1. i
TITLE PAGEE
ZANZIBAR FOOD BALANCE SHEET REPORT
2007 – 11
Prepared by
The Food Security and Nutrition Department
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
ZANZIBAR
UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
December 2012
2. ii
FOREWORD
his is the second edition of the Food Balance Sheet (FBS)report
published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The first
report was published in October 2009.
A Food Balance Sheet presents a pattern of a country’s food supply and
utilisation for a given period of time. It provides estimates of the overall food
supply situation in the country that is available for consumption of the
population and shows sources of food supply, the type of food available for
consumption and the use of both primary and processed commodities. The
daily per capita food supplies are presented and expressed in terms of quantity
and nutrient values. These are calculated using FAO International Nutritive
Factors.
The compilation of the FBS requires basic data on production, stocks, imports,
domestic utilization, nutrient values, dietary allowances and population which
were obtained from relevant government institutions. Regular compilation of
the FBS show the trends in the overall national food supply over time, reveal
changes taking place in the types of food consumed i.e. the pattern of diet, and
gives indications of the adequacy of food supply relative to nutritional
requirements of the population. It establishes the Supply Utilisation Account
(SUA) of which two indicators namely Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) and Import
Dependency Ratio (IDR) depict the extent to which a country depends on local
production and food import respectively to feed its population. These
indicators are critical in highlighting the food security situation in a country. In
this regard, on the availability the accurate statistics, FBS remains a useful tool
in the analysis of progress in improving the food security situation in a country
as such provides a sound basis for the policy analysis and decision making
needed to ensure food security in the country.
However, it is important to note that the FBS reports do not give any indication
of food consumption patterns and situation at individual level, and on different
geographical areas and social economic groups within a country. Therefore to
obtain a complete glimpse of food security situation in a country, food
consumption surveys showing the distribution of national food supply among
different groups of the population and geographical areas should be conducted.
Zanzibar started publishing the FBS since 2007, as an output for monitoring of
national food supply and availability, which is carried-out as part of the
implementation of Food Security and Nutrition (FSN) policy. The Revolutionary
Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) embarked on the implementation of FSN policy
as an instrument to facilitate the attainment of food security and improved
T
3. iii
nutrition at national and household levels. The implementation of FSN policy
marked an important milestone in the development agenda of the country. The
FSN policy aims atreducing vulnerability to food insecurity; promoting
availability of adequate and nutritious quality food; increasing household
access to food; promoting consumption and utilisation of safe and nutritious
foods; and protect the vulnerable population from any disaster or shocks that
may push them into chronic food insecurity and humanitarian crises. Key to the
implementation of FSN policy was the development of food security and
nutrition monitoring systems to provide the government with reliable
mechanism to measure the efficiency of FSN policy and related programmes in
achieving stated objectives. This report presents the evidence needed for
evaluation of the changes in the overall domestic food supply, food utilization
and per capita supply over the years 2007-11. It will play a key role in aiding
policy makers, development partners and other information users to make
appropriate decisions in ensuring that every person in Zanzibar at all times, has
physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet
their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life’ (World
Food Summit (October 1996).
4. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
he Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources presents this Food
Balance Sheet report that was prepared by a team of staff from the
Department of Food Security and Nutrition. This report is a product of
food security and nutrition monitoring conducted within the framework
of food security and nutrition information and early warning system.
Findings presented in this report used routine data collected by various
institutions over the period2007 and 2011, in particular these are:
(i) The Office of Chief Government Statistician;
(ii) Ministry of Livestock and Fishery Development;
(iii) Ministry of Trade, Industry and Marketing;
(iv) Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources;
(v) Tanzania Revenue Authority
We therefore, would like to thank all institutions and individuals involved for
their valuable assistance in the preparation of the second Food Balance Sheet
Report for Zanzibar.
As a tool to monitor the national food availability and supply, it is our hope that
this report provides useful information and data to help in proper
implementation of government policiesand programmes to promote domestic
production, food availability and supply in the country as well as to improve
nutrition of the population. We sincerely wish to point out that we would be
grateful to receive any comments or suggestions concerning the content of this
report, as this will help us to improve future publications.
………………………………………………..
Affan O Maalim
Principal Secretary,
Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Zanzibar
United Republic of Tanzania
T
5. v
ABBREVIATIONS
FBS Food Balance Sheet
FSN Food Security and Nutrition
IDR Import Dependency Ratio
SSR Self-Sufficiency Ratio
SUA Supply Utilisation Account
6. vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Food Balance Sheet (FBS) report presents estimated trends in food supply
and patterns of utilization, the extent of dependence on local production and
food import respectively to feed the population, and per capita supply of
Zanzibar for the period 2007-11. The report used basic data from relevant
government institutions on production, stocks, imports, domestic utilization,
nutrient values, dietary allowances and population. The major food groups as
well as sources of domestic food supply were cereals, starchy root crops, fruits,
vegetables, pulses and others, which included sugar and sweeteners, fish and
seafood, meat and eggs.
Analysis of food balance sheet results, 2007–11, revealed that Total Domestic
Supply of cereals available for consumption was between 125,000 Metric
Tones (MT) and 159,000MT. The average total cereal supply available for
consumption in Zanzibar between 2007 and 2011 was 124,000 (MT). However,
the volume of imported cereals accounted for 77 percent of its average total
domestic supply. Availability of cereals for consumption per capita per year
ranged between 102 kg in 2007 to 115 kg in 2011. Per capita availability of
cereals decreased gradually from 102kg in 2007 to 81 kg in 2010 but later
regained at 115 kg in 2011. This reduction was attributed to change in the
quantity of cereals supplied for domestic consumption. Available FBS data
further shows that rice was the major source of cereal supply in the isles
followed by far with wheat. Rice accounted for 44 percent of average total
cereal available for consumption and an average per capita available for
utilisation of 42 kg per day. The supply of wheat also showed an increasing
trend; rising from 19,000 MT in 2008 to 33,000 MT in 2011. The average
quantity of wheat available for consumption per person per year was 20 kg.
Zanzibar is self-sufficient in starchy root crops (cassava, sweet potatoes and
yams). The total volume of root crops available for consumption per year
ranged from 144,000 MT to 256,000 MT while the average for five years was
218,600 MT. Irish potatoes which accounted for all imports registered in
starchy food group; steadily increasing from 1,000 MT in 2008 to 6,000MT in
2011. The amount of root crops available for consumption per person per year
was on average 175 kg and it gradually reduced from 217 kg in 2007 to 114 kg
in 2009. Cassava constituted over 83 percent of the average total domestic
supply of root crops. On average, the volume of cassava available for food
consumption was 182,400 MT at macro-level and (96-228) kg per year at the
individual level. Cassava production notably declined steadily from 187,000
MT in 2007 to 114,000 MT in 2009, but later regained to 288,000 MT in 2010
and finally, fell at 144,000 MT in 2011. On the other hand, Sweet potato was
the second major root crop in Zanzibar for period under review, recording an
average per capita supply of 19 kg per year and average annual production of
7. vii
23,800 MT. Annual domestic supply of sweet potato was sharply volatile
recording a significant decline of 86 percent in the last two years (2010-2011).
Average total domestic supply of fruits was 105,000 MT while per capita
supply of fruits was 63 kg per person per year over 2007-11. It is important to
note that more than 95 percent of the fruits are grown locally. Fruit production
exhibited a sharp declining trend in all the years except in 2008. Notable also
was a gradual decline in banana production over 2008-2011. The quantity of
banana available for domestic consumption ranged from 34,000MT to 99,000
MT while its average per capita supply was 38 kg per person per year.
