The document provides a comprehensive overview of international relations (IR), discussing its evolution, key values, and theories, such as realism and liberalism. It highlights the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations while tracing the historical context from ancient civilizations to modern political dynamics, including significant events like the Peace of Westphalia. Additionally, it identifies the interdisciplinary nature of IR, addressing various contemporary issues like security, economic interdependence, and global governance.

1. Introduction, Evolution
(Institutional and Historical),
Domain of IR
Rajat Dixit
BALLB ‘B’ Sem III
R450212082

2. IR…?
• IR encompasses much more than the
relations among nation-states and
international organization and groups. It
includes a great variety of transitional
relationships, at various levels, above and
below the level of the nation-state, still the
main actor in international community.
~ Palmer and Perkins

3. • Relations between many entities of
uncertain sovereignties.
# groups like: nations, states,
governments, peoples, regions, alliances,
confederations, international
organizations, industrial organizations,
religious organizations, etc.
~ Wright

4. • International relations embraces all kind of
relations traversing state boundaries, no
matter whether they are an economic,
legal, political, or any other character,
whether they be private or official and all
human behavior originating on one side of
the state boundary and affecting human
behavior on the other side of the
boundary.
~ Mathiesen

5. • In simple and narrowest sense, IR is taken
to donate the study of relations between
states. IR denotes interactions between
state-based actor across state
boundaries.
~ Lawson

6. Introduction
• Entire population of the world is divided
into separate territorial political
communities, or independent state, which
profoundly affect the way people live.
• Sovereignty i.e. a state’s characterstic of
being politically independent of all states,
doesn’t mean isolated or insulated state.
• Motive: wealth and welfare of state of their
citizens.

7. Cont…
• Five basic social values of state:
I. Security
II. Freedom
III. Order
IV. Justice
V. Welfare

8. Security
• People generally assume that the state
should and will underwrite the value of
national security, which involves the
protection of citizens from internal and
external threat.
• Being armed at least some degree state
can both defend and threaten peoples’
security

9. Freedom
• Personal and National Freedom i.e.
Independence.
• Govt. place on citizens, as tax burdens or
obligations of military services is the
condition of national freedom.
• Peace and progressive change are most
fundamental values of international
relations.

10. Order & Justice
• States have a common interest in
establishing and maintaining international
order so that they can coexist and interact
on a basis of stability, certainty, and
predictability.
• International law, diplomatic relations and
international organizations.
• Human right framework: civil, political,
social, and economical.

11. Welfare
• Population’s socioeconomic wealth and
welfare.
• People expect their govt. to adopt
appropriate politics to encourage high
employment, low inflation steady
investment, the uninterrupted floe of trade
and commerce, etc.
• International economic environment.

12. IR theories & values
• Realism: Security (Power Politics, conflict
and war)
• Liberalism: Freedom (Cooperation, peace
and progress)
• International Society: Order and justice
(Shared interests, rules and institutions)
• IPE theories: Welfare (Wealth, poverty
and equality)

13. Introduction
• International Relations (IR)
– Roles of States
– Inter-governmental organizations (IGOs)
– Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
– Multinational corporations (MNCs)

14. Evolution of study of IR
• Origin :
– Tucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian war
– Chanakya’s Arthashastra
– Niccolo Machiavelli’s Principe (The Prince)
• World War I
– Loss of 20 million lives
– Limitations of European Diplomacy

15. Cont…
• Utopianism, a liberal approach
– What ought to be done
• Post WW I advocates
– Alfred Zimmern
– Norman Angell
– James T. Shotwell
– Woodrow Wilson

16. Cont…
• Wilson’s “14 Points” Speech
– US Congress in 1918
– Making the world safe for Democracy.
– Creation of International organization for
promotion of peaceful cooperation among
nation- states.
– Result in League of Nations in 1919.

