Agriculture and nutrition: Trends in household production and retention of nutrients and analysis of patterns in nutritional outcomes - Rui Benfica, Cynthia Donovan, Jaquelino Massingue Presentation at MSU/IFPRI conference on “Agricultural Public Investments, Policies, and Markets for Mozambique’s Food Security and Economic Transformation”, Maputo, Mozambique, 20 November 2014

1. AGRICULTURE AND NUTRITION: TRENDS IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION
AND RETENTION OF NUTRIENTS AND ANALYSIS OF PATTERNS IN
NUTRITIONAL OUTCOMES
Rui Benfica
Cynthia Donovan
Jaquelino Massingue
Michigan State University
Mozambique Policy Analysis and Planning Capacity for Improved
Food Security and Nutrition Outcomes (MOZCAPAN)

2. OUTLINE
• Objectives
• Data Sources
• Trends in Household production and retention of basic staple crops
• Production and retention trends
• Trends in retention of energy, proteins and lipids from crops
• Analysis of patterns in nutritional outcomes and household cash dependency
• Nutritional outcomes
• Cash dependency and nutritional outcomes
• Policy Implications and further research

3. OBJECTIVES
• Evaluate spatial trends in production and retention of
macronutrients of basic staple crops
• Evaluate spatial distribution of calorie intake
deficiency, structure, and dietary diversity
• Explore the relationship between own production (vs.
cash) dependency in consumption and nutritional
outcomes
• Derive programmatic and policy implications

4. DATA SOURCES
• TIA2002-2008 and IAI2012 Agricultural
Household Surveys for household production and
retention analysis of 13 basic staple crops
• IOF2008/9 Consumption Expenditure Survey for
analysis of household nutritional outcomes

5. Household Production
Income
Own consumption
Consumption
- Energy
- Micronutrients
Nutritional
Status
Labor Productivity
-Short-run
- Long-run
Off-farm income
Health & education
expenditures
Health
Healthcare
behaviors
Health EnvironmentOther expenditures
FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING AGRICULTURE
NUTRITION LINKAGES
Source: Chung (2012)

6. TRENDS IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION AND
RETENTION OF BASIC STAPLE CROPS
• Trends in production and retention for the selected 13
basic crops in rural areas (national)
• Trends in selected crops by region
• Common beans
• Pigeon pea
• Retained energy and proteins from crops by region

7. PRODUCTION AND RETENTION TRENDS FOR BASIC STAPLE CROPS
--- ALL RURAL AREAS ---
Commodity Production 2012
(metric tons) Production Retention
Maize 1,170,651 ↑ −
Rice 101,548 − −
Sorghum 139,261 ↑ −
Millet 21,945 ↓ −
Groundnut -Large 24,731 − −
Groundnut - Small 85,303 ↑ −
Common bean 55,297 ↑ ↓↑
Cowpea 85,484 − −
Bambara nut 19,351 − −
Pigeon pea 113,452 ↑↑ ↓
Cassava 4,098,997 ↓ na
Sweet Potato (orange fleshed) 133,162 ↑ na
Sweet Potato (white fleshed) 453,537 − na
Note: na= information not available on sales.
Source: TIA/IAI, MINAG. Various years.
Trends

8. TRENDS IN RETENTION AND SALES OF SELECTED CROPS
--- BY RURAL REGION ---
Maize
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012
2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012
North Center
Sul
% retained % sold
Source: TIA/IAI, MINAG. Various years.

9. TRENDS IN RETENTION AND SALES OF SELECTED CROPS
--- BY RURAL REGION ---
Pigeon Pea
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012
2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012
North Center
South
% retained % sold
Source: TIA/IAI, MINAG. Various years.

10. TRENDS IN RETENTION AND SALES OF SELECTED CROPS
--- BY RURAL REGION ---
Common Beans
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012
2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012
Norte Centro
Sul
% retido % vendido
Fonte: TIA/IAI, MINAG. Varios anos.

11. RETAINED ENERGY (KILOCALORIES) FROM BASIC CROPS, 2002-2012,
BY REGION (median, gr kcal/Adult Equivalent/day)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012
2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012
Norte Centro
Sul
Cereais Leguminosas
Raizes/Tuberculos
Fonte: TIA/IAI, MINAG. Varios anos.

12. RETAINED PROTEIN FROM BASIC CROPS, 2002-2012,
BY REGION (median, gr prot/Adult Equivalent/day)
0
10203040
0
10203040
2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012
2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012
Norte Centro
Sul
Cereais Leguminosas
Raizes/Tuberculos
Fonte: TIA/IAI, MINAG. Varios anos.