Furthermore, domestic production of Oranges and Mandarins remained at
4,000MT while the imports were 1,000MT for all the years except in 2010 when
they doubled to 2,000 MT. Similarly, total domestic supply of oranges and
mandarins was on average 5,200MT while the average per capita supply of the
two food items was 4 kg per person per year.
Average domestic supply and production of vegetables was 13,600 MT and
11,000 MT respectively over the period 2007-11, of which one fifth was
imported. Annual per capita available vegetables for consumption ranged from
9 to 12 kg. Between the years 2007 and 2011, total domestic supply of pulses
ranged from 11,000 MT to 18,000 MT. The supply of pulses was determined
largely by imports. On average, the volume of pulses imported accounted for
11,400 MT while local production remained at 1,000 MT. Annual per capita
supply of pulses available for consumption ranged from 8 to 14 kg.
Total domestic supply of other crops such as sugar and sweeteners fluctuated
between 14,000MT and 28,000 MT during 2007-11. The imports of sugar and
sweeteners sharply increased from 4,000MT in 2007 to 17,000MT in 2009 and
thereafter, they declined to 12,000MT in 2010 and but later recovered to
18,000MT in 2011. On average, per capita supply of sugar and sweeteners per
year was 17 kg. Between 2007 and 2011, annual supply of fish and seafood,
which are major sources of protein and fats in the isles arranged from 38,000
MT to 81,000 MT while per capita supply of fish was 27 kg. The supply of meat
showed a volatile trend, ranging from 2,000 MT to 4,000 MT and its average per
capita supply was only 2 kg. Supply of eggs was essentially constant at 1,000
MT per year while per capital supply of eggs was 1 kg per year.
With respect to domestic Food Utilization about fifty percent of total food
supplied was used for food purposes and the rest was utilised for either
processing or wasted. Fruits were the only food group registered significant
level of wasting. The level of fruits wasting for period under review accounted
for 13 to 17 percent of total fruits supply.
Availability of nutrients considerably varied across animal and vegetable food
sources. After a decline during the years 2007-2009, the total carolic supply
8. viii
per person went up from 1,776 kilocalories (kcal) in 2009 to 2,424kcal in 2011.
Average total calories from proteins and fats over 2007-11 were 44 and 38 gms
respectively. It is important to note that vegetable-based products contributed
92,73 and 84 percent of calories, proteins and fats supply respectively, over the
period 2007-11.Of all the major food groups, cereals were the major source of
caloric supply per person per day contributing an average of 44 percent of the
average 2,034 kilocalories available over 2007-11. Considering the supply side,
rice was the most preferred cereal in the isles and a key contributor of calories
(53 percent) in cereals food group and it was followed by wheat (17 percent).
Root crops were the second source of caloric supply contributing an average of
18 percent of total calories available in the respective period. Among root
crops, the contribution of cassava was noted to be higher, accounting for 78
percent of total calories supplied by root crops groups and followed by sweet
potatoes (14 percent) and yams (3 percent). Average contributions of other
food groups to caloric supply were as follows: vegetable oils (10 percent), sugar
and sweeteners (8 percent) and fruits (5 percent), fish and seafood (2 percent),
milk (4 percent) and pulses (3percent).
Daily Proteins Supply also largely came from cereals which accounted for an
average of 47 percent between the years 2007 and 2011. Other sources of
proteins supply in Zanzibar included fish and seafood (16 percent), root crops
(10 percent), pulses (9 percent), milk (7 percent) and fruits (4percent). The
major source of daily fats supply was vegetable oil, contributing an average of
about 60 percent of total fat annual per capita supply in the period 2007-11.
Animal fats, milk and meat, which are important sources of fats, registered
limited contribution to total fats supply. There was a general increase in the
average supply of fats from 29 grams/day/person in 2007 to 70
grams/day/person in 2011 with variations in individual food items. This may
have caused increased utilisation of fats related products especially vegetable
oil.
Analysis of Nutrients Availability between the years 2007 and 2011 showed
significant changes in the food consumption patterns. Total daily per capita
energy availability ranged from 1,776 kcals (2009) to 2,424kcals (2011). A
large share of this energy came from carbohydrates, followed by fats and
proteins, which on average in the period under review accounted for 75
percent, 16.6 percent and 8 percent of total daily per capita energy available
respectively. Contributions of energy from proteins were far below the
FAO/WHO recommended range of (10 – 15 percent) in all years, while those of
carbohydrates were over-supplied above the recommended range of (55 – 75
percent) for three years (2007, 2009 and 2010). On the other hand, the supply
of proteins was deficient for all reference years.
9. ix
The percentage contribution of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) to
total energy supply varied considerably. The percentage share of carbohydrates
in total energy supply dropped from 79 percent in 2008 to 72 percent in 2009
and further fell to 66 percent in 2011 after regaining to 79 percent in 2010.The
percentage share of fats fluctuated between 12 and 26 percent and in the last
two years, it doubled reaching a maximum level of 26 percent over the period
2007-11. Contribution of protein remained essentially constant at an average of
eight (8 percent). The significant over supply of carbohydrates as well as the
recent changes in energy contribution of fats beyond FAO/WHO standards may
increase the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases in the country.
The analysis of Import Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios showed that
Zanzibar still heavily depends on imports for its food supply. The average
Import Dependency Ratio (47 percent) was above the Self-Sufficiency Ratio (44
percent) of the total food products supplied annually during the period 2007-
11. As a result of a considerable rise in the food production levels of some food
items, the Import Dependency Ratio (IDR) of the total food products fell from
47 percent in 2008 to 36 percent in 2010 and later regained to 62 percent in
2011. The FBS results further indicate that the isles were more self-sufficient in
the supply of animal-based products (58 percent) than vegetable-based
products (44 percent) over the period 2007-11. Food consumption preferences
of the population; skewed towards rice and wheat, and yet these items are
largely imported within the Islands. The IDR of cereals ranged from 65 to 79
percent, while its Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) varied between 8 and 21 percent.
Pulses are also largely imported in Zanzibar as indicated by a high average
import dependency ratio of 92 percent while vegetables accounted for an
average import dependency ratio ranging from 9 to 42 percent over 2007-11.
From the analysis of FBS findings, it evident that food availability in the isles is
largely determined by importation with major imports including rice and
wheat. Supply of cereals from domestic production in particular rice is far
below the national demand and imported rice filled the deficit. Higher
dependency on cereals imports and the prevailing tendency of prefer rice to
other food commodities implies that presence of any factor that hampers the
importation of cereals, may place the country in a precarious situation. The
immediate effect will be limited food availability at household and individual
levels, and consequently poor status of food security in the country.
The analysis of total per capita nutrients availability evidenced a predominant
over supply of carbohydrates and fats, which significantly contributed by
vegetable-source products. This further suggests that Zanzibar has a limited
dietary diversity (the number of individual foods consumed over a given period
of time) and points to the possibility of poor dietary intake which could
increase the risk for non-communicable diseases. The possibility of poor diets
10. x
is reflected by limited per capital supply of foods beneficial to health and good
nutrition i.e., vegetables and fruits, animal-source foods and legumes (pulses).
The levels of per capital supply of fruits and vegetables (which on average, in
the period under review, were 10 kg and 63 kg per year respectively) indicate
inadequate intake of these products in Zanzibar. These registered levels of
supply are far below the minimum recommended levels by WHO/FAO of 146 kg
per year for both food types. Fruits and vegetables are important components
of a healthy diet, as such lower levels of consumption are thought to increase
the risk of chronic diseases.
Based on the FBS findings, it is necessary that various stakeholders scale up
nutrition education programmes and other interventions that can enhance
dietary diversity supply, value addition, nutrient bio-fortification, stimulate
local production and consumption of pulses, fruits and vegetables. Excessive
consumption of fats may also need to be controlled.
11. xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE.............................................................................................................................................................................i
FOREWORD...........................................................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................................................................................iv
ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................................................................................v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................................vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................................................xi
1. ANALYSIS OF FOOD BALANCE SHEET RESULTS, 2007-11.................................................................................1
1.1. Domestic Supply: Total and Per Capita Supply of Major Food Groups by Sources .........................................1
1.1.1. Cereals ..........................................................................................................................................................1
1.1.2. Root Crops (Starchy Roots) ........................................................................................................................2
1.1.3. Fruits.............................................................................................................................................................3
1.1.4. Vegetables and Pulses.................................................................................................................................4
1.1.5. Other Crops (including sugar and sweeteners, fish and seafood, meat and eggs).................................4
1.2. Domestic Utilisation...........................................................................................................................................5
1.3. Availability of Nutrients from Major Food Sources - 2007-11.........................................................................6
1.3.1. Avaliability of Nutrients from Animal and Vegetable-based Foods ........................................................6
1.3.2. Daily Caloric Supply by Main Food Groups ...............................................................................................6
1.3.3. Daily Proteins Supply by Selected Main Food Groups..............................................................................7
1.3.4. Daily Fats Supply by Selected Main Food Groups.....................................................................................8
1.4. Total Nutrients Availability between 2007-11.................................................................................................9
2. ANALYSIS OF IMPORT DEPENDENCY AND SELF SUFFICIENCY RATIOS ......................................................11
3. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS FROM THE FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION PERSPECTIVES .........................12
4. LIMITATION............................................................................................................................................................13
5. RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................................13
ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................................................15
Annex 1: Principle and Methods of Food Balance Sheet Compilation ..........................................................................15
Annex 2: Total Calories, Protein and Fat Available from Major Food Groups, Per Capita, Per Day 2007 – 2011......17
Annex 3: Zanzibar Food Balance Sheets 2007-11 .........................................................................................................18
12. 1
1. ANALYSIS OFFOOD BALANCE SHEET RESULTS,2007-11
1.1. Domestic Supply: Total and Per Capita Supply of Major Food Groups
by Sources
1.1.1. Cereals
The average total cereal supply available for consumption in the country between the
year 2007 and 2011 was 124,000 Metric Tones (MT) of which imported cereals
accounted for 77 percent of its average total domestic supply (Table 1). Availability of
cereals for consumption per capita per year ranged between 102 kg in 2007 to 115 kg
in 2011. Per capita cereal availability of cereals decreased gradually from 102kg in
2007 to 81 kgin 2010 but later regained at 115kg in 2011. This reduction was
attributed by change in the quantity of cereals supplied for domestic consumption.
From year 2007 to 2011, the total domestic supply of cereals available for
consumption was between 125,000MT and 159,000MT.
Table1
TheSupplyofCereal bySources2007 – 2011
Domestic CerealSupply (MT) Average
Supply
Growth Rate
2010 – 2011
(MT)
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Total Domestic Supply 125,000 120,000 106,000 110,000 159,000 124,000 49,000
Local Production 16,000 11,000 16,000 18,000 17,000 15,600 -1000
Imports 93,000 94,000 74,000 76,000 126,000 92,600 50,000
Per CapitalCerealSupplyPer Year (Kg) Kg
Total Cereal 102 95 81 81 115 95 34
Rice 48 46 28 29 57 42 28
Wheat 19 16 20 22 25 20 3
Maize 4 4 4 3 6 4 3
Supply of Major CerealCrops (MT)
Rice 59,000 58,000 37,000 40,000 72,000 53,200 32,000
Wheat 22,000 19,000 25,000 28,000 33,000 25,400 5,000
Maize 6,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 8,000 6,000 3,000
Production of Selected CerealCrops (MT)
Rice 13,000 8,000 12,000 14,000 15,000 12,400 1,000
Maize 2,000 2,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 2,400 -1,000
Source: FSB Data2007 –2011
Available data shows that rice is a major source of cereal supply in the isles followed
by far with wheat. On average between the years 2007 and2011, the supply of rice
accounted 44 percent of average total cereal available for consumption with an
average per capita rice available for utilisation of 42 kg per day. This point to the
importance of rice in the isles’ food basket, implying that limited supply of rice can
lead to a relatively significant reduction in the supply of food in the country. Owing to
low domestic rice production, Zanzibar remained net importer of rice. Domestic rice
production has increased steadily between the years 2009 and 2011, however the
13. 2
current level of production is still far below domestic demand. Wheat, which is the
second supplied cereal in the isles,is totally imported. After registering a slight decline
in 2008, the supply of wheat showed an increasing trend; rising from19,000 MT in
2008 to 33,000 MT in 2011. Thereafter, the quantity of wheat available for
consumption per person per year accounted on average at20 kg.
1.1.2. Root Crops (Starchy Roots)
As shown in Table 2, the total volume of root crops available for consumption per year
ranged from 144,000 MT to 256,000 MT and the average for five years was 218,600
MT. The supply of root crops is mainly determined by domestic production with the
exception of Irish potatoes. Irish potatoes accounted for all imports registered in
starchy food group; steadily increasing from 1,000 MT in 2008 to 6,000MT in 2011.
The observed increase in the importation of Irish potatoes indicates changes in
consumption patterns from traditional root crops such as cassava, sweet potatoes and
yams to Irish potatoes-based diets. Average food supply from root crops available for
consumption per person per year was 175 kg. The volume of root crops available for
consumption per person per year gradually reduced from 217 kg in 2007 to 114 kg in
2009. In 2010, it rose to 259 kg per person and then reduced by almost a half (120 kg)
in 2011. These fluctuations were caused by a decrease in the production of root crops
in particular cassava. Generally, supply of starchy roots (cassava, sweet potatoes and
yams) in the study period from local production was generally in surplus despite the
evidenced gradual decline in production in some years. This suggests that Zanzibar is
self-sufficient in starchy root crops.
Cassava was found to be the most root crops available for consumption constituting
over 83 percent of the average total domestic supply of root crops food group. On
average between the years 2007 and 2011,the quantity of cassava available for food
consumption was 182,400 MT (Table 2). At the individual level, available cassava for
consumption per person was ranged between 96 kg and 228 kg per year. Only
domestic production and stocks determined the supply of cassava over the period
Table 2
The Supply of Root Crops 2007 – 2011
Domestic Root Crops Supply (MT) Average
Supply
Growth Rate
2010 – 2011
(MT)2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Total Root Crops Supply 256,000 198,000 144,000 335,000 160,000 218,600 -175,000
Cassava 193,000 155,000 120,000 294,000 150,000 182,400 -144,000
Sweet Potatoes 46,000 27,000 13,000 29,000 4,000 23,800 -25,000
Yams 8,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 NA 6,500 NA
Irish Potatoes NA 1,000 1,000 2,000 6,000 2,500 4,000
Per Capital Root CropsSupply Per Year (Kg) Kg
Total Root Crops 217 163 114 259 120 175 -139
Cassava 165 128 96 228 113 146 -115
Sweet Potatoes 38 22 10 21 3 19 -17
Yams 7 5 5 4 NA 5 NA
Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011; NA: Not available
14. 3
2007 to 2011.However, its production declined steadily between 2007 and 2009 from
187,000 MT to 114,000 MT. Thereafter, cassava production regained to 288,000 MT in
2010 and dropped again to 144,000 MT in 2011.
Sweet potatoes were the second major root crop in Zanzibar for period under review
with average per capita supply of 19 kg per year. Availability of sweet potatoes was
determined by domestic production with average production of 23,800 MT per year.
