1. 10/19/10
Slavery in Early America: Slaves from Africa were too expensive. Indentured servants were
cheaper. The English enslaved the Irish and Scots for use in the agricultural industry in 17th
century America.
Virginia was founded by a corporation. Profit motive for Spanish was individual where as for
the the English was corporate profit.
Secrets of the Dead In 1607, Jamestown Colony was established and became the birthplace
of America. Early colonists were plagued by disease and starvation. However, recent
developments have shown that political strife was just as destructive to the colonist. The London
Virginia Co. sponsored the Jamestown Colony with the intention of making profit. Many of the
colonists were considered expendable. The colonists were attacked by initially by Native
Americans. The original colony was washed away by he river. 440 of 500 of the 1st settlers died
in the colony due to disease. The 1st winter in Jamestown was referred to as the “Starving Time”.
The colonists thought they would trade for food, but the Natives Americans had none to spare. It
was discovered that the region suffered an extended drought from 1606 -1612. Point Comfort
just down river from Jamestown was flourishing.
Jamestown failed to properly set up proper sewage disposal and suffered from dysentery from
drinking brackish water.
10/27/10
Mestizo is a term traditionally used in Latin America for people of mixed European and Amerindian
heritage or descent. The term originated as a racial category in the Castas system that was in use
during the Spanish empire's control of their American colonies, it was used to describe those who had
one European-born parent and one who was member of an indigenous American population. In the
Castas system mestizos had fewer rights than European born persons called "peninsulares", and
"Criollos" who were persons born in the new world of two European born parents, but more rights
than "Indios" and "Negros". During the colonial period, mestizos quickly became the majority group in
most of Latin America and when the colonies started achieving independence from Spain, the mestizo
group often became dominant. In some Latin American countries, such as Mexico, the concept of the
"mestizo" became central to the formation of a new independent identity that was neither wholly
Spanish nor wholly indigenous and the word mestizo acquired its current meaning of mixed cultural
heritage rather than racial descent.
Manumission is the act of a slave owner freeing his or her slaves. In the United States before the
passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery, this
often happened on the death of the owner, as a condition of their will.

2. Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer
from the Republic of Genoa, in northwestern Italy whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to
general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four
voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola,
all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed
general European colonization of the "New World". He was turned down by the Portugese crown.
His voyage was all contingent on the Fall of Grenada to the Spanish crown.
Movie: The Desert Speaks
A town square is an open public space commonly found in the heart of a traditional town used for
community gatherings. Other names for town square are "civic center", "city square", "urban square",
"market square", "public square", "town green", "platz" (from German), "plaza" (from Spanish),
"piazza" (from Italian), "place" (from French), "praça" (from Portuguese), "plac" (from Polish) and
"maydan" (from Persian and Arabic). Most town squares are hardscapes suitable for open markets,
music concerts, political rallies, and other events that require firm ground. Being centrally located,
town squares are usually surrounded by small shops such as bakeries, meat markets, cheese stores,
and clothing stores. At their center is often a fountain, well, monument, or statue. Many of those with
fountains are actually named Fountain Square.
The Laws of the Indies (Leyes de Indias in Spanish) are the entire body of laws issued by the Spanish
Crown for its American and Philippine possessions of its empire. They regulated social, political and
economic life in these areas. The laws included a mirad of decrees issued over the centuries and the
important laws of the sixteenth century, which attempted to regulate the interactions between the
settlers and natives, such as the Laws of Burgos (1512) and the New Laws (1542). Throughout the five
hundred years of Spanish presence in these parts of the world, the laws were compiled several times,
most notably in 1680 under Charles II in the Recopilación de las Leyes de los Reynos de Indias
(Compilation of the Laws of the Kingdoms of the Indies), which became the classic collection of the
laws, despite the fact that later laws superseded parts of it and other compilations were issued. The
1680 compilation set the template by which the laws were organized.
November 2, 2010
In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world.
The alliance between Portugal and England is one of the oldest relationships in Empires.
Spain Institutions Portugal
Centralized Gov’t Economy Federal Gov’t
Education Trading Networks (factorei)
Administation

