ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA's DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

RBG Communiversity

ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S
DOWNFALL
Concepts in White World Terror Domination

Click Here for Full Companion Video Playlist:
"RBG GEO-POLITICAL TRUTH SERUM,
Blow Back and Reverberation"
by RBG BLAKADEMICS

Contents
Articles
Colonialism 1
Neocolonialism 18
Hegemony 31
Cultural hegemony 35
Imperialism 38
Cultural imperialism 45
New Imperialism 51

References
Article Sources and Contributors 64
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 66

Article Licenses
License 68

OPEN / VIEW THE ICEBREAKER VIDEO
(Link to full playlist above)

ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

Colonialism 1

Colonialism
Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and
expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory.
It is a process whereby the metropole claims sovereignty over the
colony, and the social structure, government, and economics of the
colony are changed by colonizers from the metropole. Colonialism is a
set of unequal relationships between the metropole and the colony and
between the colonists and the indigenous population.[1]

The European colonial period was the era from the 1500s to, arguably,
the 1990s when several European powers (particularly (but not
exclusively) Spain, Portugal, Britain, the Netherlands and France)
established colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. At first the
countries followed mercantilist policies designed to strengthen the The pith helmet (in this case, of the Second
home economy at the expense of rivals, so the colonies were usually French Empire) is an icon of colonialism in
tropical lands
allowed to trade only with the mother country. By the mid-19th
century, however, the powerful British Empire gave up mercantilism
and trade restrictions and introduced the principle of free trade, with few restrictions or tariffs.

Definitions
Collins English Dictionary defines colonialism as "the policy and
practice of a power in extending control over weaker peoples or
areas."[2] The Merriam-Webster Dictionary offers four definitions,
including "something characteristic of a colony" and "control by one
power over a dependent area or people."[3]
The 2006 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "uses the term
'colonialism' to describe the process of European settlement and
political control over the rest of the world, including Americas,
Australia, and parts of Africa and Asia." It discusses the distinction 1541 founding of Santiago de Chile
between colonialism and imperialism and states that "given the
difficulty of consistently distinguishing between the two terms, this entry will use colonialism as a broad concept
that refers to the project of European political domination from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries that ended
with the national liberation movements of the 1960s."[4]

In his preface to Jürgen Osterhammel's Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview, Roger Tignor says, "For Osterhammel,
the essence of colonialism is the existence of colonies, which are by definition governed differently from other
territories such as protectorates or informal spheres of influence."[5] In the book, Osterhammel asks, "How can
'colonialism' be defined independently from 'colony?'"[6] He settles on a three-sentence definition:
Colonialism is a relationship between an indigenous (or forcibly imported) majority and a minority of foreign
invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonized people are made and implemented by
the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis. Rejecting cultural
compromises with the colonized population, the colonizers are convinced of their own superiority and their
ordained mandate to rule.[7]


Colonialism 2

Types of colonialism
Historians often distinguish between two overlapping forms of
colonialism:
• Settler colonialism involves large-scale immigration, often
motivated by religious, political, or economic reasons.
• Exploitation colonialism involves fewer colonists and focuses
on access to resources for export, typically to the metropole.
This category includes trading posts as well as larger colonies
where colonists would constitute much of the political and
economic administration, but would rely on indigenous
resources for labour and material. Prior to the end of the slave
trade and widespread abolition, when indigenous labour was
unavailable, slaves were often imported to the Americas, first
by the Spanish Empire, and later by the Dutch, French and
Dutch family in Java, 1927
British.

Plantation colonies would be considered exploitation colonialism; but colonizing powers would utilize either type for
different territories depending on various social and economic factors as well as climate and geographic conditions.
Surrogate colonialism involves a settlement project supported by colonial power, in which most of the settlers do not
come from the mainstream of the ruling power.
Internal colonialism is a notion of uneven structural power between areas of a nation state. The source of exploitation
comes from within the state.

Sociocultural evolution
As colonialism often played out in pre-populated areas sociocultural evolution included the creation of various
ethnically hybrid populations. Colonialism gave rise to culturally and ethnically mixed populations such as the
mestizos of the Americas, as well as racially divided populations as found in French Algeria or Southern Rhodesia.
In fact everywhere where Colonial powers established a consistent and continued presence hybrid communities
existed.
Notable examples in Asia include the Anglo-Burmese people, Anglo-Indian, Burgher people, Eurasian Singaporean,
Filipino mestizo, Kristang people and Macanese people. In the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) the vast majority
of Dutch settlers were in fact Eurasians known as Indo-Europeans, formally belonging to the European legal class in
the colony.[8] [9]


Colonialism 3

History
Activity that could be called colonialism has
a long history. The Egyptians, Phoenicians,
Greeks and Romans all built colonies in
antiquity. The word "metropole" comes
from the Greek metropolis [Greek:
"μητρόπολις"]—"mother city". The word
"colony" comes from the Latin colonia—"a
place for agriculture". Between the 11th and
18th centuries, the Vietnamese established
World map of colonialism in 1800
military colonies south of their original
territory and absorbed the territory, in a
process known as nam tiến.[10]

Modern colonialism started with the Age of
Discovery. Portugal and Spain discovered
new lands across the oceans and built
trading posts or conquered large extensions
of land. For some people, it is this building
of colonies across oceans that differentiates
colonialism from other types of
This map of the world in 1914 shows the large colonial empires that powerful
expansionism. These new lands were nations established across the globe
divided between the Portuguese Empire and
Spanish Empire, first by the papal bull Inter
caetera and then by the Treaty of Tordesillas
and the Treaty of Zaragoza (1529).

This period is also associated with the
Commercial Revolution. The late Middle
Ages saw reforms in accountancy and
banking in Italy and the eastern
Mediterranean. These ideas were adopted
and adapted in western Europe to the high World map of colonialism at the end of the Second World War in 1945
risks and rewards associated with colonial
ventures.

The 17th century saw the creation of the French colonial empire and the Dutch Empire, as well as the English
colonial empire, which later became the British Empire. It also saw the establishment of a Danish colonial empire
and some Swedish overseas colonies.
The spread of colonial empires was reduced in the late 18th and early 19th centuries by the American Revolutionary
War and the Latin American wars of independence. However, many new colonies were established after this time,
including the German colonial empire and Belgian colonial empire. In the late 19th century, many European powers
were involved in the Scramble for Africa.
The Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire and Austrian Empire existed at the same time as the above empires, but did
not expand over oceans. Rather, these empires expanded through the more traditional route of conquest of
neighbouring territories. There was, though, some Russian colonization of the Americas across the Bering Strait. The
Empire of Japan modelled itself on European colonial empires. The United States of America gained overseas
territories after the Spanish-American War for which the term "American Empire" was coined.


Colonialism 4

After the First World War, the victorious allies divided up the German colonial empire and much of the Ottoman
Empire between themselves as League of Nations mandates. These territories were divided into three classes
according to how quickly it was deemed that they would be ready for independence.[11] However, decolonisation
outside the Americas lagged until after the Second World War. In 1962 the United Nations set up a Special
Committee on Decolonization, often called the Committee of 24, to encourage this process.
Further, dozens of independence movements and global political solidarity projects such as the Non-Aligned
Movement were instrumental in the decolonization efforts of former colonies.

European colonies in 1914
The major European empires consisted of the following colonies at the start of World War I (former colonies of the
Spanish Empire became independent before 1914 and are not listed; former colonies of other European empires that
previously became independent, such as the former French colony Haiti, are not listed):
British colonies:
• Aden
• Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
• Ascension Island
• Australia
• Bahamas
• Basutoland
• Bechuanaland
• British East Africa
• British Guiana
• British Honduras
• British Hong Kong
• British Somaliland
Colonial Governor of the Seychelles inspecting
• Burma
police guard of honour in 1972
• Canada
• Ceylon
• Egypt
• Ellice Island
• Falkland Islands
• Fiji Island
• Gambia
• Gold Coast
• India
• Ireland
• Jamaica The defence of Rorke's Drift during the
Anglo-Zulu War of 1879
• Malaya
• New Zealand
• Nigeria
• Northern Rhodesia
• Oman
• Papua
• Sarawak
• Sierra Leone
• South Rhodesia


Colonialism 5

• St. Helena
• Swaziland
• Trinidad and Tobago
• Uganda
• Union of South Africa
Dutch colonies:
• Curaçao and Dependencies
• Dutch East Indies
• Suriname
French colonies:
• Algeria
• Clipperton Island
• Comoros Islands
• French Guiana
• French Equatorial Africa
• Chad
• Oubangui-Chari
Siege of Constantine (1836) during the French
• French Congo conquest of Algeria.
• Gabon