The highest domestic supply of sweet potatoes was recorded in 2007 (46,000MT)
while the lowest was observed in 2011(4,000 MT). Annual domestic supply of sweet
potatoes was sharply volatile recording a significant decline of 86 percent in the last
the last two years(2010-11).
1.1.3. Fruits
Table 3 shows the supply of fruits over the period 2007-11. Average total domestic
supply of fruits in the period under review was 105,000 MT. It is important to note
that more than 95 percent of the fruits supply is produced locally. Fruit production
exhibited a sharp declining trend in all the years except in 2008 when it increased by
50,040 MT at 130,040 MT. Average per capita supply of fruits was 63 kg per person
per year.
Banana contributed a large share of total domestic supply of fruits and its availability
was determined by domestic production, which registered a gradual decline from year
2008 to 2011.The quantity of banana available for domestic consumption ranged from
34,000MT to 99,000 MT in the period under review. Average per capita supply of
banana was 38kg per person per year.
Oranges and mandarins are some of the fruits whose availability is determined by
both domestic production and import. Domestic production of oranges and mandarins
remained at 4,000MT while the imports were 1,000MT for all the years except in year
2010when they doubled to 2,000 MT. Similarly, total domestic supply of oranges and
mandarins was on average 5,200MT. Average per capita supply of oranges and
mandarins was4 kg per person per year.
Table 3
The Supply of Fruits 2007 – 2011
Domestic Supply of Fruits(MT) Average
Supply
Growth
Rate 2010 –
2011 (MT)
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Total Domestic Supply 84,000 132,000 119,000 121,000 69,000 105,000 -52,000
Local Production 81,000 130,000 117,000 100,000 66,000 98,000 -34,000
Imports 2,000 2,000 2,000 21,000 4,000 6,200 -17,000
Per Capital FruitsSupply Per Year(Kg)
Total fruits 58 84 74 77 43 63 -34
Banana 30 58 46 38 18 38 -20
Orangeand mandarins 4 4 4 5 5 4 -
Supply of Fruits Crops (MT)
Banana 50,000 99,000 86,000 69,000 34,000 67,600 -35,000
Orangeand mandarins 5,000 5,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 5,200 -1,000
15. 4
Other fruits 30,000 29,000 29,000 47,000 31,000 33,200 -16,000
Production of Selected Fruits Crops (MT)
Banana 50,000 99,000 86,000 69,000 34,000 67,600 -35,000
Orangeand mandarins 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 -
Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011
1.1.4. Vegetables and Pulses
Average domestic supply and production of vegetables was 13,600 MT and 11,000 MT
over the period 2007-11. Annual per capita available vegetables for consumption
ranged from 9 to 12 kg. However, the supply of vegetables was mainly determined by
local production with vegetable imports accounting for 21 percent of total domestic
vegetable supply (Table 4).
Between the years 2007 and 2011, total domestic supply of pulses ranged from 11,000
MT to 18,000 MT. The supply of pulses was determined largely by imports. On
average, the volume of pulses imported accounted for 11,400 MT while local
production remained at 1,000 MT. Annual per capita supply of pulses available for
consumption ranged from 8 to 14 kg (see Table 4)
Table 4
The Supply of Vegetables and Pulses 2007 – 2011
Domestic Supply of Vegetables and Pulses (MT) Average
Supply
Growth Rate
2010 – 2011
(MT)2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Supply of Vegetable 12,000 12,000 12,000 17,000 15,000 13,600 -2,000
Production of Vegetables 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 -
Imports 1,000 2,000 2,000 6,000 4,000 3,000 -2,000
Supply of Pulses 12,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 18,000 12,600 7,000
Production of Pulses 1,000 NA 1,000 1,000 NA 1,000 NA
Imports 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 17,000 11,400 7,000
Per Capital Vegetables and Pulses Supply Per Year (Kg)
Vegetable 9 10 9 12 9 10 -3
Pulses 9 9 8 9 14 10 4
Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011, NA-Not Available
1.1.5. Other Crops(including sugar and sweeteners, fish and seafood,
meat and eggs)
Total domestic supply of sugar and sweeteners fluctuated between 14,000MT and
28,000 MT over the period 2007 to 2011 (Table 5). Sugar and sweeteners are some of
the other food groups that are generally imported in Zanzibar. The imports of sugar
and sweeteners sharply increased from 4,000MT in 2007 to 17,000MT in 2009 and
thereafter, they declined to 12,000MT in 2010 but later recovered to 18,000MT in
2011. On average, per capita supply of sugar and sweeteners per year was 17 kg.
Fish and seafood are major sources of protein and fats in the isles. A large size of the
population in Zanzibar very often consumes these products. Fish and seafood are not
16. 5
imported, as shown in Table 5 annual supply of these commodities ranged from
38,000 MT to 81,000 MT between the years 2007 and 2011. On the other hand, annual
per capita supply of fish and sea food over the period2007 and 2011 was 27 kg. The
supply of meat showed a volatile trend, ranging from 2,000 MT to 4,000 MT. Average
per capital supply of meat per year was 2 kg only. Supply of eggs was essentially
constant at 1,000 MT per year while per capital supply of eggs was 1 kg per year.
Table 5
The Supply of Other Crops 2007 – 2011
Domestic Supply of Other Crops (MT) Average
Supply
Growth Rate
2010 – 2011
(MT)2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Sugar and Sweeteners 14,000 21,000 27,000 22,000 28,000 22,400 6,000
Fish and Sea Foods 76,000 77,000 60,000 38,000 81,000 66,400 43,000
Meat 2,000 4,000 2,000 2,000 4,000 2,800 2,000
Eggs 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 0
Per CapitalPer Year (Kg) Kg
Sugar and Sweeteners 11 17 21 17 20 17 3
Fish and Sea Foods 23 28 41 20 24 27 4
Meat 2 3 2 2 3 2 1
Eggs 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011
1.2. Domestic Utilisation
About fifty percent of total food supplied in the isles is used for food purposes (Table
6). Other registered forms of domestic utilisation were processing and wasting.
Significant amount of wastage registered in the fruits group. Wastages of total fruits
supplied per year ranged 13 to 17 percent. Food processing was evidently limited
over the period 2007 to 2011 even for cassava-a crop that registered sustained
production levels relative to other crops.
Table 6
Domestic Utilization of Food Products 2007-11 by Major Food Group (%)
Food Group Category of Utilisation Levelof Utilisation per year for different categories of
Utilisation (%)
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Cereals Food 94 95 94 94 95
Processed 1.6 1.6 1 1.2 1.3
Waste 1.6 1.6 1 1.2 1.9
Other Utilisation 1.6 1.6 1 1.2 1.3
Root Crops Food 98 98 97 98 99
Processed 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6
Waste 1 1 0.7 0.9 0.6
Other Utilisation 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6
Fruits Food 79 76 76 81 82
Processed 0 8 8 6 4
Waste 14 17 16 13 13
17. 6
Other Utilisation 6 0 0 0 0
Vegetables Food 83 92 92 88 80
Processed 0 0 0 0 0
Waste 8 8 8 6 6
Other Utilisation 0 0 0 0 0
Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011
1.3. Availability of Nutrients from Major Food Sources - 2007-11
1.3.1. Availability of Nutrients from Animal and Vegetable-based Foods
Table 7 shows the avaialbility of nutrients form animal and vegetable-based food over
the period 2007-11. After a decline in year 2008, the total carolic supply per
personexhibited an increasing trend in 2009 from1776 kilocalories (kcal) to 2,424
kcal in 2011. Average total calories from proteins and fats over 2007 to 2011 were 44
and 38 gms respectively. Vegetable-based products were a major source of calories,
proteins and fats supply compared to animal-based products. For instance, the
percentage share or contribution of calories, proteins and fats from vegetable based
products over the period 2007 to 2011 was 92,73 and 84 respectively.