3. Very strong relationship Church (latin) No strong degree of relationship
Law
Social (race relations)
Not permitted Labor (slavery) Allowed slavery
The Agora (Greek: Ἀγορά, Agorá) was an open "place of assembly" in ancient Greek city-states. Early in
Greek history (10th century–8th century BC), free-born male land-owners who were citizens would
gather in the Agora for military duty or to hear statements of the ruling king or council. Later, the Agora
also served as a marketplace where merchants kept stalls or shops to sell their goods amid colonnades.
From this twin function of the Agora as a political and commercial space came the two Greek verbs
αγοράζω, agorázō, "I shop", and αγορεύω, agoreýō, "I speak in public". The word agoraphobia, the fear
of critical public situations, derives from Agora in its meaning as a gathering place.
The Forum was the Roman equivalent of the Agora and the word is often used in older texts to refer to
Greek agorai (plural of Agora).
Agora is a 2009 Spanish historical drama film directed by Alejandro Amenábar and written by
Amenábar and Mateo Gil. The biopic stars Rachel Weisz as Hypatia, a female mathematician,
philosopher and astronomer in 4th century AD Roman Egypt who investigates the flaws of the
geocentric Ptolemaic system and the heliocentric model that challenges it. Surrounded by religious
turmoil and social unrest, Hypatia struggles to save the knowledge of classical antiquity from
destruction. Max Minghella co-stars as Davus, Hypatia's slave, and Oscar Isaac as Hypatia's student
Orestes, prefect of Alexandria.
The story uses historical fiction to highlight the relationship between religion and science amidst the
decline of Greco-Roman polytheism and the Christianization of the Roman empire. The title of the film
takes its name from the agora, a gathering place in ancient Greece, similar to the Roman forum. The film
was produced by Fernando Bovaira and shot on the island of Malta from March to June of 2008. Justin
Pollard, co-author of The Rise and Fall of Alexandria (2007), was the historical advisor for the film
Factory (from Latin facere, meaning to do; German "Faktorei", Portuguese "Feitoria", Dutch "Factorij")
was the English term for the trading posts system originally established by Europeans in foreign
territories, first within different states of medieval Europe, and later in their colonial possessions.
During the territorial and economic expansion of the Age of Discovery the factory was adapted by the
Portuguese and spread throughout from West Africa to Southeast Asia.[2] The Portuguese "feitorias"
were mostly fortified trading posts settled in coastal areas, built to centralize and thus dominate the
local trade of products with the Portuguese kingdom (and thence to Europe). They served
simultaneously as market, warehouse, support to the navigation and customs and were governed by a
"Feitor" (factor) responsible for managing the trade, buying and trading products on behalf of the king
and collecting taxes (usually 20%).