• French India (Pondichéry, Chandernagor, Karikal, Mahé and Yanaon)
• French Indochina
• Annam
• Cambodia
• Cochinchina
• Laos
• Tonkin
• French Polynesia
• French Somaliland
• French Southern and Antarctic Lands
• French West Africa
• Benin French officers and Tonkinese riflemen, 1884

• Côte d'Ivoire
• Dahomey
• Guinea
• French Sudan
• Mauritania
• Niger
• Senegal
• Upper Volta
• Guadeloupe
• Saint Barthélemy
• Saint Martin
• La Réunion
• Madagascar
• Martinique


Colonialism 6

• Morocco
• New Caledonia
• Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
• Shanghai French Concession (similar concessions in Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, Tientsin, Hankéou)
• Tunisia
• Vanuatu
• Wallis-et-Futuna
German Empire colonies:
• Cameroon
• Caroline Islands
• German New Guinea
• German East Africa
• German South West Africa
• Gilbert Islands
• Mariana Islands
• Marshall Islands Kamerun, 1908

• Togo

Portuguese colonies:
• Azores
• Madeira
• Portuguese Africa
• Portuguese Angola
• Portuguese Cape Verde
• Portuguese Congo
• Portuguese Guinea
• Portuguese Mozambique
• Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
• Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá
• Portuguese Asia
• Portuguese India Portuguese women in Goa, India, 16th
• Portuguese Macau century

• Portuguese Timor


Colonialism 7

Numbers of European settlers in the colonies (1500-1914)

By 1914, Europeans had migrated to the colonies in the millions. Some
intended to remain in the colonies as temporary settlers, mainly as military
personnel or on business. Others went to the colonies as immigrants. British
citizens were by far the most numerous population to migrate to the
colonies: 2.5 million settled in Canada; 1.5 million in Australia; 750,000 in
New Zealand; 450,000 in the Union of South Africa; and 200,000 in India.
French citizens also migrated in large numbers, mainly to the colonies in
the north African Maghreb region: 1.3 million settled in Algeria; 200,000 in
Morocco; 100,000 in Tunisia; while only 20,000 migrated to French
Indochina. Dutch and German colonies saw relatively scarce European
migration, since Dutch and German colonial expansion focused upon
commercial goals rather than settlement. Portugal sent 150,000 settlers to
Angola, 80,000 to Mozambique, and 20,000 to Goa. During the Spanish
Empire, approximately 550,000 Spanish settlers migrated to Latin
Millions of Irish left Ireland for Canada and
America.[12] U.S. following the Great Famine in the
1840s.

Neocolonialism
The term neocolonialism has been used to refer to a variety of contexts since decolonization that took place after
World War II. Generally it does not refer to a type of direct colonization, rather, colonialism by other means.
Specifically, neocolonialism refers to the theory that former or existing economic relationships, such as the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Central American Free Trade Agreement, created by former colonial
powers were or are used to maintain control of their former colonies and dependencies after the colonial
independence movements of the post–World War II period.


Colonialism 8

Colonialism and the history of thought

Universalism
The conquest of vast territories brings multitudes of diverse
cultures under the central control of the imperial authorities. From
the time of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, this fact has been
addressed by empires adopting the concept of universalism, and
applying it to their imperial policies towards their subjects far
from the imperial capitol. The capitol, the metropole, was the
source of ostensibly enlightened policies imposed throughout the
distant colonies.
The empire that grew from Athenian conquest spurred the spread
of Greek language, religion, science and philosophy throughout
the colonies. The Athenians considered their own culture superior
to all others. They referred to people speaking foreign languages
as barbarians, dismissing foreign languages as inferior mutterings
that sounded to Greek ears like "bar-bar".

Romans found efficiency in imposing a universalist policy towards
their colonies in many matters. Roman law was imposed on
Roman citizens, as well as colonial subjects, throughout the
empire. Latin spread as the common language of government and
trade, the lingua franca, throughout the Empire. Romans also
imposed peace between their diverse foreign subjects, which they Paris Colonial Exposition
described in beneficial terms as the Pax Romana. The use of
universal regulation by the Romans marks the emergence of a European concept of universalism and
internationalism. Tolerance of other cultures and beliefs has always been secondary to the aims of empires, however.
The Roman Empire was tolerant of diverse cultures and religious practises, so long as these did not threaten Roman
authority. Napoleon's foreign minister, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, once remarked: "Empire is the art of putting
men in their place".[13]

Colonialism and geography
Settlers acted as the link between the natives and the imperial hegemony, bridging the geographical, ideological and
commercial gap between the colonisers and colonised. Advanced technology made possible the expansion of
European states. With tools such as cartography, shipbuilding, navigation, mining and agricultural productivity
colonisers had an upper hand. Their awareness of the Earth's surface and abundance of practical skills provided
colonisers with a knowledge that, in turn, created power.[14]
Painter and Jeffrey argue that geography as a discipline was not and is not an objective science, rather it is based on
assumptions about the physical world. Whereas it may have given “The West” an advantage when it came to
exploration, it also created zones of racial inferiority. Geographical beliefs such as environmental determinism, the
view that some parts of the world are underdeveloped, legitimised colonialism and created notions of skewed
evolution.[14] These are now seen as elementary concepts. Political geographers maintain that colonial behavior was
reinforced by the physical mapping of the world, visually separating “them” and “us”. Geographers are primarily
focused on the spaces of colonialism and imperialism, more specifically, the material and symbolic appropriation of
space enabling colonialism.[15]


Colonialism 9

Colonialism and imperialism
A colony is part of an empire and so colonialism is closely related
to imperialism. Assumptions are that colonialism and imperialism
are interchangeable, however Robert Young suggests that
imperialism is the concept while colonialism is the practice.
Colonialism is based on an imperial outlook, thereby creating a
consequential relationship. Through an empire, colonialism is
established and capitalism is expanded, on the other hand a
capitalist economy naturally enforces an empire. In the next
section Marxists make a case for this mutually reinforcing
relationship.

Marxist view of colonialism
Marxism views colonialism as a form of capitalism, enforcing
exploitation and social change. Marx thought that working within
the global capitalist system, colonialism is closely associated with
Governor-General Félix Éboué welcomes Charles de
uneven development. It is an “instrument of wholesale destruction,
Gaulle to Chad.
dependency and systematic exploitation producing distorted
economies, socio-psychological disorientation, massive poverty
and neocolonial dependency.”[16] According to some Marxist historians, in all of the colonial countries ruled by
Western European countries “the natives were robbed of more than half their natural span of life by
undernourishment”.[17] Colonies are constructed into modes of production. The search for raw materials and the
current search for new investment opportunities is a result of inter-capitalist rivalry for capital accumulation. Lenin
regarded colonialism as the root cause of imperialism, as imperialism was distinguished by monopoly capitalism via
colonialism and as Lyal S. Sunga explains: "Vladimir Lenin advocated forcefully the principle of self-determination
of peoples in his "Theses on the Socialist Revolution and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination" as an integral
plank in the programme of socialist internationalism" and he quotes Lenin who contended that "The right of nations
to self-determination implies exclusively the right to independence in the political sense, the right to free political
separation from the oppressor nation. Specifically, this demand for political democracy implies complete freedom to
agitate for secession and for a referendum on secession by the seceding nation."[18]

In his critique of colonialism in Africa, the Guyanese historian and political activist Walter Rodney states:
"The decisiveness of the short period of colonialism and its negative consequences for Africa spring mainly
from the fact that Africa lost power. Power is the ultimate determinant in human society, being basic to the
relations within any group and between groups. It implies the ability to defend one’s interests and if necessary
to impose one’s will by any means available. In relations between peoples, the question of power determines
manoeuvrability in bargaining, the extent to which one people respect the interests of another, and eventually
the extent to which a people survive as a physical and cultural entity. When one society finds itself forced to
relinquish power entirely to another society that in itself is a form of underdevelopment....During the centuries
of pre-colonial trade, some control over social political and economic life was retained in Africa, in spite of
the disadvantageous commerce with Europeans. That little control over internal matters disappeared under
colonialism. Colonialism went much further than trade. It meant a tendency towards direct appropriation by
Europeans of the social institutions within Africa. Africans ceased to set indigenous cultural goals and
standards, and lost full command of training young members of the society. Those were undoubtedly major
steps backwards.... Colonialism was not merely a system of exploitation, but one whose essential purpose was
to repatriate the profits to the so-called ‘mother country’. From an African view-point, that amounted to