Table 7
Per capital Nutrients Avaliability from Animal and Vegetable-based Foods 2007 – 2011
Total Calories Animal-based products Vegetable-based products
Calories
(kcal)
Protein
(gm)
Fats
(gm)
Calories
(kcal)
Protein
(gm)
Fats
(gm)
Calories
(kcal)
Protein
(gm)
Fats
(gm)
2007 2,072 46 29 164 11 6 1,907 34 23
2008 1,941 42 26 129 10 4 1,812 32 22
2009 1,776 43 37 193 17 7 1,583 26 30
2010 1,955 41 28 154 11 6 1,800 31 22
2011 2,424 48 70 161 12 6 2,263 36 64
Average 2,034 44 38 160 12 6 1,873 32 32
Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011
1.3.2. Daily Caloric Supply by Main Food Groups
Cereals were the major source of caloric supply per person per day contributing an
average of 44 percent of the average 2,034 kcal available from year 2007 to 2011
(Figure 1). Rice was a key contributor of calories in cereals food groupfollowed by
wheat. On average, rice alone contributed 53 percent of the total calories supplied by
the cereals group between the years 2007 and 2011 and as such evidently continued
to be the most preffered cereal in the isles. The contribution of wheat to total calories
from cereals was on average 17 percent.This figure is fairly higher as compared to the
contribution of other cerelas such as maize, barley, sorghum and millet.
18. 7
Root crops were the second source of caloric supplycontributing an average of 18
percent of total calories availabe in the period under review. Among root crops, the
contribution of cassavawas noted to be higher,accounting for 78 percent of total
calories supplied by root crops groups and followed by sweet potatoes (14 percent)
and yams (3 percent). Average contributions of other food groups to caloric supply
were as follows: vegetable oils (10percent), sugar and sweeteners (8percent) and
fruits (5percent), fish and sea food (2percent), milk (4percent) and pulses (4percent)
(see Figure 1).
Figure 1
Calories Supply by Main Food Groups by percentage during the period,2007 – 2011
Source: FBS Data 2007 – 2011
1.3.3. Daily Proteins Supply by Selected Main Food Groups
As shown in Figure 2, cereals constituted the largest source of protein supply
accounting for an average of 47 percent between the years 2007 and 2011. Other
sources of proteins supply in Zanzibar included fish and sea food (16 percent), root
crops (10 percent),pulses (9 percent), starchy (9 percent), milk (7percent) and fruits
(4percent). Available FBS data shows that there is a marked dependence on cereals as
sources of protein in the isles in spite of the fact that it is not protein-enriched food.
With the exception to fish and sea food which recorded a moderate supply of proteins,
other protein-enriched foods such as meat, milk, fruits and pulses contributed a less
share of proteins to the country’s food supply.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Average
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average
Cereals 49.1 49.3 40.9 37.4 45.2 44
Root Crops 21.7 17.2 12.9 26.2 9.6 18
Fruits 3.8 6.3 6 7.7 2.2 5
Pulses 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.4 4.9 4
Sugar and sweeteners 5.3 8.3 11.7 8.1 8.3 8
Fish and seafood 2 2.2 4.3 1.9 1.9 2
Milk 5.3 3.4 5.8 5.3 4.2 5
Vegetable oils 6.4 6.6 11.6 5.7 20.8 10
Other 2.9 3.4 3.2 4.3 2.9 3
19. 8
Figure 2
Protein Supply by Selected Main Food Groups by percentage during the period 2007–11
Source: FBS Data 2007 – 2011
1.3.4. Daily Fats Supply by Selected Main Food Groups
Figure 3 shows the supply of fat from selected food groups. Vegetable oil was the
largest source of fats, an average contributing about 60 percent of total fat supply per
capita per year in the period 2007 and 2011. Animal fats, milk and meat which are
important sources of fats registered limited contribution to total fats supply.
Generally, between the years 2007 and 2011,the average supply of fats showed an
increasing trend from 29 grams/day/person in 2007 to 70 grams/day/person in 2011
despite the variations in individual food items. This suggests that there is an increase
in the utilisation of fats related products especially vegetable oil which evident as an
important sources.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Average
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average
Cereals 50 50 42 41 52 47.0
Root Crops 11 10 7 15 6 10
Fruits 2 5 5 5 2 4
Pulses 9 7 7 10 15 9
Fish and Sea Food 15 7 30 15 15 16
Milk 9 5 7 7 6 7
Meat 2 2 2 2 2 2
Other 2 5 0 5 2 3
20. 9
Figure 3
Fats Supply by Selected Main Food Groups by percentage during the period 2007–11
Source: FBS Data 2007 – 2011
1.4. Total Nutrients Availability between 2007-11
Between the years 2007 and 2011, total daily per capita energy availability fluctuated
with the lowest and highest amount of energy available being 1776 kcals (2009) and
2424kcals (2011) respectively (Table 8).The respective energy availability was largely
contributed by the following nutrients: carbohydrates, followed by fats and protein as
shown in table 8below. However, availability of these nutrients (with exception to fats)
did not follow the norms recommended by FAO/WHO for a balance diet consisting of 55
– 75 percent carbohydrates, 10 – 15 percent protein and 15 – 30 percent fats. The
contributions of protein were far below the recommendedrange in all years, while those
of carbohydrates were above the recommended range in particular for the years 2007,
2009 and 2010. Based on the results, it is evident that carbohydrates are a major supply
of energy in the isles and their supply during some of the years went up beyond the FAO
recommended levels. The deficiency of protein supply in all reference years is quite
critical and requiresurgent action.
Table 8
Total Nutrients AvailabilityPer CapitaPer Dayand PercentageContributionto Total EnergySupply
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Average
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average
Cereals 10 12 11 5 4 8
Vegetable oil 52 58 46 62 80 60
Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oil crops 7 8 7 3 1 5
Milk 14 4 11 8 4 22
Meat 3 4 4 3 1 3
Other 14 15 21 19 9 16
21. 10
Year Total(kcals) Carbohydrates (%) Protein(%) Fats(%)
2007 2,072 79 8 13
2008 1,941 79 9 12
2009 1,776 72 9 19
2010 1,955 79 8 13
2011 2,424 66 8 26
Average 2,034 75 8.4 16.6
WHO/FAO Standards 2,100 Kcal* 55 – 75% 10 – 15% 15 – 30%
Source: FBS Data 2007-11
* Minimal daily per capital caloric intake recommended by FAO
Significant changes in the food consumption pattern were observed between the years
2010 and 2011. Figure 4illustrates these changes in terms of the share of nutrients in
total energy supply. The percentage share of carbohydrates decreased significantly by
13 percent since year 2007.Thereafter, it regained the same level recorded in year 2007.
The percentage share of fats fluctuated between 12 and 26 percent. In the last two years,
the percentage share of fats doubled reaching a maximum level of 26 percent over the
period 2007 to 11.Contribution of protein remained essentially constant. The significant
over supply of carbohydrates as well as the recent changes in energy contribution of fats
may increase the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases in country.The percentage
share of supply carbohydrates dropped to 72 percent in 2009 and further fell to 66
percent in 2011 after regaining to 79 percent in 2010.