13. Household Production
Income
Own consumption
Consumption
- Energy
- Micronutrients
Nutritional
Status
Labor Productivity
-Short-run
- Long-run
Off-farm income
Health & education
expenditures
Health
Healthcare
behaviors
Health EnvironmentOther expenditures
FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING AGRICULTURE
NUTRITION LINKAGES
Source: Chung (2012)

14. ANALYSIS OF PATTERNS IN NUTRITIONAL OUTCOMES AND
OWN PRODUCTION DEPENDENCY
• Defining nutritional outcomes
• Nutritional outcomes by province and poverty status
• Own production versus cash dependency and
nutritional outcomes

15. DEFINING NUTRITIONAL OUTCOMES
• Calorie insufficiency rate : share of households with calorie
intake per capita per day below defined requirement
thresholds for 13 spatial domain
• Simpson dietary diversity index (SDI)
Ranges from “0” (not diversified, all calorie intake from
only one commodity) to “1” (very diversified)
• Structure of calorie consumption by food groups
SDIh
=1- ShCalhi
2
i=1
n
å

16. CALORIC INSUFFICIENCY AND DIETARY DIVERSITY
Location and Poverty Status
Household Level Outcomes
% Not Meeting Calorie per
capita Requirements
Simpson Diversity Index
Rural Mozambique 56.4 0.51
Rural Provinces
Niassa 48.0 0.50
Cabo Delgado 43.4 0.62
Nampula 50.0 0.56
Zambezia 61.2 0.52
Tete 65.8 0.35
Manica 54.6 0.50
Sofala 61.7 0.48
Inhambane 46.8 0.56
Gaza 74.1 0.50
Maputo 62.7 0.44
Rural Poverty Status
Poor 75.5 0.50
Non-Poor 28.8 0.53
--- by province and poverty status ---

17. STRUCTURE OF CALORIE INTAKE BY FOOD GROUPS
Location and Poverty Status
Disaggregated Calorie Consumption:
Share of Calorie Consumption per person per day by Food Groups (%)
Cereals
Roots and
Tubers
Fruits and
Vegetables
Nuts,
pulses
Meat, Fish,
Milk
Oils and
Fats
Sugars, spices
and others
Rural Mozambique 59.0 8.5 5.5 15.0 5.2 3.3 1.5
Rural Provinces
Niassa 63.7 4.6 5.2 9.3 7.2 6.0 2.5
Cabo Delgado 66.7 4.9 2.9 14.6 3.6 4.1 1.2
Nampula 57.3 12.0 2.9 18.0 5.0 1.6 1.1
Zambezia 66.4 11.1 2.3 13.0 5.3 1.0 0.6
Tete 68.1 4.4 7.1 8.6 2.8 4.4 1.2
Manica 59.4 3.8 7.0 5.3 10.5 8.8 2.4
Sofala 47.0 7.0 14.1 10.1 10.6 8.7 1.1
Inhambane 31.0 10.4 4.3 44.2 1.0 0.3 3.1
Gaza 45.9 10.9 14.2 18.4 3.1 2.1 3.6
Maputo 70.0 4.3 7.7 9.8 3.1 2.4 2.5
Poverty Status
Poor 55.2 9.4 7.3 16.2 5.6 3.0 1.4
Non-Poor 64.5 7.2 2.8 13.2 4.7 3.8 1.7
Source: Mozambique IOF Survey (2008/2009).
--- by province and poverty status ---

18. OWN PRODUCTION VERSUS CASH DEPENDENCY AND
NUTRITIONAL OUTCOMES
• Cash dependency represents the degree of reliance of
a household on cash in sourcing food consumption.
• Flip Side: Own production dependency (used here)
• Alternative indicators:
• Share of retained production in household income
• Share of own production in food consumption expenditure

19. OWN PRODUCTION VERSUS CASH DEPENDENCY FOR HOUSEHOLD
FOOD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE
--- by province and poverty status ---
Locationandpovertystatus
Householdownandcashrelianceforconsumption
expenditure
Share of own in Food
Consumption expenditure
Share of cash expenditure
in Food Consumption
RuralMozambique 74.8 25.2
RuralProvinces
Niassa 70.8 29.2
CaboDelgado 77.2 22.8
Nampula 76.5 23.5
Zambezia 77.4 22.6
Tete 86.5 13.5
Manica 71.2 28.8
Sofala 66.2 33.8
Inhambane 72.0 28.0
Gaza 67.0 33.0
Maputo 52.9 47.1
RuralPovertyStatus
Poor 74.7 25.3
Non-Poor 75.1 24.9

20. CALORIE DEFICIENCY BY OWN PRODUCTION DEPENDENCY
--- RURAL REGIONS AND TOTAL ---
HOUSEHOLDS WITH CALORIC DEFICIENCY (%)
BY QUINTILES OF OWN PRODUCTION DEPENDENCY

21. DIETARY DIVERSITY BY OWN PRODUCTION DEPENDENCY
--- RURAL REGIONS AND TOTAL ---
SIMPSON DIETARY DIVERSITY INDEX
BY QUINTILES OF OWN PRODUCTION DEPENDENCY

22. SHARE OF CALORIES (FOOD GROUPS) BY OWN PRODUCTION DEPENDENCY
--- RURAL REGIONS AND TOTAL ---

23. SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY
• Few crops demonstrate positive trends in production since 2006
(exception: pigeon peas, common beans, orange fleshed sweet
potatoes, maize and cassava in some provinces)
• Provincial/regional variability in production and retention of crops
implies the need for research and extension to be location specific
• Production of legumes in the north provides valuable protein
contributions unavailable in the center where production is more
concentrated in maize
• A significant number of households does not meet minimum caloric
intake requirements

24. SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY
• There is some degree of diversification of diets but significant
differences across regions
• Strong dependency on own production does not necessarily
prevent households from adequate dietary energy intake.
However, it is associated with lack of dietary diversity. This
calls for the need to invest in agricultural marketing, and
other non-crop/livestock sources of cash income
• Even those relying on cash experience relatively high calorie
deficiency and diversity. This suggests that interventions such
as nutrition education maybe important to improve nutritional
status