Colonialism 10

consistent expatriation of surplus produced by African labour out of African resources. It meant the
development of Europe as part of the same dialectical process in which Africa was underdeveloped."
“Colonial Africa fell within that part of the international capitalist economy from which surplus was drawn to feed
the metropolitan sector. As seen earlier, exploitation of land and labour is essential for human social advance, but
only on the assumption that the product is made available within the area where the exploitation takes place.
[19][20]

Liberalism, capitalism and colonialism
Classical liberals generally opposed colonialism (as opposed to colonization) and imperialism, including Adam
Smith, Frédéric Bastiat, Richard Cobden, John Bright, Henry Richard, Herbert Spencer, H. R. Fox Bourne, Edward
Morel, Josephine Butler, W. J. Fox and William Ewart Gladstone. Moreover, American revolution was the first
anti-colonial rebellion, inspiring others.[21]
Adam Smith wrote in Wealth of Nations that Britain should liberate all of its colonies and also noted that it would be
economically beneficial for British people in the average, although the merchants having mercantilist privileges
would lose out.[21]

Post-colonialism
Further information: Dutch Indies literature
Post-colonialism (or post-colonial theory) can refer to a set of theories
in philosophy and literature that grapple with the legacy of colonial
rule. In this sense, postcolonial literature may be considered a branch
of postmodern literature concerned with the political and cultural
independence of peoples formerly subjugated in colonial empires.
Many practitioners take Edward Saïd's book Orientalism (1978) as the
theory's founding work (although French theorists such as Aimé
Césaire and Frantz Fanon made similar claims decades before Said).

Saïd analysed the works of Balzac, Baudelaire and Lautréamont, Anzac Day Parade in Brisbane, Australia.
exploring how they both absorbed and helped to shape a societal
fantasy of European racial superiority. Writers of post-colonial fiction interact with the traditional colonial discourse,
but modify or subvert it; for instance by retelling a familiar story from the perspective of an oppressed minor
character in the story. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's Can the Subaltern Speak? (1998) gave its name to Subaltern
Studies.

In A Critique of Postcolonial Reason (1999), Spivak explored how major works of European metaphysics (such as
those of Kant and Hegel) not only tend to exclude the subaltern from their discussions, but actively prevent
non-Europeans from occupying positions as fully human subjects. Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), famous
for its explicit ethnocentrism, considers Western civilization as the most accomplished of all, while Kant also
allowed some traces of racialism to enter his work.


Colonialism 11

Impact of colonialism and colonization
The impacts of colonization are immense and pervasive.[22]
Various effects, both immediate and protracted, include the
spread of virulent diseases, the establishment of unequal social
relations, exploitation, enslavement, medical advances, the
creation of new institutions, and technological progress.
Colonial practices also spur the spread of languages, literature
and cultural institutions. The native cultures of the colonized
peoples can also have a powerful influence on the imperial
country.

The Dutch Public Health Service provides medical care
Expansion of trade
for the natives of the Dutch East Indies, May 1946
Imperial expansion has been accompanied by economic
expansion since ancient times. Greek trade networks spread throughout the Mediterranean region, while Roman
trade expanded with the main goal of directing tribute from the colonized areas towards the Roman metropole. With
the development of trade routes under the Ottoman Empire,
Gujari Hindus, Syrian Muslims, Jews, Armenians, Christians from south and central Europe operated trading
routes that supplied Persian and Arab horses to the armies of all three empires, Mocha coffee to Delhi and
Belgrade, Persian silk to India and Istanbul.[23]
Aztec civilization developed into a large empire that, much like the Roman Empire, had the goal of exacting tribute
from the conquered colonial areas. For the Aztecs, the most important tribute was the acquisition of sacrificial
victims for their religious rituals.[24]

Slaves and indentured servants
Further information: Atlantic slave trade and Indentured servant
European nations entered their imperial projects with the goal of
enriching the European metropole. Exploitation of non-Europeans and
other Europeans to support imperial goals was acceptable to the
colonizers. Two outgrowths of this imperial agenda were slavery and
indentured servitude. In the 17th century, nearly two-thirds of English
settlers came to North America as indentured servants.[25]

African slavery had existed long before Europeans discovered it as an
exploitable means of creating an inexpensive labour force for the
Slave memorial in Zanzibar. The Sultan of
colonies. Europeans brought transportation technology to the practise, Zanzibar complied with British demands that
bringing large numbers of African slaves to the Americas by sail. slavery be banned in Zanzibar and that all the
Spain and Portugal had brought African slaves to work at African slaves be freed.

colonies such as Cape Verde and the Azores, and then Latin America,
by the 16th century. The British, French and Dutch joined in the slave trade in subsequent centuries. Ultimately,
around 11 million Africans were taken to the Caribbean and North and South America as slaves by European
colonizers.[26]


Colonialism 12

European empire Colonial destination Number of slaves imported[26]

Portuguese Empire Brazil 3,646,800

British Empire British Caribbean 1,665,000

French Empire French Caribbean 1,600,200

Spanish Empire Latin America 1,552,100

Dutch Empire Dutch Caribbean 500,000

British Empire British North America 399,000

Abolitionists in Europe and America protested the inhumane treatment of
African slaves, which led to the elimination of the slave trade by the late
19th century. The labour shortage that resulted inspired European
colonizers to develop a new source of labour, using a system of
indentured servitude. Indentured servants consented to a contract with the
European colonizers. Under their contract, the servant would work for an
employer for a term of at least a year, while the employer agreed to pay
for the servant's voyage to the colony, possibly pay for the return to the
country of origin, and pay the employee a wage as well. The employee
was "indentured" to the employer because they owed a debt back to the
employer for their travel expense to the colony, which they were
expected to pay through their wages. In practice, indentured servants
were exploited through terrible working conditions and burdensome
debts created by the employers, with whom the servants had no means of
negotiating the debt once they arrived in the colony.
Slave traders in Senegal. For centuries
India and China were the largest source of indentured servants during the Africans had sold other Africans to the Arabs
colonial era. Indentured servants from India travelled to British colonies and Europeans as slaves.
in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean, and also to French and Portuguese
colonies, while Chinese servants travelled to British and Dutch colonies. Between 1830 and 1930, around 30 million
indentured servants migrated from India, and 24 million returned to India. China sent more indentured servants to
European colonies, and around the same proportion returned to China.[27]

Military innovation
Imperial expansion follows military conquest in most instances. Imperial armies therefore have a long history of
military innovation in order to gain an advantage over the armies of the people they aim to conquer. Greeks
developed the phalanx system, which enabled their military units to present themselves to their enemies as a wall,
with foot soldiers using shields to cover one another during their advance on the battlefield. Under Philip II of
Macedon, they were able to organize thousands of soldiers into a formidable battle force, bringing together carefully
trained infantry and cavalry regiments.[28] Alexander the Great exploited this military foundation further during his
conquests.
The Spanish Empire held a major advantage over Mesoamerican warriors through the use of weapons made of
stronger metal, predominantly iron, which was able to shatter the blades of axes used by the Aztec civilization and
others. The European development of firearms using gunpowder cemented their military advantage over the peoples
they sought to subjugate in the Americas and elsewhere.


Colonialism 13

The end of empire
The populations of some colonial territories, such as Canada, enjoyed
relative peace and prosperity as part of a European power, at least
among the majority; however, minority populations such as First
Nations peoples and French-Canadians experienced marginalization
and resented colonial practises. Francophone residents of Quebec, for
example, were vocal in opposing conscription into the armed services
to fight on behalf of Britain during World War I, resulting in the
Conscription crisis of 1917. Other European colonies had much more
Gandhi having tea with Lord Mountbatten, 1947
pronounced conflict between European settlers and the local
population. Rebellions broke out in the later decades of the imperial
era, such as India's Sepoy Rebellion.