Figure 4
Pattern of Energy Supply from Carbohydrates, Fats and Protein 2007 to 2011 (%)
Source: FBS Data 2007 – 2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
ContributionofNutrientstoTotalEnergySupply
(%)
Carbohydrates (%)
Protein (%)
Fats (%)
22. 11
2. ANALYSIS OF IMPORT DEPENDENCY AND SELF SUFFICIENCY
RATIOS
Zanzibar heavily depends on imports for its food supply as evidenced by a higher
average of its Import Dependency Ratio (47 percent) compared to the Self-Sufficiency
Ratio (44 percent) of the total food products supplied annually during the period 2007
and 2011 (Table 9).The import dependency ratio of the total food products declined
from 47 percent in 2008 to 36 percent in year 2010 and later rose to 62 percent in year
2011. The declining import dependency ratio in these respective years could be
attributed to considerable increases in domestic production as evidenced by the increase
in self-sufficiency ratio.
The isles are more self-sufficient in the supply of animal-based products than vegetable-
based products1. On average the self-sufficiency ratio of animal-based products and
vegetable-based products were 58 and 44 percent respectively (table 9). This indicates
that the overall supply of animal-based products is largely determined by domestic
production compared to vegetable-based products.
Table 9
ImportDependency Ratios and Self-SufficiencyRatios for Total Food Products and Vegetable-based and
Animal-based Products 2007-11
Import Dependency Ratio Self Sufficiency Ratio
Year
Total Food
Products
Vegetable-based
Products
Animal-
based
Products
Total Food
Products
Vegetable-
based Products
Animal-
based
Products
2007 42.5 43.9 20.4 47.5 46.8 59.9
2008 47.3 48.2 29 42.3 42.2 45
2009 44.7 47.2 16.7 44.3 42.2 67.1
2010 36.3 37.1 24.3 54.2 54.1 56.3
2011 62.1 64.3 22 30 28.3 59.5
Average 47 48 22 44 43 58
Source: FBS Data 2007-11
Results on specific food groups indicated that between 2007 and 2011, the import
dependency ratio of cereals has remained relatively high (Table 10). The average
import dependency ratio for cereals fluctuated between 65 and 83 percent despite
being a major source of daily caloric and proteins supply in Zanzibar. Pulses are also
largely imported in Zanzibar as indicated by a high average import dependency ratio
of 92 percent while vegetables accounted for an average import dependency ratio
ranging from 9to 42percent over the period 2007 and 2011. In the same period, the
import dependency ratio of cereals ranged from 65 to 79percent, while the self-
sufficiency ratio varied between 8 and21 percent. The higher cereals import
dependency ratio is attributed to the changes in food consumption preferences of
Zanzibaris, which currently favour a consumption of rice and wheat, and yet these
items are largely produced across the Islands,
1Animal products and vegetableproducts arethe two main food categories referring to animal related food groups (such as meat,
animal fats, milk, fish and sea food etc.); and plant related food groups (such as cereals, starch roots/root crops, fruits, vegetables
etc.)
23. 12
For vegetable products, the import dependency ratio declined from 48 percent in year
2008 to 37 percent in year 2010 and thereafter sharply increased by 29 percent at 66
percent in year 2011. The trend of import dependency ratio for animal products
fluctuated between 17 and 29 percent while the self-sufficiency ratio of the same food
items oscillated between 45 and 67 percent between 2007 and 2011. The self-
sufficiency ratio of starchy roots was above 97 percent during the last five years.
Other food items for which Zanzibar is relatively self-sufficient include fish and
seafood (99 percent), eggs (98 percent), oil crops (99 percent), sugar crops (100
percent), fruits (90 percent) and meat (89 percent).
Table 10
Importand ExportDependencyRatios for Major Food Crops2007 – 2011
Cereals Root crops Vegetables Fruits Fish and Sea
Foods
Year IDR* SSR** IDR SSR IDR SSR IDR SSR IDR SSR
2007 73.8 15.3 0 98.6 8.6 95.1 5.2 94.8 0.5 99.5
2008 78.2 10.4 0.2 97.9 20.4 82.7 1.9 98.1 0.5 99.6
2009 66.0 19.8 0.4 97.1 14.9 88.5 3.0 97.0 0.3 99.8
2010 65.1 21.3 0.3 98.6 41.5 60.8 36.8 63.2 0.5 99.6
2011 78.7 12.7 2.5 95.2 20.8 82.3 3.0 97.0 0.4 99.6
Average 73.25 14.9 0.68 97.48 21.24 81.88 9.98 90.02 0.44 99.62
* IDR: Import Dependency Ratio
** SSR: Self Sufficiency Ratios: expresses themagnitudeof production in relation todomestic utilisation, it indicatesthe
extent to which a country relies on its own production. Thehigher the% of SSR, thegreater thecommodityself-
sufficiency
Source: FBS Data 2007-11
3. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS FROM THE FOOD SECURITY AND
NUTRITION PERSPECTIVES
Analysis of findings shows that availability of cereals (which is the most preferred food
in the isles) is largely determined by importation with major imports including rice and
wheat. Supply of cereals from domestic production in particular rice is far below the
national demand and this imported rice filled the deficit. The import dependency ratios
of rice and wheat over the period 2007 to 2011 averaged 78 and 100 percent
respectively. Higher dependency on cereals imports and the prevailing tendency of
prefer rice to other food commodities implies that presence of anyfactor that hampers
the importation of cereals, may place the country in a precarious situation. The
immediate effect will be limited food availability at household and individual levels, and
poor status offood security in the country.
The analysis of total per capita nutrients availability evidenced a predominant over-
supply of carbohydrates and fats, which significantly contributed by vegetable-source
products. This further suggests that Zanzibar has a limited dietary diversity (the number
of individual foods consumed over a given period of time) and points to the possibility of
poor dietary intake which could increase the risk for non-communicable diseases. The
24. 13
possibility of poor diets is reflected by limited per capital supply of foods beneficial to
health and nutrition i.e., vegetable andfruits, animal-source foods andlegumes (pulses).
For example, the levels of per capital supply of fruits and vegetables (which on average,
during the study period, were 10 kg and 63 kg per year respectively) indicate inadequate
intake of these products in Zanzibar. These registered levels of supply are far below the
minimum recommended levels by WHO/FAO of 146 kg per year. Fruits and vegetables
are important components of a healthy diet. Therefore, the consumption was below the
recommended levels, as such could increase the risk of chronic diseases.
4. LIMITATION
(i) The results FBS results only provided estimates of food supplies for utilization
and per capita nutrient supply available based on the annual population size and
do not provide a complete picture of food security situation at the regional,
district, household and individual levels. Therefore, customized food security
assessments will be necessary to compliment the FBSresults;
(ii) The data used for stocks, food wastages and exports of certain food items was
often held constant across the period under review in light of unavailability of
updated and valid data. Underestimation is expected on this account;
(iii) Crop and livestock statistics may not be very accurate given the weak data
collection methodologies, poor processing and storage facilities, and the
inadequate capacity of data management personnel. The Ministry of Agriculture
and Natural Resources is currently making efforts to addresstheseshortcomings.
5. RECOMMENDATIONS
(i) More efforts in value addition of food crops in order to reduce food wasting
and increase the shelf life of food commodities needed: food processing was
evidently limited over the period 2007-11 even for cassava-a crop that registered
sustained production levels relative to other crops. It is necessary for government
to double its efforts in value addition of food crops in order to increase the shelf
life of food commodities.
(ii) Promote increased investments in rice production and support competition
in food import to stabilize and reduce prices at local markets and raise rice
availability: although, rice is the most preferred food and therefore, very
important in the food basket of the Isles, its production (22 percent) is far below
the domestic demand. High dependence on cereals imports, moreover from a
limited number of sources and the relatively high preference to other food
commodities, implies that any failures in the external supply of these food items
may place the household food security in a precarious situation. Sustainable
supplies of rice will definitely drive down the relatively high and increasing prices
of rice.
