and diversity mechanism. This
new method is combined with MAC layer routing protocol HWMP, our method is detailed in the
following section, however the first subsection presents the HWMP protocol.
3. PROPOSED SOLUTION
In this section we describe our proposed method named ODCAM (On Demand Channel
Assignment Method for channel diversity). In order to improve the Wireless Mesh Networks
capacity, the proposed solution aims to guarantee hop-by-hop channel diversity for HWMP
protocol. This new method uses three components: channel assignment, channel diversity
mechanism and HWMP routing protocol.
3.1. MAC-layer Routing Protocol
HWMP is a default MAC-layer protocol proposed by IEEE 802.11s task group [2], which
combines two modes: on demand reactive mode based on AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance
Vector) [10] and tree-based proactive mode [11]. First mode is used to construct a path between
MPs, while in second mode a tree-based topology is created once an MP is configured as root.
The two modes may be operated simultaneously, in this case which provides a best path is used.
The HWMP uses the Airtime Link metric defined in [2] by:
ca= [O+ Bt ].[1/(1− ef )] (1)
− O : a overhead latency,
− Bt : test frame size in bytes,
− r : data rate in Mb/s,
− e f : measured test frame error rate.
To communicate in the on-demand path discovery mode, the source MP include the destination
MP address in PREQ (Path REQuest) frame and broadcasts it. Each intermediate node receives a
PREQ, it verifies if it knows a path to destination, if is the case, this node sends a PREP (Path
REPly) frame back to source. When source can set a DO (Destination Only) flag in the PREQ
frame, only destination node is allowed to respond with PREP frame. When destination node
receives a PREQ, it unicast PREP in reverse path to the source node.
The proactive tree-based mode, proposed two mechanisms: Proactive PREQ and Proactive
RANN (Root Annoucement). In the first, when configured to work as a root MP, a node
broadcasts a PREQ frame. This PREQ is sent periodiclly and every receiving MP broadcast the
PREQ, which reaches all nodes in the MBSS. A node may sents a PREP frame back if it has data
to send to the root node.
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The proactive RANN mechanism, intead of sending PREQs out a root node can flood the MBSS
with RANN frames. To form a path to the root MP, the nodes send a PREQ frame to the root MP,
the root node responds each PREQ with PREP, thus forming a forward path from each MP to the
root MP.
ODCAM proposes a new Channel diversity mechanism and combines it with HWMP to select a
new channel along the path between the source and the destination.
The MWCETT (Modified Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time) an extension of
WCETT metric determines the best path between the source and the destination.
This new solution is composed by two steps:
- Channel assignment and devercity mechanism,
- Implementation of the new method with HWMP.
These steps will be detailed in the next subsections.
3.2. Channel assignment and Deversity mechanism
The channel assignment is used to map the radio interface to the channel [8]. In order to increase
the Wireless Mesh Network capaity, initaly each radio interface is assigned to one channel, until
the intermediate node modifies it with the path selection process. In this case, the channel
assignment method consists in :
- Including the channel selected in the request frame and sending it to the intermediate nodes,
- In order to guarantee the channel diversity, when the selected channel is equal to the channel of
the previos hop then selecting a new channel.
Additionally, to store the selecting ans diversity channel information, each node along the path
between the source and the destination uses a table named CDT (Channel Diversity Table)
presented in Table 1.
Table 1: CDTi (CDT of the node i)
Where:
- Pid : the Path identifier,
- HC : the hop at the node i,
- CH : the selectd channel at the hop HC,
- MT : the metric value at the hop HC,
We define:
- N = { N1, N2,...,Ni,...,Nm} a set of nodes in the path Pid,
- C = { ch1, ch2,...,chj,...chk} a set of channel,
- R = { ri1, ri2,...,rij,...rik } a set of radio interfaces.
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For each node Ni in path Pid we associete the value :
tvi = (chk
i
,ri j
i
,hc
i
)
and denotes li the
link between the Ni and the node Ni-1.
In this case, the node Ni assigns the intarface
ri j
i
to the channel
chk
i
, which is associetes to the
link li at the hop hci
.