The territorial boundaries imposed by European colonizers, notably in central Africa and south Asia, defied the
existing boundaries of native populations that had previously interacted little with one another. European colonizers
disregarded native political and cultural animosities, imposing peace upon people under their military control. Native
populations were relocated at the will of the colonial administrators. Once independence from European control was
achieved, civil war erupted in some former colonies, as native populations fought to capture territory for their own
ethnic, cultural or political group. The Partition of India, a 1947 civil war that came in the aftermath of India's
independence from Britain, became a conflict with 500,000 killed. Fighting erupted between Hindu, Sikh and
Muslim communities as they fought for territorial dominance. Muslims fought for an independent country to be
partitioned where they would not be a religious minority, resulting in the creation of Pakistan.[29]

Post-independence population movement
In a reversal of the migration patterns experienced during the modern
colonial era, post-independence era migration followed a route back
towards the imperial country. In some cases, this was a movement of
settlers of European origin returning to the land of their birth, or to an
ancestral birthplace. 900,000 French colonists (known as the
Pied-Noirs) resettled in France following Algeria's independence in
1962. A significant number of these migrants were also of Algerian
descent. 800,000 people of Portuguese origin migrated to Portugal after
The annual Notting Hill Carnival in London is a
the independence of former colonies in Africa between 1974 and 1979; celebration led by the Trinidadian and
300,000 settlers of Dutch origin migrated to the Netherlands from the Tobagonian British community.
Dutch West Indies after Dutch military control of the colony ended.[30]

After WWII 300,000 Dutchmen from the Dutch East Indies, of which the majority were people of Eurasian descent
called Indo Europeans, repatriated to the Netherlands. A significant number later migrated to the US, Canada,
Australia and New Zealand.[31][32]
Global travel and migration in general developed at an increasingly brisk pace throughout the era of European
colonial expansion. Citizens of the former colonies of European countries may have a privileged status in some
respects with regard to immigration rights when settling in the former European imperial nation. For example, rights
to dual citizenship may be generous,[33] or larger immigrant quotas may be extended to former colonies.
In some cases, the former European imperial nations continue to foster close political and economic ties with former
colonies. The Commonwealth of Nations is an organization that promotes cooperation between and among Britain
and its former colonies, the Commonwealth members. A similar organization exists for former colonies of France,
the Francophonie; the Community of Portuguese Language Countries plays a similar role for former Portuguese


Colonialism 14

colonies, and the Dutch Language Union is the equivalent for former colonies of the Netherlands.
Migration from former colonies has proven to be problematic for European countries, where the majority population
may express hostility to ethnic minorities who have immigrated from former colonies. Cultural and religious conflict
have often erupted in France in recent decades, between immigrants from the Maghreb countries of north Africa and
the majority population of France. Nonetheless, immigration has changed the ethnic composition of France; by the
1980s, 25% of the total population of "inner Paris" and 14% of the metropolitan region were of foreign origin,
mainly Algerian.[34]

Impact on health
Encounters between explorers and populations in the rest of the world
often introduced new diseases, which sometimes caused local
epidemics of extraordinary virulence.[35] For example, smallpox,
measles, malaria, yellow fever, and others were unknown in
pre-Columbian America.[36]
Disease killed the entire native (Guanches) population of the Canary
Islands in the 16th century. Half the native population of Hispaniola in
1518 was killed by smallpox. Smallpox also ravaged Mexico in the
1520s, killing 150,000 in Tenochtitlan alone, including the emperor,
Aztecs dying of smallpox, (“The Florentine
and Peru in the 1530s, aiding the European conquerors. Measles killed Codex” 1540–85)
a further two million Mexican natives in the 17th century. In
1618–1619, smallpox wiped out 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans.[37] Smallpox epidemics in
1780–1782 and 1837–1838 brought devastation and drastic depopulation among the Plains Indians.[38] Some believe
that the death of up to 95% of the Native American population of the New World was caused by Old World
diseases.[39] Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the
indigenous peoples had no time to build such immunity.[40]

Smallpox decimated the native population of Australia, killing around 50% of indigenous Australians in the early
[41]
years of British colonisation. It also killed many New Zealand Māori.[42] As late as 1848–49, as many as 40,000
out of 150,000 Hawaiians are estimated to have died of measles, whooping cough and influenza. Introduced
diseases, notably smallpox, nearly wiped out the native population of Easter Island.[43] In 1875, measles killed over
40,000 Fijians, approximately one-third of the population.[44] The Ainu population decreased drastically in the 19th
century, due in large part to infectious diseases brought by Japanese settlers pouring into Hokkaido.[45]
Conversely, researchers concluded that syphilis was carried from the New World to Europe after Columbus's
voyages. The findings suggested Europeans could have carried the nonvenereal tropical bacteria home, where the
organisms may have mutated into a more deadly form in the different conditions of Europe.[46] The disease was
more frequently fatal than it is today; syphilis was a major killer in Europe during the Renaissance.[47] The first
cholera pandemic began in Bengal, then spread across India by 1820. Ten thousand British troops and countless
Indians died during this pandemic.[48] Between 1736 and 1834 only some 10% of East India Company's officers
survived to take the final voyage home.[49] Waldemar Haffkine, who mainly worked in India, who developed and
used vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague in the 1890s, is considered the first microbiologist.


Colonialism 15

Countering disease
As early as 1803, the Spanish Crown organised a mission (the Balmis expedition) to transport the smallpox vaccine
to the Spanish colonies, and establish mass vaccination programs there.[50] By 1832, the federal government of the
United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans.[51] Under the direction of
Mountstuart Elphinstone a program was launched to propagate smallpox vaccination in India.[52] From the beginning
of the 20th century onwards, the elimination or control of disease in tropical countries became a driving force for all
colonial powers.[53] The sleeping sickness epidemic in Africa was arrested due to mobile teams systematically
screening millions of people at risk.[54] In the 20th century, the world saw the biggest increase in its population in
human history due to lessening of the mortality rate in many countries due to medical advances.[55] The world
population has grown from 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 7 billion today.

Notes
[1] Origins – the invention of colonialism: see article on Ronald Daus, references and bibliography
[2] "Colonialism" (http:/ / www. collinsdictionary. com/ dictionary/ english/ colonialism). Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. 2011. .
Retrieved 8 January 2012.
[3] "Colonialism" (http:/ / www. merriam-webster. com/ dictionary/ colonialism). Merriam-Webbster. Merriam-Webster. 2010. . Retrieved 5
April 2010.
[4] Margaret Kohn (2006). "Colonialism" (http:/ / plato. stanford. edu/ entries/ colonialism/ ). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford
University. . Retrieved 5 April 2010.
[5] Tignor, Roger (2005). preface to Colonialism: a theoretical overview (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=CMfksrnWaUkC&
pg=PR10#v=onepage). Markus Weiner Publishers. p. x. ISBN 1-55876-340-6, 9781558763401. . Retrieved 5 April 2010.
[6] Osterhammel, Jürgen (2005). Colonialism: a theoretical overview (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=CMfksrnWaUkC&
pg=PA15#v=onepage). trans. Shelley Frisch. Markus Weiner Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 1-55876-340-6, 9781558763401. . Retrieved 5 April
2010.
[7] Osterhammel, Jürgen (2005). Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=CMfksrnWaUkC&
pg=PA16#v=onepage). trans. Shelley Frisch. Markus Weiner Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 1-55876-340-6, 9781558763401. . Retrieved 5 April
2010.
[8] Bosma U., Raben R. Being "Dutch" in the Indies: a history of creolisation and empire, 1500–1920 (University of Michigan, NUS Press,
2008) P.223 ISBN 9971-69-373-9 Googlebook (http:/ / books. google. nl/ books?id=47wCTCJX9X4C& dq=Carel+ Pieter+ Brest+ van+
Kempen& source=gbs_navlinks_s)
[9] Gouda, Frances ‘Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies 1900-1942.’ (Publisher: Equinox, 2008) ISBN
978-979-3780-62-7 Chapter 5, P.163 (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=nN6G-lMk_DEC& source=gbs_navlinks_s)
[10] The Le Dynasty and Southward Expansion (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ vietnam/ 11. htm)
[11] "The Trusteeship Council - The mandate system of the League of Nations" (http:/ / www. nationsencyclopedia. com/ United-Nations/
The-Trusteeship-Council-THE-MANDATE-SYSTEM-OF-THE-LEAGUE-OF-NATIONS. html). Encyclopedia of the Nations. Advameg.
2010. . Retrieved 8 August 2010.
[12] King, Russell (2010). People on the Move: An Atlas of Migration. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 34–5.
ISBN 0-520-26151-8.
[13] Pagden, Anthony (2003). Peoples and Empires. New York: Modern Library. pp. xxiii. ISBN 0-8129-6761-5.
[14] "Painter, J. & Jeffrey, A., 2009. Political Geography 2nd ed., Sage. “Imperialism” pg 23 (GIC)
[15] Gallaher, C. et al., 2008. Key Concepts in Political Geography, Sage Publications Ltd. "Imperialism/Colonialism" pg 5 (GIC)
[16] Dictionary of Human Geography, "Colonialism"
[17] The Labour Government 1945-51 by Denis Nowell Pritt
[18] In the Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments and Codification, Brill Publishers (1997) at page 90, Sunga traces the
origin of the international movement against colonialism, and relates it to the rise of the right to self-determination in international law.
[19] Walter Rodney. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=CwSSkemSJLcC& pg=PA224). East African
Publishers. p. 149, 224. .
[20] Henry Schwarz; Sangeeta Ray (2004). A Companion To Postcolonial Studies (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=eyiZafDHpqoC&
pg=PA271). John Wiley & Sons. p. 271. .
[21] Liberal Anti-Imperialism (http:/ / www. setav. org/ ups/ dosya/ 24514. pdf), professor Daniel Klein, 1.7.2004
[22] Come Back, Colonialism, All is Forgiven (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ world/ article/ 0,8599,1713275,00. html)
[23] Pagden, Anthony (2003). Peoples and Empires. New York: Modern Library. pp. 45. ISBN 0-8129-6761-5.
[25] " White Servitude (http:/ / www. montgomerycollege. edu/ Departments/ hpolscrv/ whiteser. html)", by Richard Hofstadter, Montgomery
College


