The document discusses the environmental impacts of rubber manufacturing and the importance of recycling rubber to mitigate pollution and waste. It outlines various types of rubber waste, production processes, and recycling methods, including grinding and devulcanization techniques. Additionally, the document highlights the benefits of rubber recycling in terms of energy savings and resource recovery.

1. RUBBER AND RUBBER TECHNOLOGY
CONVERSION OF RUBBER
Kutluhan Utku TÜMEN
2018 / 2019

2. Rubber and Rubber Technology 1 Materials Engineering
• Since many chemicals (sulfur, activators, fatty acid, accelerator, fillers,
plasticizer, antioxidant) are added to the mixture during the
preparation of the rubber products, a large amount of waste is then
encountered.
• Leakage emissions, solid waste and hazardous wastes are the
environmental effects that occur in the rubber manufacturing process.
Rubber Industry Waste
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• Solid wastes are produced during the manufacturing process of the
production of rubber products.
• In addition,rubbers that have completed their life are also in this
group.For example , If the tire tooth depth is less than 1.6 mm for
automobiles, it is defined as expired tire.
• Production processes where rubber wastes are formed are mixing,
pre-forming and vulcanizing processes.
• Waste rubber is collected in 3 groups.
- Non-vulcanized rubber
- Vulcanized rubber
- Scraps
Solid Wastes
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Solid Wastes

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Solid Wastes

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Solid Wastes

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• Several problems arise when storing used tires. These environmental and
community health problems are eliminated through recycling.
• It is necessary to recycle rubber as it increases landfill pollution. The
rubber takes a very long time to decompose and when it is burnt,
poisonous and carcinogenic gases are released increasing the pollution.
So rubber is recycled in industries to assist the economy and it also saves
energy.
• Energy savings can be achieved by the evaluation of old rubbers.
Recycle of Rubber
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Recycle of Rubber
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Direct Use
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Direct Use
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Peel – Cut
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Ambient Process
- Mechanical grinding using
steel rollers or blades
Granulation (Grinding)
Cryogenic Process
- Low temperature freezing using
liquid nitrogen with Hammer mill to
crack frozen tires
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Typical Ambient Grinding Process
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Shredder
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Shredder
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Shredder
Granulate
Ground tire rubber
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• Ground tire rubber form
Ambient grinding process
• Ground tire rubber form
Cryogenic grinding process
Shredder
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Particle Size Distribution – Ambient vs Cryogenic
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Application Areas of Shredder Method
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• Chemical + Heat
• Ultrasonic
• Microwave
Devulcanization Techniques
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• Devulcanizing agents (diphenyldisulphide, dibenzyldisulphide, diamyldisulphide)
+ High temperature + High pressure
• Slow devulcanization time
• Reaction takes place at the surface of the particles
Chemical + Heat
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Chemical + Heat
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Reclaimed Rubber Slabs
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• C-S, S-S are broken
• No solvents and chemicals involved
• Reaction throughout particles
• Short Devulcanization time
• Recycling process takes place in the extruder.
Ultrasonic
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• C-S, S-S are broken
• Use controlled microwave energy to devulcanize
• Materials to be applied with this process must be polar enough to accept the
microwave energy to generate heat for devulcanization.
• The energy of the waves is not to damage the C-C main chain.
• Batch process
• EPDM , NR , etc.
Microwave
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• It provides 100% recycling.
• No chemical additives used in the process.
• With this method, used waste tires will be shred by thermolysis method
(uses localized heat ) and steel wire, carbon black, pyrolytic oil (aromatic oil)
and gas phase products will be obtained.
•The combustion process is spontaneous and highly exothermic, and, once
initiated, it becomes self-supporting. The conversion temperature is in the
range of 1150 ͦC
•Products obtained from waste are used as raw materials in other industrial
establishments.
Pyrolysis System
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Pyrolysis System
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•Ahmed, R., Klundert, Arnold van de, Lardinois, I., Rubber Waste, Options for Smallscale Resource
Recovery, TOOL Publications and WASTE, 1996. A book aimed at small-scale rubber recyclers in
developing countries.
•Scrap Tire and Rubber Recycling Terminology Booklet developed by the ITRA Tire and Rubber Recycling
Advisory Council (TRRAC) (See address in following section). It is a valuable resource to understanding
the tire industry and tire recycling issues.
•Baarle, B. van, Het hervewerken van Rubberafval van Personenevagenbanden (Reuse of Rubber from
Passenger Vehicles), NOVEM / RIVM, The Netherlands 1988.
•http://www.thaiplastics.org/content_attachment/attach/k.%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%
B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_.pdf
•https://docplayer.biz.tr/20684489-Kaucuk-geri-donusumu.html
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