A values tvi is equal to another tvi +1 when :
(chk
i
= chk
i+ 1
)∧[(ri j
i
= ri j
i + 1
)∨(ri j
i
!= ri j
i+ 1
)]∧(hc
i
!= hc
i+ 1
)
(2)
The channel diversity mechanism is based on the comparison between tvi and tvi +1 . To select a
new channel for link li at the hop hc, the node Ni runs a random function at the set of its available
channels, switchs the active interface to the new selected channel and updates its CDT table.
The following subsection presents the implementation of the new method with HWMP.
3.3. Implementation of the new method with HWMP
In this subsection, we focus on ODCAM method and the MAC-layer routing protcol HWMP.
HWMP uses MWCETT (Modified Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time) metric to
find the best path between the source and the destination. Alongside the path between the source
and the destination, each node uses a table CDT to store the channel assignment and diversity
informations. Each record lk of CDT represents the selected channel informations at the path
Pid:
- Pid : the Path identifier,
- HC : the hop at the node i,
- CH : the selectd channel at the hop HC,
- MT : the metric value at the hop HC,
To send or receive the channel assignment and diversity informations, the node uses the default
MAC layer routing protocol HWMP. To send a flow fk to the destination node, the source node
initiate the Path Request (PREQ) frame with channel informations (selected channel) and
broadcast it. Each intermediate node checks if its tv is equal to the previos neighbor.
If the selected channel is equal to the channel of the previous hop, then node runs the slection
channel function, stores the channel informations in CDT table, incrementes MWCETT metric,
include the new channel in PREQ and forward it. After receiving PREQ, the destination node
sends Path REPly (PREP) to the source node. After received PREP the source node setup the
transfer of fk to the destination node.
To determine the best path between the source and the destination, ODCAM uses MWCETT an
extension of WCETT metric [7] .
The WCETT (Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time) as a path metric for routing in
multi-radio multi-channel WMNs. To find paths with less intra-flow interference and channel
diversity, the authors in [7] proposed WCETT, which is defined by:
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WCETT = (1− β)⋅
Σi= 1
i= n
ETTi + β
⋅
maxk X j
(3)
Where :
- 0< β <1 : the tunable parameter,
- Xj: the summation of ETT of the links operating on the channel j in the path p,
- k: the number of available channels,
- n: the length of the path p.
And the MWCETT is defined by:
MWCETT = (1− β)⋅
Σi= 1
i= n
ETT i+ β⋅
maxk X j
2
(4)
Where :
X j
2
: the two hop summation of ETT of the links operating on the channel j in the path p.
4.SIMULATION AND RESULTS
To evaluate the performance of ODCAM we use NS3 [12] simulator. In this simulation, we have
assumed that 20 flows exists in the grid topology mesh network. The network size increases from
20 to 50 nodes and the nodes are operated in multi-radio multi- channel mode.
Table 2: Simulation parameters
The simulation compares the hybrid channel assignment implementation with HWMP (Hyb-
HWMP) with the implementation of ODCAM with HWMP (ODCAM-HWMP). The two
methods are compared by using two parameters: throughput and end-to-end delay.The average
results are plotted in the graphs Figure 1 and Figure 2. The simulation parameters are presented
in Table 2.
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The average throughput achieved using ODCAM-HWMP increase by 12.78% than Hyb-HWMP
average throughput, Figure 1 shows the network throughput result.
Figure 1: Average Throughput and Network size
Finally, the ODCAM-HWMP decreases the end-to-end delay by 1.1% than Hyb-HWMP, Figure
2 illustrates this result. When the network size is between 30 and 40 nodes, the value of this
parameter given by ODCAM-HWMP is very similar to the same parameter achieving by Hyb-
HWMP. However, ODCAM-HWMP decreases this parameter, when the network size exceeds
than 40 nodes.
Figure 2: Average end-to-end delay and Network size
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4. CONCLUSION
In this article, we have proposed a new channel assignment method based on channel diversity.
The ODCAM method provides a multi-hop channel diversity and uses MWCETT an extension of
the WCETT metric with HWMP. We have shown the difference between our method (ODCAM-
HWMP), implemented with MAC-layer routing protocol HWMP and the implementation of the
assignment Hybrid approach with HWMP (Hyb-HWMP). The simulation results show the
ODCAM-HWMP performances compared with Hyb-HWMP: increasing the network throughput
and decreases end-to-end delay.
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