4. The first Portuguese feitoria overseas was established by Henry the Navigator in 1445 on the island of
Arguin, off the coast of Mauritania. It was built to attract Muslim traders and monopolize the business in
the routes traveled in North Africa. It served as a model for a chain of African feitorias, Elmina Castle
being the most notorious.
Between the 15th and 16th centuries, a chain of about 50 Portuguese forts either housed or protected
feitorias along the coasts of West and East Africa, the Indian Ocean, China, Japan, and South America.
The main Portuguese factories were in Goa, Malacca, Ormuz, Ternate, and Macau. They were mainly
driven by the trade of gold on the coast of Guinea, spices in the Indian Ocean, and slaves to the new
world. They were also used for local triangular trade between several territories, like Goa-Macau-
Nagasaki, trading products such as sugar, pepper, coconut, timber, horses, grain, feathers from exotic
Indonesian birds, precious stones, silks and porcelain from the East, among many other products. In the
Indian Ocean the trade in Portuguese factories was enforced and increased by a merchant ship licensing
system: the cartazes.[3]
From the feitorias the products went to the main outpost in Goa, then to Portugal where they were
traded in the Casa da Índia, which also managed exports to India.[4] There they were sold, or re-
exported to the Royal Portuguese Factory in Antwerp, where they were distributed to the rest of
Europe.
Easily supplied and defended by sea, the factories worked as independent colonial bases. They provided
safety, both for the Portuguese, and at times for the territories in which they were built, protecting
against constant rivalries and piracy. They allowed Portugal to dominate trade in the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans, establishing a vast empire with scarce human and territorial resources. Over time, the feitorias
were sometimes licensed to private entrepreneurs, giving rise to some conflict between abusive private
interests and local populations, such as in the Maldives.
Indonesia Although it is not an Islamic state, Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority
nation, with 86.1% of Indonesians declared Muslim according to the 2000 census.
Colonization Of Brazil
At first, Brazil was set up as fifteen private, hereditary captaincies. Pernambuco succeeded by growing
sugar cane. São Vicente prospered by dealing in indigenous slaves. The other thirteen captaincies failed,
leading the king to make colonization a royal effort rather than a private one. In 1549, Tomé de Sousa
sailed to Brazil to establish a central government. De Sousa brought along Jesuits, who set up missions,
saved many natives from slavery, studied native languages, and converted many natives to Roman
Catholicism. The Jesuits' work to pacify a hostile tribe helped the Portuguese expel the French from a
colony they had established at present-day Rio de Janeiro.

5. The first attempt to colonise Brazil followed the system of hereditary captaincies (Capitanias
Hereditárias), which had previously been used successfully in the colonisation of the Madeira Island. The
costs were transferred to private hands, saving the Portuguese crown from the high costs of
colonisation. Thus, between 1534 and 1536 King John III divided the land into 15 Captaincies of Brazil,
which were given to Portuguese noblemen who wanted and had the means to administer and explore
them. The captains were granted ample powers to administer and profit from their possessions.
From the 15 original captaincies, only two, Pernambuco and São Vicente, prospered. The failure of most
captaincies was related to the resistance of the indigenous peoples, shipwrecks and internal disputes
between the colonisers. Pernambuco, the most successful captaincy, belonged to Duarte Coelho, who
founded the city of Olinda in 1536. His captaincy prospered with sugarcane mills used to produce sugar
installed after 1542. Sugar was a very valuable good in Europe, and its production became the main
Brazilian colonial produce in the next 150 years. The captaincy of São Vicente, owned by Martim Afonso
de Sousa, also produced sugar but its main economic activity was the traffic of indigenous slaves.
Power was shared with the colonial landowners of Brazil.
Spain used the same model of colonization in the Americas as they used in the conquest of the Iberian
Peninsula from the Muslims.
Intervention: the power of the Spanish president to impose edict on a provincial government to restore
order and discipline.
Spanish Caste System Offices of the Americas were held by peninsulares. Apart from the distinction of
peninsulares from criollos, the castas system distinguished also mestizos (of mixed Spanish and
Amerindian ancestry), mulatos (of mixed Spanish and black ancestry), indios, zambos (mixed Amerindian
and black ancestry) and finally blacks. In some places and times, such as during the wars of
independence, peninsulares were called deprecatively godos (for the "Visigoths," who had ruled Spain),
or in Mexico, gachupines or gauchos
Spanish Caste System
1. Spainards (Peninsulares was a Spanish-born Spaniard or mainland Spaniard residing in the New
World)
2. Criollo (Spainards born in America)