Colonialism 16

[26] King, Russell (2010). People on the Move: An Atlas of Migration. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 24.
ISBN 978-0-520-26124-2.
[27] King, Russell (2010). People on the Move: An Atlas of Migration. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 26–7.
ISBN 978-0-520-26124-2.
[29] White, Matthew (2012). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things. London: W.W. Norton & Co. Ltd.. pp. 427. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
[30] King, Russell (2010). People on the Move: An Atlas of Migration. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 35.
ISBN 978-0-520-26124-2.
[31] Willlems, Wim "De uittocht uit Indie (1945–1995), De geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders" (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam,
2001). ISBN 90-351-2361-1
[32] Crul, Lindo and Lin Pang. Culture, Structure and Beyond, Changing identities and social positions of immigrants and their children (Het
Spinhuis Publishers, 1999). ISBN 90-5589-173-8
[33] "British Nationality Act 1981" (http:/ / www. legislation. gov. uk/ ukpga/ 1981/ 61). The National Archives, United Kingdom. . Retrieved
February 24, 2012.
[34] Seljuq, Affan (July 1997). "Cultural Conflicts: North African Immigrants in France" (http:/ / www. gmu. edu/ programs/ icar/ ijps/ vol2_2/
seljuq. htm). The International Journal of Peace Studies 2, (2). ISSN 1085-7494. . Retrieved February 24, 2012.
[35] Kenneth F. Kiple, ed. The Cambridge Historical Dictionary of Disease (2003)
[36] Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (1974)
[37] Smallpox The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge (http:/ / www. ucpress. edu/ books/ pages/ 9968/ 9968. ch01. html), David A. Koplow
[38] "The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words" (http:/ / www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/ articlerender.
fcgi?artid=2094753), National Institutes of Health
[39] The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ gunsgermssteel/ variables/ smallpox. html)
[40] Stacy Goodling, "Effects of European Diseases on the Inhabitants of the New World" (http:/ / www. millersville. edu/ ~columbus/ papers/
goodling. html)
[41] "Smallpox Through History" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ query?id=1257008292443871). Archived from the original (http:/ / encarta.
msn. com/ media_701508643/ Smallpox_Through_History. html) on 2009-10-31. .
[42] New Zealand Historical Perspective (http:/ / www. canr. msu. edu/ overseas/ nzenvironsci/ infopart2. htm)
[43] How did Easter Island's ancient statues lead to the destruction of an entire ecosystem? (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ news/ science/
how-did-easter-islands-ancient-statues-lead-to-the-destruction-of-an-entire-ecosystem-455877. html), The Independent
[44] Fiji School of Medicine (http:/ / www. fsm. ac. fj/ aboutfsm. html)
[45] Meeting the First Inhabitants (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ asia/ features/ ontheroad/ japan. sapporo. ainu. html), TIMEasia.com, 21
August 2000
[46] Genetic Study Bolsters Columbus Link to Syphilis (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 01/ 15/ science/ 15syph. html?_r=1), New York
Times, January 15, 2008
[47] Columbus May Have Brought Syphilis to Europe (http:/ / www. livescience. com/ history/ 080114-syphilis-columbus. html), LiveScience
[48] Cholera's seven pandemics (http:/ / www. cbc. ca/ health/ story/ 2008/ 05/ 09/ f-cholera-outbreaks. html). CBC News. December 2, 2008
[49] Sahib: The British Soldier in India, 1750-1914 by Richard Holmes (http:/ / www. asianreviewofbooks. com/ arb/ article. php?article=610)
[50] Dr. Francisco de Balmis and his Mission of Mercy, Society of Philippine Health History (http:/ / www. doh. gov. ph/ sphh/ balmis. htm)
[51] Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 (http:/ / muse. jhu. edu/ login?uri=/ journals/ wicazo_sa_review/
v018/ 18. 2pearson01. html)
[52] Smallpox History - Other histories of smallpox in South Asia (http:/ / www. smallpoxhistory. ucl. ac. uk/ Other Asia/ ongoingwork. htm)
[53] Conquest and Disease or Colonialism and Health? (http:/ / www. gresham. ac. uk/ event. asp?PageId=45& EventId=696), Gresham College |
Lectures and Events
[54] WHO Media centre (2001). Fact sheet N°259: African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness (http:/ / www. who. int/ mediacentre/ factsheets/
fs259/ en/ index. html). .
[55] The Origins of African Population Growth, by John Iliffe (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ 182701), The Journal of African HistoryVol. 30, No.
1 (1989), pp. 165-169


Colonialism 17

References
• Cooper, Frederick. Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History (2005)
• Getz, Trevor R. and Heather Streets-Salter, eds. Modern Imperialism and Colonialism: A Global Perspective
(2010)
• Stuchtey, Benedikt: Colonialism and Imperialism, 1450-1950 (http://nbn-resolving.de/
urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025319), European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved:
July 13, 2011.
• Wendt, Reinhard: European Overseas Rule (http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20100921437), European
History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: June 13, 2012.

Primary sources
• Conrad, Joseph, Heart of Darkness, 1899
• Fanon, Frantz, The Wretched of the Earth, Pref. by Jean-Paul Sartre. Translated by Constance Farrington. London
: Penguin Book, 2001
• Kipling, Rudyard, The White Man's Burden, 1899
• Las Casas, Bartolomé de, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (1542, published in 1552)
• LeCour Grandmaison, Olivier, Coloniser, Exterminer - Sur la guerre et l'Etat colonial, Fayard, 2005, ISBN
2-213-62316-3
• Lindqvist, Sven, Exterminate All The Brutes, 1992, New Press; Reprint edition (June 1997), ISBN
978-1-56584-359-2
• Maria Petringa, Brazza, A life for Africa (2006), ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0
• Jürgen Osterhammel, Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview, Princeton, NJ: M. Wiener, 1997.
• Said, Edward, Orientalism, 1978; 25th-anniversary edition 2003 ISBN 978-0-394-74067-6

External links
• Liberal opposition to colonialism, imperialism and empire (pdf) (http://lsb.scu.edu/~dklein/papers/PdfPapers/
Liberalanti-imperialism.pdf) - by professor Daniel Klein
• Colonialism (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism) entry by Margaret Kohn in the Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Globalization (and the metaphysics of control in a free market world) (http://www.pinkyshow.org/archives/
episodes/070307/) - an online video on globalization, colonialism, and control.


Neocolonialism 18

Neocolonialism
Neocolonialism (also Neo-colonialism) is the geopolitical
practice of using capitalism, business globalization, and
cultural imperialism to control a country, in lieu of either
direct military control or indirect political control, i.e.
imperialism and hegemony. The term neo-colonialism was
coined by the Ghanaian politician Kwame Nkrumah, to
describe the socio-economic and political control that can be
exercised economically, linguistically, and culturally, whereby
promotion of the culture of the neo-colonist country,
facilitates the cultural assimilation of the colonised people,
and thus opens the national economy to the multinational
corporations of the neo-colonial country.

The Motherland and her dependant colonial offspring.
(William-Adolphe Bouguereau, 1883)

The European world empires and their colonies in the late 19th The European world empires and their colonies in the mid 20th
century, before the Spanish-American War (1898), Boxer Rebellion century, after the Second World War (1939–45).
(1899–1901), and the Second Boer War (1899–1902).