17. Cont…
• IR as decipline
– Woodrow Wilson Chair of International politics
@ University College of Wales – 1919
– Montague Zimmern Chair of International
relations in Jerusalem – 1929
– Oxford University – 1930
– London School of Economics – 1936
– University of Edinburgh – 1948
– Ends Liberalism and adopts legalistic-
moralistic approach

18. Historical Evolution
• Hellas, first state system in ancient
Greece
– Lack of institutional diplomacy, and no
international law and organization
• Roman empire occupy middle east and
north Africa.
– Quasi international relationships
– Invasion of cities

19. • Catholic empire based Rome
(Christendom) and in eastern Europe
Byzantine (Orthodox)
• Politico-religious empire
• No defined territories with borders.
• Hierarchical political and ideological
structure as Chinese Communist state
• Kings rule: semi autonomous

20. • 1096- 1291 A.D. fought between Christian
Crusades and Islamic world
– Global disorder, conflicts, and violence
• 1337- 1453 A.D. Hundred year war
between England and france
– Fudal and local level
– No distinction between civil war and
international war

21. • Freedom was not freedom for the
individual rather for rulers and their
followers and clients
• Justice was responsibility of both political
and religious rulers
• Early modern European era
– Religious-political authority of Christendom.
– Military power of barons and feudal

22. • Medieval to modern age: evolution of
sovereign state with all powers in the hand
of king.
• Defined boundaries
• Ambition to expand their territories results
in war
• Spain, France, Austria, England, Denmark
Sweden, Holland, Poland, Russia, Prussia
and other at war.

23. • War become a key international institute
for resolving conflicts between sovereign
states.
• In the modern international system
territory is consolidated, unified and
centralized under a sovereign
government.
• Thirty years war

24. Thirty years war (1618-48)
• Starting initially in Bohemia as an uprising
of protestant aristocracy against Spanish
authority, the war escalated rapidly,
eventually incorporating all sort of
issues… questions of religious involved a
jumble of conflicting stakes, with all sort of
cross-cutting dynastic, religious, and state
interest involved… Europe was fighting its
first continental war.

25. The Peace of Westphalia
• The Thirty Years War was ended by the
Peace of Westphalia which was referred
to as the "Peace of Exhaustion" by
contemporaries. The Peace of Westphalia
was not one specific treaty but rather a
collection of treaties commonly linked by
the fact that they brought the Thirty Years
War to an end.

26. • France and Sweden had already agreed
at the Treaty of Hamburg that there should
be a European return to the status quo of
1618.
• Ferdinand III wanted to retain the gains
made at Prague and he wanted 1627 to
be his baseline on territorial negotiations.
• The German Electors favored 1618 as
their baseline.

27. • In September 1640, the Electors were
summoned by Ferdinand III to
Regensburg where the emperor attempted
to get the Electors to agree to preserving
the Peace of Prague. He failed. Frederick
William of Brandenburg specifically
rejected Prague as the basis of any
settlement.

28. • In July 1641, Brandenburg and Sweden
signed a truce. Many German princes
followed this example of Brandenburg's to
show their displeasure with Ferdinand III.
However, Ferdinand III had already
started separate negotiations with the
French and Dutch at Munster and with the
Swedes at Osnabruck.

29. • Peace negotiations continued at the same
time as the military campaigns. In 1642, a
Swedish army defeated an Imperial army
at Breitenfeld at the same time as
Swedish and Imperial diplomats were
examining potential peace terms. Such
occurrences happened as a show of
strength to the opposition.

30. • In 1645, the Imperial army faced two
defeats at Nordlingen (defeated by the
French) and Jankau (defeated by
Sweden). The Holy Roman Empire was
clearly in no position to carry on but
neither could the Swedes or the French
deliver a knockout blow from a military
point of view.

31. • In 1645, Sweden and Saxony signed a peace
agreement.
• In 1646, Ferdinand III could no longer expect
support from Saxony, Brandenburg or Spain.
• In 1647, Maximilian of Bavaria was forced by the
Swedes and French to withdraw his support to
Ferdinand. Maximilian reneged on this
agreement in 1648, and Swedish and French
forces devastated Bavaria leaving Maximilian in
a position where he could not do anything else
except sign a truce with Sweden and France.

32. • The French persuaded Ferdinand III to
exclude Spain from the peace
negotiations but the United Provinces and
Spain did sign a peace settlement at
Munster in 1648 thus bringing to an end
80 years of hostility between the Spanish
government and the Dutch commonly
known as the Revolt of the Netherlands.

