Application of digestibility values in poultry and bioassay and analytical procedures using poultry
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university
Animal nutrition
Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Different methods to calculateEnergy requirement for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, and lactation in ruminants
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Rdp,udn and kinetics, Rumen undegradable protein, Rumen degradable protein and their kinetics, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Different methods to calculateEnergy requirement for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, and lactation in ruminants
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Rdp,udn and kinetics, Rumen undegradable protein, Rumen degradable protein and their kinetics, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Dairy Cattle. The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Dairy Planner magazine, March – 2021 edition.
Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy DietsDAIReXNET
Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
Protein quality determination in monogastric animals, we can determine which protein is better in case of monogastric animals, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Commonly used conveying systems in feed mills and different types of conveying systems using in feed industries
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university
Animal nutrition
Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Dairy Cattle. The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Dairy Planner magazine, March – 2021 edition.
Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy DietsDAIReXNET
Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
Protein quality determination in monogastric animals, we can determine which protein is better in case of monogastric animals, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Commonly used conveying systems in feed mills and different types of conveying systems using in feed industries
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university
Animal nutrition
Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Dr. Joel DeRouchey - Ingredient availability and costJohn Blue
Ingredient availability and cost - Joel DeRouchey, M.S., Ph.D., Kansas State University, from the 2012 World Pork Expo, June 6-8, Des Moines, Iowa, USA.
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Invited presentation at the CRC Workshop on Life Cycle Analysis of Biofuels, Oct 20-21, 2009. More info at: http://www.crcao.org/workshops/LCA%20October%202009/LCAindex.html
Dr. Erin Harris - Feeding Strategies for Dried Distillers Grain with Solubles...John Blue
Feeding Strategies for Dried Distillers Grain with Solubles with Immunologically Castrated Pigs-Considerations for Producers and Packers - Dr. Erin Harris, University of Minnesota, from the 2014 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-16, 2014, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
Milling and Grain journalist Roger Gilbert reports on the predictions made by Mr Harm Klein, from Tebodin Netherlands BV an international operating consultancy and engineering firm.
La Meccanica Srl di Reffo was established in 1961 in Cittadella, Padua (Italy) and it is leader in the production of technologically advanced machines with high quality standards. For over 50 years, the company has been operating in the animal feed, fertilizer and bio-energy fields, producing complete lines for pellet: pellet mills, counterflow or horizontal coolers, crumblers, hammer mills, vibrating sifters, fat coating system machines, mixers and expanders. It also produces dies, rolls and spare parts for all the main brands of pellet mills.
The appropriate feed processing technology and a proper set of feed processing equipment will offer you assured feed products. Thus feed milling technology plays quite a very important role in feed production. It ensures the benign and steady development of the feed industry. Technology also provides a technique guarantee for converting animal nutrition research into high quality feed products and makes a great contribution to improving feeding efficiency and the value of feedstuffs. Feed pellets, as a kind of palatable and nutritious feed, enjoy wide popularity in feeding poultry, livestock and aquatic animals. At present, more than half of the world’s feedstuff is processed by pelleting technology.
La Meccanica propone soluzioni per il trattamento idrotermico e garantisce la massima qualità tecnologica dei propri impianti.
Scopri di più sulle nostre Tecniche di Sanificazione dei mangimi con trattamento idrotermico nel articolo pubblicato su Tecnica Molitoria
Role of fungi and it’s tolerance limits and measures to check them in stored products, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy.P
College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, safe limits of mycotoxins,
This is a basic expanation on how you can evaluate Fish feed or any sort of feed. Here basically 4 basic types of method of evalution process has been discussed.
this presentation is in two sections, 1st one is about protein quality estimation and 2nd is about novel protein sources.
hope it would be helpful for u guys...
Protein/amino acids are among the most expensive nutrients to deliver in poultry nutrition
The digestibility of protein in poultry is typically incomplete by the terminal ileum
Undigested protein that leaves the ileum is from both exogenous (diet) and endogenous (bird) sources
Understanding the digestion of dietary proteins and the recovery of endogenous proteins is important and can provide a basis for the use of exogenous proteases
In recent years, aquaculture has gained in importance as a renewable source of dietary protein and as a viable commercial activity. To maintain this position in the future and to continue to provide a good investment opportunity, the problems the sector currently faces must be addressed. One of the more important of these concerns is the cost of feed, which is estimated to be 50-60 percent of the total cost of production. Numerous studies on the use of different feed formulations, feed ingredients and feeding techniques have been conducted (Kaushik et al., 2004; Thiessen et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 2004; Enes et al.,2006; Izquierdo et al., 2003). These studies have included assessments of various alternative raw materials, vitamins and minerals, monitoring the amount of feed provided to the fish, and the addition of pigments and other feed additives to the diet. In particular, various feed additives with growth promoting properties came into prominence in these studies (Francis et al., 2005; Haroun et al., 2006; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2003; Li and Gatlin, 2004;). Growth promoting feed additives may contain different ingredients as plant extracts, organic acids, probiotics, hormones etc.
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Application of digestibility values in poultry
1. Application of Digestibility Values in Poultry
And
Bioassay and analytical procedures
Vishnu Vardhan Reddy.P
TVM/2015-029
Department of Animal nutrition
College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University
2. Low quality protein meals
• Using digestible amino acids in diet formulation is that it makes it
possible to increase the inclusion levels of alternate ingredients (in
particular, low quality protein sources) in poultry diets.
• In effect, it will increase the range of ingredients that can be
incorporated, improve the precision of formulation and ensure more
predictable bird performance.