25. 14
(iii) Increase the purchasing power of low income households through rural
based programmes to expand their access to protein rich foods such as fish
and sea foods as well as implement policies that will increase the supply and
consumption of pulses: available FBS data showed a marked dependence on
cereals as sources of protein in the isles instead of protein rich items such as fish,
sea food, meat, milk, fruits and pulses. Sources of incomes are narrow and skewed
towards urbancenters with poverty remaining largely a rural phenomenon.
(iv) Conduct campaigns to discourage excessive consumption of fats beyond the
FAO/WHO recommended levels: deviations from the recommended levels
established by FAO/WHO were observed in the supply of animal-source products
and pulses (legume). The rapid growth in the average supply of fats may be
contributing to increasedutilisation offats relatedproducts.
(v) Initiate programmes that have the potential to enhance dietary diversity,
supply and consumption of protein rich foods such as pulses, milk, eggs, fish
and sea foods: the FBS results show that energy supply of carbohydrates from
vegetable-source products during some of the years went up beyond the FAO/WHO
recommended levels. In addition, there was a deficiency of protein supply all
reference years coupled with limited domestic production of pulses and vegetables.
This fragile situation may place the population at a high risk of non-communicable
diseases.
(vi) Implement import-substitution agricultural based programmes to curtail
the high import dependency ratio: the analysis of Import Dependency and Self
Sufficiency Ratios showed that Zanzibar still heavily depends on imports especially
vegetable-basedproducts for its foodsupply.
(vii) Put in place policies that encourage the private sector to invest into the
production and processing of fruits and vegetables: the supply of fruits and
vegetables was far below the requirements and yet they are important components
of a healthy diet. Inadequate intake of these food items could increase the risk of
chronic diseases.
(viii)Enhance linkages among food security information providers and capacity
in food security monitoring and analysis: the accuracy and validity of food
security and early warning data and information from various sources such as
Government, Private Sector and Civil Society Organizations has a positive bearing
on the soundness of the FBS results, usage and further targeting of groups
vulnerable to food insecurity. A strong linkage between Central Policy and
Planning Departments of Sector Ministries and OCGS need to be strengthened to
avoid conflicting sets of data, improve authenticity and ownership of data from
sector ministries
26. 15
ANNEXES
Annex 1: Principle and Methods of Food Balance Sheet Compilation
1. Sources of Basic Data for Food Balance Sheet Report
The compilation of the Food Balance Sheet requires basic data on production, stocks,
imports, domestic utilization, nutrient values, dietary allowances and population
which were obtained from the routine data systems of various government
institutions. These data includes:
i. Domestic Production: this comprises amounts of domestic production of
primary commodity of agricultural, fishery and livestock.
ii. Stock: this comprises of amount of commodity held in store during the
reference period.
iii. Imports: this covers the amounts of imports of agricultural commodities and
processed products.
iv. Population: the number of people estimated based on the 2002 Population and
Housing Census. This is used for the estimation of the per capita food supply
and the per capita food nutrients.
2. Estimation Methodology
i. Total Domestic Supply (TDS): This is computed by the following equation:
TDS = Production + Imports + Stocks - Exports
ii. Total Domestic Utilisation: computed by the following equation:
TDU = Food (a) + Seed (b) + Processed (c) + Waste (d) +Feed (e) + Other utilisations (f)
a) Food Utilisation: comprises the amount of commodity supplied which
are used for human consumption;
b) Seed Utilization: this represents the amounts of all the commodities
in question of domestic supply, which are used during the reference
period for reproduction purposes. The amounts of seed utilization of
a specific crop can be first estimated by multiplying the quantity of
seed utilization of the crop with the area in hectare under the crop
plantation during the reference year, and then followed by the
deduction of the amounts of imported seeds;
c) Processed Food Utilization: this covers the amounts of domestic food
supply that are used for food manufacture;
d) Waste/Loss: this comprises the amounts of commodity in question
wasted or lost at all stages between the level at which production is
recorded and the retail shop, i.e. the waste or loss and thrown-way
taking place in the household, e.g. in the kitchen, is excluded.
27. 16
e) Feed Utilization: comprises the amounts of commodity in question for
domestic supply, which are fed to livestock during the reference
period;
f) Other Utilisation: this covers the amounts of domestic food supply
that are used the non-food purposes
iii. Per Capita Food (net) Supply: are provided estimates for per capita food (net)
supplies available for human consumption during the reference period which
are expressed in terms of quantity in two ways: (1) in kilogram per year per
person; and (2) in gram per day per person.
iv. Nutrient Supply: equivalent of the food supply in terms of energy, protein and
fats computed by multiplying the daily per capita food supply in grams by the
corresponding nutrients value per 100 grams.
v. Food sufficiency: is a measure of the adequacy of available food supply to meet
the food requirements of the population. Expressed in percentage. It is
calculated by dividing the available supply for daily consumption by the
recommended dietary allowances multiplied by 100. The greater the
sufficiency value indicates that the available food supply is adequate to meet
the food requirements of the population while the lower value indicates
otherwise.
33. 22
Import, Trade and Stock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2007
FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR
Import Dependency
Ratio
Trade Depend.
Ratio
Stock Depend.
Ratio
Self sufficiency
Ratio
Import Dependency
Ratio
Trade Depend.
Ratio
Stock Depend.
Ratio
Self sufficiency
Ratio
% % % % % % % %
Grand total 42.5 -40.2 -12.3 47.5 Vegetables 8.6 -4.9 0.0 95.1
Vegetable products 43.9 -41.5 -11.8 46.8 Fruits 5.2 -5.2 0.0 94.8
Animal products 20.4 -20.4 -20.1 59.5 Stimulants 100.2 -100.0 0.0 0.0
Spices 4.6 141.8 -104.6 137.2
Cereals (excl. beer) 73.8 -70.6 -14.1 15.3 Alcoholic beverages 40.3 -40.3 0.0 59.7
Starchy roots 0.0 0.0 -1.4 98.6 Meat 4.3 -4.3 0.0 95.7
Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 0.2 -0.2 0.0 99.8
Sugar & Sw eeteners 39.7 -39.5 -60.5 0.0 Animal fats 53.5 -53.5 0.0 46.5
Pulses 86.1 -86.1 0.0 13.9 Milk (excluding butter) 29.2 -71.4 0.0 40.7
Treenuts 89.2 -89.2 0.0 10.8 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0
Oilcrops 0.4 -0.4 0.0 99.6 Fish & sea food 0.5 -0.5 0.0 99.5
Vegetable oils 54.8 -54.1 -10.0 35.9 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0
The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude ofproduction in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate
the extent to which a country relies on its own production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodityself-sufficiency:
- SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficientto meetutilization,and that the country is a net importer of a commodity;
- SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium;thatproduction meets the same level as utilization;
- SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization,and thatthe country is a net exporter of a commodity,or that there is a net transfer to stocks.
The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production + imports + stock change - exports):
- TDR value between -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer ofthe commodity;
- TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and thatstock change and utilization are covered by imports only;
- TDR values higher than 100% indicates a positive net transfer to stocks,or that the country is a net exporter of the commodity.
38. 27
Import, Trade and Stock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2008
FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR
Import
Dependency
Ratio
Trade Depend.
Ratio
Stock Depend.
Ratio
Self sufficiency
Ratio
Import
Dependency
Ratio
Trade Depend.
Ratio
Stock Depend.