33. • The whole package of settlements is
known as the Peace of Westphalia. One of
its provisos was that the practice of
electing a King of the Romans in the
emperor's lifetime was abolished. The title
of the "Peace of Exhaustion" is probably a
more apt title for this series of peace
settlements that brought to an end the
Thirty Years War.

34. Major attempts to impose power
• The Habsburg empire(Austria) made the
attempt during Thirty year war(1618-48),
and was blocked by a coalition led by
France and Sweden.
• France made the attempt under king Louis
XIV (1661-1714) and was blocked by an
English-Duch alliance.
• Nepoleon (1795-1815) made the attempt
and was blocked by Britain, Russia,
Prussia and Austria.

35. • Germany made the attempt under Hitler
(1939-45) and was blocked by United
States, the Soviet Union and Britain

36. Nature of IR
• Before WW-Ist part of history, law and
political theory.
• Subdivision of political science
emphasized on political phenomena at
global level.
• Interdisciplinary (political science,
economics, sociology, psychology,
anthropology, medicine, cybernetics,
communication and other)

37. Cont…
• The study of international relation extends
from the natural science at one end to
moral philosophy … at other. This
discipline is a bundle of subjects… viewed
from a common angle.
~ Zimmern
(Ist IR Professor)

38. IR debates
1. Utopian Liberalism/ Idealism and Realism
2. Traditional and Behaviouralism
3. Neo-Liberalism/ Neo-Realism
4. Positivism and post-Positivist Alternatives

39. Abdul A.’s categories
1. Theory of theory: scientific
2. System analysis: hypotheses
3. Action theories: foreign policy
4. Interaction theory: balance of power
5. Newer research techniques: content
analysis

40. Alternative approaches
• Post-modernist theories – Richard Ashley,
R.B.J. Walker, James Derian
• Critical theories – Andrew Linklater,
Robert Cox
• Historical sociology – Michael Mann,
Charles Tilly, Theda Skocpol
• Feminist theories – J. Ann Tickner,
Cynthis Enloe and Christine Sylvester

41. Scope & Subject Matter of IR
• Dynamic discipline
• Initially diplomatic history, foreign policies
of states, international law, international
organization.
• Subject matter of international relations
consists of whatever knowledge, from any
source, may be assistance in meaning
new international problems or
understanding old ones.
~ Frederick S. Dunn

42. Goldstein project IR
1. Issue areas: diplomacy, war, trade
relations, alliances, cultural exchanges,
participation in international
organizations, etc.
2. Conflict and cooperation in relationship
among states concerning issue areas.
3. International security: questions of war
and peace.

43. Cont…
4. International political economy:
increasing concern with economic
issues made international political
economy (IPE) inextricably woven into IR,
especially with regard to security issues.

44. Subject Areas
• Palmer and Perkins:
State system, National power, Diplomacy, War,
Imperialism, Balance of power, Collective
security, International organizations,
International law, Regional conflicts, National
interests, Nuclear weapon and changing
International system.

45. • Frankel:
Foreign policies, the mutual intractions among
states, conflicts, competitions and cooperations
among them, national power, diplomacy,
propaganda, international system and
international organization

46. • Jackson and Sorenson:
Economic interdependence, human rights,
international corporations, international
organization, the environment, gender
inequalities, development, terrorism etc.

47. • Baylis and Smith:
Historical context of international society, world
history before and after cold war, globalization,
international regimes, diplomacy, the UN and
international organizations, transnational actors,
environmental issues, nuclear proliferation,
nationalism, cultural conflicts in IR,
humanitarian international in world politics,
regionalism and integration, global trade and
finance, poverty, development and hunger,
human rights, ad gender issues

48. • Lawson:
Global environment concern, the epidemiology
of AIDS, legal and illegal migration, including
refugee movements, the North- South gap,
human rights, reform of UN and its agencies,
extension of international law, prosecution of
crime against humanity, terrorism, drug
production and trafficking to money laundering,
smuggling goods like weapons, diamonds,
ethnic or cultural factors and nation of human
security.

49. References
• Peu Ghosh, International Relations ed. II
• Gulam Mohammad Dar, An Introduction to
International Relations
• John baylis, Steve Smith, Patricia Owens,
The Globalization of World Politics: An
introducation to international relations ed.
IV
• www.historylearningsite.com