3. Canola meal (Ravindran et al., 1998; Li et al., 2002a)
Cottonseed meal (Ravindran and Bryden, l999; Li et al., 2002b)
Meat and bone meal (Ravindran and Bryden, 1999; Ravindran et al., 2002)
According to these studies increasing dietary levels of canola meal, cottonseed
meal and meat and bone meal on a total amino acid basis significantly lowered
weight gains and feed efficiency of broilers.
The observed depressions were, overcome when the diets were balanced on a
digestible amino acid basis (Fernandez et al., 1995) and (Rostagno et al., 1995;
Douglas and Parsons, 1999).
4. Age and physiological state
• The ability of poultry to digest and absorb dietary protein is known to
be influenced by age and physiological state.
• In general, the digestibility coefficients of amino acids increased with
age and varied with feedstuff.
• The differences may in part, reflect differences in endogenous amino
acid flows (Ravindran and Hendriks, 2004).
5. Additivity of values
• Additivity of digestible amino acids, determined in single feedstuffs, is
a crucial consideration in the formulation of complete diets.
• Studies by Angkanaporn et al. (1996) and Bryden and Li (2003) found
that digestible amino acid supply in a complete diet can be predicted
from apparent amino acid digestibilities determined for individual
feed ingredients.
6. Feed enzymes
• Enzymes are added to diets to enable the bird to degrade anti-nutrient
feed components in particular, non-starch polysaccharides and
phytate.
• It has also been demonstrated that addition of feed enzymes improves
amino acid digestibility and the metabolisable energy value of the diet.
• The response to feed enzymes is dependent on diet composition,
source and level of enzyme addition.
7. Apparent or true digestibility values
• Apparent digestibility measures the digestibility of amino acids of both dietary
and endogenous origins. True digestibility, on the other hand, includes a
correction for endogenous amino acid secretions.
• The choice of the appropriate system of digestible amino acids may depend on
the method of formulating diets.
• If diets are being formulated to least-cost using linear programming, then
apparent ileal digestibility values are the most appropriate as they take
into account the endogenous cost of digestion.
8. • On the other hand, if diets are being formulated with computer
simulation models, then true digestibility values will be relevant if
the model corrects for the endogenous cost of digestion.
• It should be appreciated, however, that both digestible amino
systems are superior to the total amino acid system currently
employed in practical feed formulations.
9. Standardised ileal digestibility values
• Correcting apparent digestibility for endogenous losses can introduce
artefacts and mask important differences between feed ingredients.
• If a feed ingredient increases endogenous amino acid flow out of the
small intestine, then we must realistically ‘charge’ against the feed
ingredient as lowered amino acid digestibility.
10. • Endogenous amino acid losses are influenced primarily by dry matter
intake and secondarily by the inherent composition of the feed ingredient
or diet (ie. fibre level, presence of anti-nutritional factors etc).
• These two fractions are referred to as basal (or non-specific) and specific
endogenous amino acid losses, respectively.
• The limitations of apparent ileal digestibility values could be overcome by
standardizing these estimates through corrections for basal endogenous
losses, as suggested by Boisen (1998) and Rademacher et al. (1999).
11. • Databases on standardised ileal digestibility values of amino acids in
feed ingredients are now available, wherein published apparent
digestibility values have been transformed to standardised values
using existing literature data on endogenous amino acid recovery in
ileal digesta (see Lemme et al., 2004).
12. Bioassay and analytical procedures
Diets
• Different assay diets were used for cereal grains and protein meals.
• In the case of cereals, assay diets contained per kg: 918 g of test cereal, 20 g
of vegetable oil and, 42 g of mineral and vitamin supplements.
• For protein meals, assay diets were based on dextrose and contained the
test feedstuff as the only source of protein.
13. • The proportions of dextrose and the test feedstuff were varied in
each diet to obtain 200 g crude protein/kg.
• Solkafloc (30 g/kg) was added as a source of fibre in diets containing
animal protein meals.
• Celite (20 g/kg) was added to all diets as a source of acid-insoluble
ash (AIA) which was used as an indigestible marker in the calculation
of digestibility coefficients.
14. Birds
• Each assay diet was offered ad libitum to three pens (four birds/pen)
of male broilers from 35 to 42 days of age.
• Ileal digesta of birds within a pen were pooled, frozen immediately
after collection and subsequently freeze-dried.
• Dried ileal digesta samples were ground to pass through a 0.5 mm
sieve and stored in airtight containers at - 20 °C for chemical analyses.
15. Chemical analysis
• Amino acid concentrations in the diet and ileal digesta samples were
determined using cation exchange column chromatographic
procedures with post-column derivatisation and fluorimetric
detection of amino acids using 0-phthaldialdehyde as described by
Siriwan et al. (1993) and Li et al. (2006).
16. • Tryptophan was determined separately after alkaline hydrolysis with NaOH
followed by isocratic ion-exchange chromatography with O-phthalaldehyde
derivatisation followed by fluorescence detection using the method of
Ravindran and Bryden (2005).
• Nitrogen (N) content was determined by the method of Sweeney (1989) using
a nitrogen determinator (LECO® Corporation, St. Joseph, Michigan, USA).
• The AIA contents of the diet and ileal digesta samples were measured after
ashing the samples and treating the ash with boiling 4 M hydrochloric acid
(Mollah et al., 1983).
18. Digestibility calculations
• Apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities was calculated as follows:
Amino acid digestibility coefficient =
(AA / AIA) 𝐝 −(AA / AIA)𝐢
(AA / AIA) 𝐝
Where, (AA / AIA)d= ratio of amino acid to acid-insoluble ash in the diet, and
(AA / AIA)i= ratio of amino acid to acid-insoluble ash in ileal digesta.
Digestible amino acid concentrations were calculated from total concentrations
and respective digestibility coefficients.
Digestible amino acid content = Total amino acid content x digestibility
coefficient.