Ratio
Self sufficiency
Ratio
% % % % % % % %
Grand total 47.3 -44.9 -12.8 42.3 Vegetables 20.4 -17.3 0.0 82.7
Vegetable products 48.2 -45.7 -12.1 42.2 Fruits 1.9 -1.9 0.0 98.1
Animal products 29.0 -29.0 -26.0 45.0 Stimulants 100.2 -100.0 0.0 0.0
Spices 4.9 141.2 -104.3 136.9
Cereals (excl. beer) 78.2 -74.9 -14.7 10.4 Alcoholic beverages 25.9 -25.9 0.0 74.1
Starchy roots 0.2 -0.2 -1.8 97.9 Meat 3.7 -3.7 0.0 96.3
Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 0.2 -0.2 0.0 99.8
Sugar & Sw eeteners 57.1 -57.0 -43.0 0.0 Animal fats 77.6 -77.6 0.0 22.4
Pulses 96.0 -96.0 0.0 4.0
Milk (excluding
butter) 49.8 -71.4 0.0 0.0
Treenuts 89.2 -89.2 0.0 10.8 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0
Oilcrops 0.4 -0.4 0.0 99.6 Fish & sea food 0.5 -0.4 0.0 99.6
Vegetable oils 54.7 -54.0 -10.0 36.0 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0
The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude of production in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to w hich a country
relies on its ow n production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodity self-sufficiency:
- SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficient to meet utilization, and that the country is a net importer of a commodity;
- SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium; that production meets the same level as utilization;
- SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization, and that the country is a net exporter of a commodity, or that there is a net transfer to stocks.
The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production +imports + stockchange - exports):
- TDR value betw een -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer of the commodity;
- TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and that stockchange and utilization are covered by imports only;
- TDR values higher than 100% indicates a positive net transfer to stocks, or that the country is a net exporter of the commodity.
43. 32
Import, Trade and Stock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2009
FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR
Import
Dependency
Ratio
Trade
Depend.
Ratio
Stock Depend.
Ratio
Self sufficiency
Ratio
Import
Dependency
Ratio
Trade
Depend.
Ratio
Stock
Depend.
Ratio
Self sufficiency
Ratio
% % % % % % % %
Grand total 44.7 -42.2 -13.5 44.3 Vegetables 14.9 -11.5 0.0 88.5
Vegetable products 47.2 -44.5 -13.3 42.2 Fruits 3.0 -3.0 0.0 97.0
Animal products 16.7 -16.7 -16.2 67.1 Stimulants 100.2 -100.0 0.0 0.0
Spices 2.9 146.2 -106.5 139.7
Cereals (excl. beer) 66.0 -61.9 -18.3 19.8 Alcoholic beverages 16.1 -16.1 0.0 83.9
Starchy roots 0.4 -0.4 -2.5 97.1 Meat 4.3 -4.3 0.0 95.7
Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 0.2 -0.2 0.0 99.8
Sugar & Sw eeteners 67.0 -66.9 -33.1 0.0 Animal fats 66.3 -66.3 0.0 33.7
Pulses 91.0 -91.0 0.0 9.0 Milk (excluding butter) 29.2 -71.4 0.0 40.7
Treenuts 89.2 -89.2 0.0 10.8 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0
Oilcrops 0.5 -0.5 0.0 99.5 Fish & sea food 0.3 -0.2 0.0 99.8
Vegetable oils 70.3 -69.8 -6.5 23.6 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0
The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude of production in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to w hich a country
relies on its ow n production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodity self-sufficiency:
- SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficient to meet utilization, and that the country is a net importer of a commodity;
- SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium; that production meets the same level as utilization;
- SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization, and that the country is a net exporter of a commodity, or that there is a net transfer to stocks.
The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production +imports + stockchange - exports):
- TDR value betw een -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer of the commodity;
- TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and that stockchange and utilization are covered by imports only;
- TDR values higher than 100% indicates a positive net transfer to stocks, or that the country is a net exporter of the commodity.
`
48. 37
Import, Trade and Stock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2010
FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR
Import
Dependency
Ratio
Trade
Depend.
Ratio
Stock Depend.
Ratio
Self sufficiency
Ratio
Import
Dependency
Ratio
Trade
Depend.
Ratio
Stock
Depend.
Ratio
Self sufficiency
Ratio
% % % % % % % %
Grand total 36.3 -34.2 -11.6 54.2 Vegetables 41.5 -39.2 0.0 60.8
Vegetable products 37.1 -34.8 -11.1 54.1 Fruits 36.8 -36.8 0.0 63.2
Animal products 24.3 -24.2 -19.5 56.3 Stimulants 100.0 -100.0 0.0 0.0
Spices 55.9 11.9 -48.4 63.5
Cereals (excl. beer) 65.1 -61.1 -17.6 21.3 Alcoholic beverages 31.5 -31.5 0.0 68.5
Starchy roots 0.3 -0.3 -1.1 98.6 Meat 29.4 -29.4 0.0 70.6
Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 35.3 -35.3 0.0 64.7
Sugar & Sw eeteners 53.3 -53.1 -46.9 0.0 Animal fats 60.1 -60.1 0.0 39.9
Pulses 89.8 -89.8 0.0 10.2 Milk (excluding butter) 31.8 -71.4 0.0 39.2
Treenuts 99.6 -99.6 0.0 0.4 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0
Oilcrops 1.3 -1.3 0.0 98.7 Fish & sea food 0.5 -0.4 0.0 99.6
Vegetable oils 36.3 -34.2 -11.6 54.2 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0
The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude of production in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to w hich a country relies
on its ow n production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodity self-sufficiency:
- SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficient to meet utilization, and that the country is a net importer of a commodity;
- SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium; that production meets the same level as utilization;
- SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization, and that the country is a net exporter of a commodity, or that there is a net transfer to stocks.
The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production +imports + stockchange - exports):
- TDR value betw een -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer of the commodity;
- TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and that stockchange and utilization are covered by imports only;
53. 42
Import, Trade and Stock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2011
FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR
Import
Dependency
Ratio
Trade
Depend.
Ratio
Stock
Depend.
Ratio
Self
sufficiency
Ratio
Import
Dependency
Ratio
Trade
Depend.
Ratio
Stock
Depend.
Ratio
Self
sufficiency
Ratio
% % % % % % % %
Grand total 62.1 -60.3 -9.7 30.0 Vegetables 20.8 -17.7 0.0 82.3
Vegetable
products 64.3 -62.4 -9.2 28.3 Fruits 3.0 -3.0 0.0 97.0
Animal products 22.0 -22.0 -18.4 59.5 Stimulants 100.2 -100.0 0.0 0.0
Spices 45.8 37.3 -59.4 77.9
Cereals (excl. beer) 73.7 -76.2 -11.1 12.7 Alcoholic beverages 48.1 -48.1 0.0 51.9
Starchy roots 2.5 -2.5 -2.2 95.2 Meat 15.3 -15.3 0.0 84.7
Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 31.3 -31.3 0.0 68.7
Sugar &
Sweeteners 67.5 -67.4 -32.6 0.0 Animal fats 55.9 -55.9 0.0 44.1
Pulses 94.5 -94.5 0.0 5.5
Milk (excluding
butter) 31.7 -71.4 0.0 39.2
Treenuts 89.6 -89.6 0.0 10.4 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0
Oilcrops 1.3 -1.3 0.0 98.7 Fish & sea food 0.4 -0.4 0.0 99.6
Vegetable oils 86.4 -86.2 -3.0 10.8 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0
The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude of production in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to
indicate the extent to which a country relies on its own production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodityself-sufficiency:
- SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficientto meetutilization,and that the country is a net importer of a commodity;
- SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium;thatproduction meets the same level as utilization;
- SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization,and thatthe country is a net exporter of a commodity, or that there is a net transfer to stocks.
The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production + imports + stock change - exports):
- TDR value between -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer ofthe commodity;
- TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and thatstock change and utilization are covered by imports only;
- TDR values higher than 100% indicates a positive net transfer to stocks,or that the country is a net exporter of the commodity.