In post-colonial studies, the term neo-colonialism describes the domination-praxis (social, economic, cultural) of
countries from the developed world in the respective internal affairs of the countries of the developing world; that,
despite the decolonisation occurred in the aftermath of the Second World War (1939–45), the (former) colonial
powers continue to apply existing and past international economic arrangements with their former colony countries,
and so maintain colonial control. A neo-colonialism critique can include de facto colonialism (imperialist or
hegemonic), and an economic critique of the disproportionate involvement of modern capitalist business in the
economy of a developing country, whereby multinational corporations continue to exploit the natural resources and
the people of the former colony; that such economic control is inherently neo-colonial, and thus is akin to the


Neocolonialism 19

imperial and hegemonic varieties of colonialism practiced by the empires of Great Britain, France, and other
European countries, from the 16th to the 20th centuries.[1] The ideology and praxis of neo-colonialism are discussed
in the works of Jean-Paul Sartre (Colonialism and Neo-colonialism, 1964)[2] and Noam Chomsky (The Washington
Connection and Third World Fascism, 1979).[3]

The term
Origins
The political-science term neo-colonialism became popular usage in
reference to the continued European control — economic, cultural,
etc. — of African countries that had been decolonized in the
aftermath of the Second World War (1939–45). Kwame Nkrumah,
president of Ghana (1960–66), coined the term neo-colonialism in the
book Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism (1965)[4][5] As a
political scientist, Nkrumah theoretically developed and extended, to
the post–War 20th century, the socio-economic and political
arguments presented by Lenin in the pamphlet Imperialism, the
Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917), about 19th-century imperialism
as the logical extension of geopolitical power to meet the financial
investment needs of the political economy of capitalism.[6]

A 1989 edition of a ten-kopeck U.S.S.R. postage
stamp of Kwame Nkrumah, the Ghanaian
politician who coined the term Neo-colonialism.

In Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism, Kwame Nkrumah said
that:
In place of colonialism, as the main instrument of imperialism, we
have today neo-colonialism . . . [which] like colonialism, is an
attempt to export the social conflicts of the capitalist countries. . . .
The result of neo-colonialism is that foreign capital is used for the
exploitation rather than for the development of the less developed
parts of the world. Investment, under neo-colonialism, increases,
rather than decreases, the gap between the rich and the poor
countries of the world. The struggle against neo-colonialism is not
aimed at excluding the capital of the developed world from
operating in less developed countries. It is aimed at preventing the
financial power of the developed countries being used in such a way
as to impoverish the less developed.[7]
The Cuban revolutionary Ché Guevara
In 1965, at Algiers, in the Afro–Asian Conference, the Cuban described neo-colonialism as the continued
colonial rule of decolonized countries by
revolutionary Ché Guevara spoke to the participants of the Second
other means.
Economic Seminar of Afro–Asian Solidarity about the continued foreign
domination of the underdeveloped countries of the world:


Neocolonialism 20

As long as imperialism exists it will, by definition, exert its domination over other countries. Today, that
domination is called neo-colonialism.
— Ché Guevara (24 February 1965)[8]

The non-aligned world
“Neo-colonialism” became the standard term, describing a type of
foreign intervention, because of its practical and historical
application to the internal affairs (economic, social, political) of
the countries of the Pan-Africanist movement and because of its
like usage in the Bandung Conference (Asian–African
Conference, 1955), from which derived the Non-Aligned
Movement (1961). The formal definition of neo-colonialism was
established by the All-African Peoples’ Conference (AAPC) and
published in the Resolution on Neo-colonialism of the
The non-aligned world: "We face neither East nor
organisation. At the Tunis conference (1960) and at the Cairo West: We face forward", a Zambian political
conference (1961), the AAPC specifically identified as advertisement quotes Kwame Nkrumah. (2005)
neo-colonial behaviour, the actions of the French Community of
independent states, which was organised by France.[9]

Throughout the decades of the U.S.–U.S.S.R. Cold War (1945–91), the countries of the Non-Aligned Movement and
the Organization of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa and Latin America defined neo-colonialism as the
primary, collective enemy of the economies and cultures of their respective countries. Moreover, neo-colonialism
was integrated to the national-liberation ideologies of Marxist guerrilla armies. During the 1970s, in the Portuguese
African colonies of Mozambique and Angola, upon assuming government power, the Liberation Front of
Mozambique (FRELIMO, Frente de Libertação de Moçambique) and the People’s Movement for the Liberation of
Angola — Labour Party (MPLA, Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola — Partido do Trabalho),
respectively, established policies to counter neo-colonial agreements with the (former) colonist country.

Paternalistic neo-colonialism
The term “paternalistic neo-colonialism” describes the ideologic and cultural beliefs, by the people of the colonial
country, that their continued (neo) colonial domination of a colonial people, is, in the long term, to the benefit of the
subject people. The praxis of paternalistic neo-colonialism illuminates the basic belief-system as racialist and as
exploitative, because it is a reformulation of the imperialist racism of the French Mission civilisatrice and of the
Portuguese Missão civilizadora, each a type of “civilizing mission” that was characteristic of the varieties of
European imperialism in the 19th century.
In imperial practice, the civilising mission is an ideological rationale for military intervention and colonisation,
which actions rationalise imperialism as the national and cultural duty to propagate European civilisation, by
establishing colonies in the Other countries of the other continents of the Earth. In practice, colonialism was the
economic exploitation and the cultural Westernization of the indigenous peoples, which was effected with the
colonial ideology of “cultural assimilation”; a basic principle of empire of French and Portuguese colonial rule in the
Asia of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Culturally, each European colonial power, Portugal, Great Britain, France, et al., exercised a self-imposed moral and
imperial duty to take Western civilization to the “primitive cultures” of Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Yet, because each
primitive culture was “The Other” to a European culture, the exotic African, Asian, and Oceanian cultures were
perceived as cultural inferiors.


Neocolonialism 21

Françafrique
The representative example of European neo-colonialism is Françafrique, the “French Africa” constituted by the
continued close relationships between Metropole France and its former African country colonies. In 1955, the initial
usage of the “French Africa” term, by President Félix Houphouët-Boigny, of Côte d’Ivoire, denoted positive social,
cultural, and economic Franco–African relations. It was later was applied by critics of neo-colonialism to describe an
imbalanced international relation. The term Françafrique is derived from the essay La Françafrique, le plus long
scandale de la République (French Africa: The Longest Scandal of the Republic, 1998), by François-Xavier
Verschave, which critically analysed French neo-colonial policies towards the countries of Africa.[10] Moreover,
Main basse sur le Cameroun, autopsie d’une décolonisation (Cruel Hand on Cameroon: Autopsy of a
Decolonization, 1972), by Mongo Beti, is a critical history of contemporary Cameroon that reported the continued
dependance — economic, social, cultural — of decolonised African nations and countries upon Metropole France,
whose dependance was actively continued by the the post-independence, national political élites of the given
countries.
The politician Jacques Foccart, the principal advisor for African matters to the French presidents Charles de Gaulle
(1958–69) and Georges Pompidou (1969–1974), was the principal proponent of neo-colonial Françafrique.[11] The
French Africa works of Verschave and Beti reported a forty-year, post-independence relationship with the former
colonial peoples of France, which feature colonial garrisons in situ and monopolies by French multinational
corporations, usually for the exploitation of mineral resources. The African leaders with close ties to France —
especially during the Russo–American Cold War (1945–91) — acted more as agents of French business and
geopolitical interests, than as the national leaders of sovereign states, such as Omar Bongo (Gabon), Félix
Houphouët-Boigny (Côte d'Ivoire), Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo), Denis Sassou-Nguesso (Republic of the Congo),
Idriss Déby (Chad), and Hamani Diori (Niger).
Francophonie
The French Community (1958–95) and the seventy-five-country Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie
(International Francophone Organisation) were agents of French neo-colonial African influence, especially by means
of the French language; about which, in 1966, the Algerian intellectual Kateb Yacine said:
La Francophonie is a neo-colonial political machine, which only perpetuates our alienation, but the usage of
the French language does not mean that one is an agent of a foreign powe; and I write in French to tell the
French that I am not French.
— Kateb Yacine biography, Arabesques[12][13]

Belgian Congo
After a hastened decolonization process of the Belgian Congo, Belgium continued to control, through the Société
Générale de Belgique, an estimate of 70% of the Congolese economy following the decolonization process. The
most contested part was in the province of Katanga where the Union Minière du Haut Katanga, part of the Société,
had control over the mineral- and resource-rich province. After a failed attempt to nationalize the mining industry in
the 1960s, it was reopened to foreign investment.


Neocolonialism 22

Neo-colonial economic dominance
In 1961, regarding the economic mechanism of
neo-colonial control, in the speech Cuba: Historical
Exception or Vanguard in the Anti-colonial Struggle?,
the Cuban revolutionary Ché Guevara said:
We, politely referred to as “underdeveloped”, in
truth, are colonial, semi-colonial or dependent
countries. We are countries whose economies
have been distorted by imperialism, which has
abnormally developed those branches of industry
or agriculture needed to complement its complex
economy. “Underdevelopment”, or distorted
development, brings a dangerous specialization
in raw materials, inherent in which is the threat Neo-colonialism: U.S. President Harry Truman and Mohammad
of hunger for all our peoples. We, the Mosaddeq, the Iranian Prime Minister in 1951. Two years later, the
Persian nationalisation of the petroleum of Iran was halted with
“underdeveloped”, are also those with the single
Operation Ajax, a British–American coup d’ état, which deposed
crop, the single product, the single market. A P.M. Mossadeq on 19 August 1953, and reinstated the deposed,
single product whose uncertain sale depends on a absolute monarchy of the Pahlavi family.
single market imposing and fixing conditions.
That is the great formula for imperialist
economic domination.