6. 3. Mixed race
4. Africans
5. Indians
16 November 16, 2010: English Colonization of Americas
Henry The VIII: (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death.
He was also Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) and claimant to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the
second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII. Besides his six marriages,
Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic
Church. Henry's struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal
authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the
Church of England. He changed religious ceremonies and rituals and suppressed the monasteries, while
remaining a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, even after his excommunication from the
Roman Catholic Church. Henry also oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in
Wales Acts 1535–1542.
Protestant vs Catholics for Rule of England
The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession
of Elizabeth I of England in 1559, as an activist movement within the Church of England. The designation
"Puritan" is often incorrectly used, notably based on the assumption that hedonism and puritanism are
antonyms: historically, the word was used to characterize the Protestant group as extremists similar to
the Cathari of France, and according to Thomas Fuller in his Church History dated back to 1564.
Archbishop Matthew Parker of that time used it and "precisian" with the sense of stickler.
Charles I: (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was the second son of James VI of Scots and I of
England. He was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his
execution in 1649. Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting
to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles believed
was divinely ordained. Many of his English subjects opposed his actions, in particular his interference in
the English and Scottish Churches and the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent which grew to
be seen as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch.
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best
known in England for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his
later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. Events that occurred during his reign and
his politics are a cause of animosity between Ireland and the UK.
Sumptuary laws (from Latin sumptuariae leges) are laws that attempt to regulate habits of
consumption. Black's Law Dictionary defines them as "Laws made for the purpose of restraining luxury
or extravagance, particularly against inordinate expenditures in the matter of apparel, food, furniture,

7. etc.".[1] Traditionally, they were laws that regulated and reinforced social hierarchies and morals
through restrictions on clothing, food, and luxury expenditures. In most times and places they were
ineffectual. Throughout history, societies have used sumptuary laws for a variety of purposes. They
attempted to regulate the balance of trade by limiting the market for expensive imported goods. They
were also an easy way to identify social rank and privilege, and often were used for social discrimination.
This frequently meant preventing commoners from imitating the appearance of aristocrats, and
sometimes also to stigmatize disfavored groups. In the Late Middle Ages sumptuary laws were instituted
as a way for the nobility to cap the conspicuous consumption of the prosperous bourgeoisie of medieval
cities, and they continued to be used for these purposes well into the seventeenth century. In Colonial
America, only people with a personal fortune of at least two hundred pounds could wear lace, silver or
gold thread or buttons, cutwork, embroidery, hatbands, belts, ruffles, capes, and other articles. After a
few decades, the law was being widely defied.
November 4, 2010
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (29 September 1547 – 23 April 1616; age 69) was a Spanish
novelist, poet, and playwright. His magnum opus Don Quixote, often considered the first modern
novel, is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever
written. His work is often considered amongst the most important works in all of Western
literature. His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that Spanish is often called la
lengua de Cervantes, Spanish for the language of Cervantes. He has been dubbed El Príncipe
de los Ingenios – The Prince of Wits. His magnum opus Don Quixote was loosely an
conscientious objection to Spanish warfare in the 16th century.
Baroque is an artistic style prevalent from the late 16th century to the early 18th century in
Europe. It is most often defined as "the dominant style of art in Europe between the Mannerist
and Rococo eras, a style characterized by dynamic movement, overt emotion and self-confident
rhetoric".
African Slavery in Brazil shaped the country's social structure and ethnic landscape. During the
colonial epoch and for over six decades after the 1822 independence, slavery was a mainstay of
the Brazilian economy, especially in mining and sugar cane production. Brazil obtained 35.4%
of all enslaved Africans traded in the Atlantic slave trade, more than 3 million Africans were sent
to Brazil to work mainly on sugar cane plantations from the 16th to the 19th century.
Sor (Sister) Juana Inés de la Cruz (12 November 1648/51 – 17 April 1695) fully Juana Inés de
Asbaje y Ramírez de Santillana, was a self-taught scholar, poet of the Baroque school, and nun
of New Spain. Although she lived in a colonial era when Mexico was part of the Spanish

8. Empire, she is considered today a Mexican writer, and stands at the beginning of the history of
Mexican literature in the Spanish language. Sor Juana's “thinking out loud” was especially
dangerous because the Counter Reformation was raging. Anyone who challenged societal values
and ecclesiastical dogma could be investigated by the Spanish Inquisition on suspicion of heresy.