— Ché Guevara, 9 April 1961.[14]

Dependency theory
Dependency theory is the theoretic basis of economic
neo-colonialism, which proposes that the global
economic system comprises wealthy countries at the
center, and poor countries at the periphery. Economic
neo-colonialism extracts the human and the natural
resources of a peripheral (poor) country to flow to the Petroleum-producing Africa: U.S. President Jimmy Carter and Lt.
economies of the wealthy countries at the center of the Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo on tour of Lagos, Nigeria, in April, 1978.
global economic system; hence, the poverty of the Three years earlier, with a coup d’ état, Gen. Obasanjo assumed
power, and later was politically courted by the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.,
peripheral countries is the result of the how they are
as part of the Cold War.
integrated to the global economic system. Dependency
theory derives from the Marxist analysis of economic
inequalities within the world’s system of economies, thus, the under-development of the Global South is a direct
result of the development in the Global North; the theories of the semi-colony from the late 19th century.[15] The
Marxist perspective of the Theory of Colonial Dependency is contrasted with the capitalist economics of the free
market, which propose that such poverty is a development stage in the poor country’s progress towards full,
economic integration to the global economic system. Proponents of Dependency Theory, such as Venezuelan
historian Federico Brito Figueroa, who has investigated the socio-economic bases of neo-colonial dependency, have
influenced the thinking of the current President of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez.


Neocolonialism 23

The Cold War
During the mid-to-late 20th century, in the course of the Cold War (1945–91) ideological conflict between the U.S.
and the U.S.S.R., each country and its satellite states accused each other of practising neo-colonialism in their
imperial and hegemonic pursuits.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The geopolitical conditions that defined the
Russo–American Cold War led to proxy war, fought by client states in the decolonised countries; Cuba, the Warsaw
Pact bloc, Egypt under the leadership of Gamal Abdel Nasser (1956–70), et al. accused the U.S. of sponsoring
anti-democratic governments whose régimes did not represent the interests of the majority of the populace, and of
deposing Third-World elected governments (African, Asian, Latin American) who did not subscribe to the
geopolitical interests of the U.S., as defined by the East–West Cold War.
In the 1960s, under the leadership of Chairman Mehdi Ben Barka, the Cuban Tricontinental Conference
(Organization of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa and Latin America) recognised and supported the validity
of revolutionary anti-colonialism as a means for colonised peoples of the Third World to achieve their
self-determination, which policy angered the U.S. and France. Moreover, Chairman Barka headed the Commission
on Neo-colonialism, which dealt with the worked to resolve the neo-colonial involvement of colonial powers in
decolonised counties; and said that the U.S., as the leading capitalist country of the world, was, in practise, the
principal neo-colonialist political actor.

Multinational corporations
Critics of neo-colonialism also argue that investment by multinational corporations enriches few in underdeveloped
countries, and causes humanitarian, environmental and ecological devastation to the populations which inhabit the
neocolonies whose "development" and economy is now dependent on foreign market's and large scale trade
agreements. This, it is argued, results in unsustainable development and perpetual underdevelopment; a dependency
which cultivates those countries as reservoirs of cheap labor and raw materials, while restricting their access to
advanced production techniques to develop their own economies. In some countries, privatization of national
resources, while initially leading to immediate large scale influx of investment capital, is often followed by dramatic
increases in the rate of unemployment, poverty, and a decline in per-capita income.[23] This is particularly true in the
West African nations of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mauritania where fishing has historically been central to the
local economy. Beginning in 1979, the European Union began brokering fishing rights contracts off the coast of
West Africa. This continues to this day. Commercial unsustainable over-fishing from foreign corporations have
played a significant role in the large-scale unemployment and migration of people across the region.[24] This stands
in direct opposition to United Nations Treaty on the Seas which recognizes the importance of fishing to local
communities and insists that government fishing agreements with foreign companies should be targeted at surplus
stocks only.[25]


Neocolonialism 24

International banks
Critics of neo-colonialism portray the choice to grant or
to refuse granting loans (particularly those financing
otherwise unpayable Third World debt), especially by
international banks such as the International Monetary
Fund (IMF), and the World Bank, as a decisive form of
control. That, in order to qualify for such loans, and
other forms of financial aid, economically weak
countries are forced to take impose the financial
repayment burdens upon their populations, to ensure
that the economic interests of the lenders — the World
Bank, the IMF, et al. — are met, at the expense, the
(continued) impoverishment of the people and their
economies; although meant to improve economically Economic neo-colonialism, 2004: A Jakartan protestor against the
World Bank’s manipulation of the economy of Indonesia.
improve the life of the borrower country, the financial
and economic “structural adjustments” required by the
lenders perpetuate the poverty of the borrower society.

Neo-colonial praxis allows certain cartels of state-supported organisations, such as the World Bank, to control and
exploit the under-developed countries by fostering unpayable national debts. In effect, Third World governments
give commercial concessions and business monopolies to foreign multinational corporations in return for the
consolidation of economic power and bribes. In most cases, much of the money loaned to such Third World
countries is returned “kicked-back” to the multinational corporations fovoured by the given Third World government;
hence, the bank loans effectively are financial subsidies to the corporations, by the lending organisation, which is the
practise of corporatocracy, government by business corporation. The banks and the organizations accused of
economic neo-imperialism include the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, the Group of Eight, and the
World Economic Forum. In Confessions of an Economic Hit Man (2004), by John Perkins, reports that First World
countries, such as the U.S., practise such neo-colonialism.

The International Monetary Fund
To alleviate some of the effects of neo-colonialism, the American economist Jeffrey Sachs recommended that the
entire African debt (ca. 200 billion U.S. dollars) be dismissed, and recommended that African nations not repay the
World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF):
The time has come to end this charade. The debts are unaffordable. If they won’t cancel the debts, I would
suggest obstruction; you do it, yourselves. Africa should say: “Thank you very much, but we need this money
to meet the needs of children who are dying, right now, so, we will put the debt-servicing payments into urgent
social investment in health, education, drinking water, the control of AIDS, and other needs”.
— Prof. Jeffrey Sachs, Director of The Earth Institute (Columba University), and Special Economic Advisor
to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan.


Neocolonialism 25

Sino–African relations
Historically, China and Somalia had a strong trading tie. In recent
years, the People's Republic of China has built increasingly stronger
ties with African nations.[26][27] China is currently Africa's largest
trading partner.[28][29] As of August 2007, there were an estimated
750,000 Chinese nationals working or living for extended periods in
different African countries.[30][31] China is picking up natural
resources — petroleum and minerals — to fuel the Chinese economy
and to finance international business enterprises.[32][33] In 2006,
two-way trade had increased to $50 billion.[34]

Not all dealings have involved direct monetary exchanges. In 2007, the
governments of China and Democratic Republic of the Congo entered
into an agreement whereby Chinese state-owned firms would provide
various services (infrastructure projects) in exchange an equivalent
amount of copper ore extracted from Congolese copper mines.[35]
Human rights advocates and opponents of the Sudanese government
portray China's role in providing weapons and aircraft as a cynical
attempt to obtain petroleum and natural gas just as colonial powers
once supplied African chieftains with the military means to maintain
control as they extracted natural resources.[36][37][38] According to
China's critics, China has offered Sudan support threatening to use its
veto on the U.N. Security Council to protect Khartoum from sanctions
and has been able to water down every resolution on Darfur in order to
protect its interests in Sudan.[39] Exotic animals such as the giraffe, caught and
sold by Somali merchants, were very popular
Communist Chinese rescue commodities in Ming Dynasty China.

The cash money reserves of Communist China allowed their
participation in the development of the economies of Third World African countries, as a counter to the financial
neo-colonialism of the International Monetary Fund; the example case is the lending of money to Angola, in 2006,
[35]
that allowed the Angolans to not borrow money from the IMF.

South Korea’s land acquisitions
To ensure a reliable, long-term supply of food stuffs, the South Korean government and powerful Korean
multinational corporations from have bought the exploitation rights to millions of hectares of agricultural land in
under-developed countries of the Third World. Thereby, South Korea no longer imports food, because said lands are
effectively part of Korea; such agricultural imperialism might be considered a form of neo-colonialism.[40] South
Korea's largely mountainous land area of just over 100,000 square kilometres supports a populace of some 50
million people, yet the industrialised economy (ca. $1,000,000,000,000) was almost the equal of the entire economy
of Africa, in 2007.[41]
South Korea's RG Energy Resources Asset Management CEO Park Yong-soo stressed that "the nation does not
produce a single drop of crude oil and other key industrial minerals. To power economic growth and support people's
livelihoods, we cannot emphasize too much that securing natural resources in foreign countries is a must for our
future survival."[42] The head of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Jacques Diouf, has warned that the
controversial rise in land deals could create a form of "neo-colonialism", with poor states producing food for the rich
at the expense of their own hungry people.


Neocolonialism 26

In 2008, the South Korean multinational Daewoo Logistics secured 1.3 million hectares of farmland in Madagascar,
half the size of Belgium, to grow maize and crops for biofuels. Roughly half of the country's arable land, as well as
rainforests of rich and unique biodiversity, were to be converted into palm and corn monocultures, producing food
for export from a country where a third of the population and 50 percent of children under 5 are malnourished, using
workers imported from South Africa instead of locals. Those living on the land were never consulted or informed,
despite being dependent on the land for food and income. The controversial deal played a major part in prolonged
anti-government protests on the island that resulted in over a hundred deaths.[40] Shortly after the Madagascar deal,
Tanzania announced that South Korea was in talks to develop 100,000 hectares for food production and processing
for 700 to 800 billion won. Scheduled to be completed in 2010, it will be the largest single piece of agricultural
infrastructure South Korea has ever built overseas.[40]
In 2009, Hyundai Heavy Industries acquired a majority stake in a company cultivating 10,000 hectares of farmland
in the Russian Far East and a wealthy South Korean provincial government secured 95,000 hectares of farmland in
Oriental Mindoro, central Philippines, to grow corn. The South Jeolla province became the first provincial
government to benefit from a newly created central government fund to develop farmland overseas, receiving a
cheap loan of $1.9 million for the Mindoro project. The feedstock is expected to produce 10,000 tonnes of feed in the
first year for South Korea.[43] South Korean multinationals and provincial governments have also purchased land in
Sulawesi, Indonesia, Cambodia and Bulgan, Mongolia. The South Korean government itself announced its intention
to invest 30 billion won in land in Paraguay and Uruguay. Discussions with Laos, Myanmar and Senegal are also
currently underway.[40]
The South Korean government's strategy is quickly yielding results and despite predicting that farmland is shrinking
on the country, the government announced in August 2009 that South Korea would enjoy a 10% increase in rice
production in 2009, the first since 2005, and the government has begun purchasing large quantities of rice to keep
prices stable.[40]

Other approaches to neo-colonialism
Although the concept of neo-colonialism was originally developed within a Marxist theoretical framework and is
generally employed by the political left, the term "neo-colonialism" is also used within other theoretical frameworks.

Cultural theory
One variant of neo-colonialism theory critiques the existence of cultural colonialism, the desire of wealthy nations to
control other nations' values and perceptions through cultural means, such as media, language, education and
religion, ultimately for economic reasons. One element of this is a critique of "Colonial Mentality" which writers
have traced well beyond the legacy of 19th century colonial empires. These critics argue that people, once subject to
colonial or imperial rule, latch onto physical and cultural differences between the foreigners and themselves, leading
some to associate power and success with the foreigners' ways. This eventually leads to the foreigners' ways being
regarded as the better way and being held in a higher esteem than previous indigenous ways. In much the same
fashion, and with the same reasoning of better-ness, the colonised may over time equate the colonisers' race or
ethnicity itself as being responsible for their superiority. Cultural rejections of colonialism, such as the Negritude
movement, or simply the embracing of seemingly authentic local culture are then seen in a post colonial world as a
necessary part of the struggle against domination. By the same reasoning, importation or continuation of cultural
mores or elements from former colonial powers may be regarded as a form of neo-colonialism.


Neocolonialism 27

Post-colonialism theory
Post-colonialism theories in philosophy, film, political science, and post-colonial literature deal with the cultural
legacy of colonial rule; that is, the cultural identity of the colonised peoples, in which neo-colonialism is the
background for the contemporary dilemmas of developing a national identity after colonial rule. Post-colonialism
studies how writers articulate, present, and celebrate their post-colonial national identity, which often first must be
reclaimed from the coloniser, whilst maintaining strong connections with the colonialist country; how knowledge of
the sub-ordinated (colonised) people was generated, and applied against the colonised people in service to the
cultural and economic interests of the colonial country; and how colonialist literature justified colonialism by
misrepresenting the colonised people as an inferior race whose society, culture, and economy must be managed for
them. Post-colonial studies comprehend Subaltern Studies of “history from below”; post-colonial manifestations of
people outside the hegemony; the psychopathology of colonization (by Frantz Fanon); and the cinema of film
makers such as the Cuban Third Cinema, e.g. Tomás Gutiérrez Alea, and the Filipino Kidlat Tahimik.

Critical theory
While critiques of postcolonialism/neo-colonialism theory is widely practiced in literary theory, international
relations theory also has defined "postcolonialism" as a field of study. While the lasting effects of cultural
colonialism is of central interest in cultural critiques of neo-colonialism, their intellectual antecedents are economic
theories of neo-colonialism: Marxist dependency theory and mainstream criticism of capitalist neoliberalism. critical
international relations theory frequently references neo-colonialism from Marxist positions as well as postpositivist
positions, including postmodernist, postcolonial and feminist approaches, which differ from both realism and
liberalism in their epistemological and ontological premises.

Conservation and neo-colonialism
There have been other critiques that the modern conservation movement, as taken up by international organizations
such as the World Wide Fund for Nature, has inadvertently set up a neocolonialist relationship with underdeveloped
nations.[44]

References
[1] United Nations General Assembly Resolutions 1514 (http:/ / wpik. org/ Src/ unga1514. html) and 1541 (http:/ / wpik. org/ Src/ unga1541.
html)
[2] Sartre, Jean-Paul (2001-03-27). Colonialism and neo-colonialism. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-19146-3.
[3] Chomsky, Noam; Edward S. Herman (1979-07-01). The Washington connection and Third World fascism. Black Rose Books Ltd.. p. 42ff.
ISBN 978-0-919618-88-6.
[4] Neo-Colonialism: the Last Stage of Imperialism (http:/ / www. marxists. org/ subject/ africa/ nkrumah/ neo-colonialism/ index. htm) (1965).
[5] Ali Mazrui, Willy Mutunga, ed. Debating the African Condition: Governance and Leadership. Africa World Press, 2003 ISBN
1-59221-147-X pp.19-20, 69.
[6] Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (http:/ / www. marxists. org/ archive/ lenin/ works/ 1916/ imp-hsc/ index.
htm). transcribed from Lenin’s Selected Works, Progress Publishers, 1963, Moscow, Volume 1, pp. 667–766.
[7] From the Introduction. Kwame Nkrumah. Neo-Colonialism, The Last Stage of Imperialism (http:/ / www. marxists. org/ subject/ africa/
nkrumah/ neo-colonialism/ introduction. htm). First Published: Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd., London (1965). Published in the USA by
International Publishers Co., Inc., (1966);
[8] "At the Afro-Asian Conference in Algeria" (http:/ / www. marxists. org/ archive/ guevara/ 1965/ 02/ 24. htm) speech by Ché Guevara to the
Second Economic Seminar of Afro–Asian Solidarity, in Algiers, on 24 February 1965
[9] Wallerstein, p. 52: ‘It attempted the one serious, collectively agreed-upon definition of neo-colonialism, the key concept in the armory of the
revolutionary core of the movement for African unity’; and William D. Graf’s review of Neo-colonialism and African Politics: a Survey of the
Impact of Neo-colonialism on African Political Behaviour (1980, Yolamu R. Barongo, in the Canadian Journal of African Studies, p. 601:
‘The term, itself, originated in Africa, probably with Nkrumah, and received collective recognition at the 1961 All-African People's
Conference.'
[10] François-Xavier Verschave. La Françafrique, le plus long scandale de la République. Paris (ISBN 2234049482).
[11] Kaye Whiteman, “The Man Who Ran Françafrique — French Politician Jacques Foccart’s Role in France’s Colonization of Africa Under the
Leadership of Charles de Gaulle”, obituary in The National Interest, Fall 1997.


ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA's DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA's DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (11)

Similar to ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA's DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

Similar to ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA's DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination (17)

More from RBG Communiversity

More from RBG Communiversity (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA's DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination