Roofs
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The document discusses different types of roofs. It defines a roof as the covering on the uppermost part of a building that protects from weather effects. Several roof types are described, including flat roofs, shed roofs, gable roofs, hip roofs, gambrel roofs, mansard roofs, butterfly roofs, and dome roofs. Key terminology is also defined, such as hip, joist, rafter, flashing, gable, and ridge.
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basic structural system in architecture
This document discusses different structural systems including wall slab, post-lintel, and post slab. It provides details on the basic structural elements of slabs, walls, beams, and columns. For each structural system, it describes the load transfer method, structural members, openings allowed, spans, positioning of stairs, punching, cantilevers, and materials used. Examples of each system are given along with discussions of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Case studies of specific buildings demonstrating wall slab structures are also included.
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Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
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Industrial Buildings (e.g. mills, gas plant)
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Structural loads on tall buildings include dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads from seismic activity, wind, and temperature changes. Tall buildings must have structural systems to effectively distribute these loads and resist lateral forces. Common structural typologies include interior moment frames, shear walls, outrigger systems, and exterior tube, diagrid, and bundled tube systems which use closely spaced columns and beams to act as a rigid perimeter wall. The structural forms vary based on the building material (concrete or steel) and optimize the building's ability to transfer loads vertically and resist lateral loads like wind and seismic forces.
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This ppt is all about the high-rise structural systems and the methods of construction.
Hope, it will help you to get some information and knowledge.
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This document provides information on form active structural systems, with a focus on arch structures. It defines form active structures as systems of flexible, non-rigid matter where force redirection is achieved through particular form design and stabilization. Examples given include arch, tent, cable, and shell structures. Arch structures are then discussed in more detail, including terminology, types of arches, load mechanisms, classification, design considerations, and advantages. The key points are that arches function in pure compression to span distances by transmitting outward thrust to supports, and their curved form eliminates tensile stresses.
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The document discusses building structures and their components. It defines a building and categorizes buildings based on occupancy such as residential, educational, etc. It describes three main types of structures - load bearing, framed, and composite. Load bearing structures transfer weight through walls to foundations, while framed structures use a network of columns and beams supported by slabs. Composite structures combine load bearing and framed elements. The document outlines key building components such as foundations, floors, walls, roofs, and their functions in constructing structures.
Structural System
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
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This document discusses different types of structural systems. It defines structure and explains that structures can be man-made or natural. Man-made structures are constructed by humans, while natural structures occur without human involvement. The document then discusses four main types of structural systems: section/bulk active systems using rigid elements to redirect forces through bending; vector active systems using tension and compression elements; form active systems relying on flexible elements and particular shapes; and surface active systems using planar elements under tension, compression or shear. Examples are provided for each type of structural system.
Space frames
The document discusses space frames, which are lightweight, truss-like structures constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports by transmitting loads through tension and compression along the length of each strut. They are made of steel or timber and can be used for applications like sports arenas, assembly halls, airports, and workshops. Space frames come in single, double, or triple layer configurations and use node connectors to link the elements. Their advantages include being light, stiff, economical to construct, and allowing freedom of longer spans. Their disadvantage is they can be difficult to engineer due to complex force distributions.
Tensile structures
A tensile structure carries only tension and no compression or bending forces. It uses a fabric material stretched over a framework to provide stability. Tension roofs are loaded only in tension with no resistance to compression or bending. Tensile structures have environmental benefits like longer lifecycles, reusability, and recyclability with less construction debris. They provide flexible design aesthetics, translucency, durability, lightweight construction, and cost benefits from reduced energy usage. Common types include free-standing, mast-supported, and arch-supported structures.
Building Structures as Architecture, Wolfgang Schueller
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016.
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller. The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website: http://www.csiamerica.com/go/schueller
Space structure
A space frame or space structure is a structure system assembled of linear elements so arranged that forces are transferred in a three-dimensional manner. Space frames can be used to cover large areas with few interior supports.
High rise buildings
High-rise buildings first emerged in the late 19th century in urban areas with high land prices and population densities. They allowed for more vertical construction on limited land. Advances in steel construction made taller buildings possible. There are several reasons for building high-rises, including using expensive urban land more efficiently, creating density to reduce transportation needs, and gaining publicity. High-rise buildings present structural challenges like managing increasing loads and forces from wind and earthquakes with height. Foundations must support large loads and lateral forces through techniques like piles.
Structural Forms
Structural forms can be solid structures made from a single piece of strong material like concrete or brick with little internal space, frame structures composed of arranged rigid parts, or shell structures resembling a shell shape like a dome or vault providing strength from their curved shapes. Truss bridges are another type of structural form using geometric patterns of connected elements.
Components of a building
Residential Buildings (e.g. apartment, house, hotel)
Educational Buildings (e.g. school, college)
Institutional Buildings (e.g. hospital, prisons, nursing homes)
Assembly Buildings (e.g. club room, restaurants)
Business Building (e.g. shopping mall, market)
Mercantile Buildings (e.g. bank, stores)
Industrial Buildings (e.g. mills, gas plant)
Storage Buildings (e.g. garages, cold storage)
Hazardous Buildings
Structures
There are several types of structures including frame, shell, arch, mass, and suspension structures. Frame structures are composed of long elements joined at the ends and are commonly used due to their strength, ease of building, and low cost, though they are not suitable for large loads. Shell structures form a thin outer layer surrounding a volume, like eggshells or balloons. Arch structures, invented by Romans, transfer force through their semicircular shape to the sides. Mass structures simply fill a space with low quality materials but are thick, like mountains. Suspension structures hold elements with cables from a tall column and are good for large spans but expensive. Forces on structures include tension, compression, shear, torsion, and
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This document describes the typical elements of a reinforced concrete (RCC) framed building. It discusses the major structural elements including the foundation/footing that transfers load to the soil, columns that support beams and transfer load to the footing, beams that transfer load between columns and support slabs, slabs that form floors and roofs, and staircases. It provides details on the reinforcement in each element including main bars and stirrups/lateral ties. Minor elements like lintels and sunshades are also covered.
Shells - Theory and Design of Plates and Shells
A shell is a thin curved surface Thickness of which is small compared to the radius and other two dimensions Shell are used for roofing large column free areas
Tall buildings
The document discusses various types of tall buildings and earthquake resistant design strategies. It describes bundled tube, framed tube, braced tube, and tube-in-tube structural systems that are used for tall buildings. The document also summarizes the Bhuj earthquake that occurred in Gujarat in 2001 and killed over 19,000 people. It provides steps for seismic design including planning symmetrical buildings, avoiding soft stories, using ductile materials, and providing vertical load paths like shear walls, bracing, and tuned mass dampers.
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The document discusses different types of structural forms including cable structures, tent structures, and arched structures. It provides definitions and examples for each type. Cable structures are defined as using suspension cables for support and being highly efficient. Examples given include cable-stayed and suspension bridges. Tent structures carry only tension and examples include various tent designs from different cultures and time periods. Arched structures span an elevated space using a curved structure, and examples of arched bridges and buildings are described. Construction details and case studies of specific structures like the Munich Olympic Stadium are also summarized.
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This document discusses different types of roofs. It begins by introducing roofs and their purpose of protecting buildings from weather. It then discusses roofs throughout history and principles of roof design, noting that design depends on climate. The main types discussed are flat roofs, commonly used for commercial buildings, and pitched or sloped roofs, more common for homes. Specific pitched roof styles covered include gabled, shed, hipped, mansard, gambrel, lean-to, conical, domical, pyramidal, sawtooth, saltbox, and butterfly roofs.
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This document discusses various types of roofs and roofing materials appropriate and inappropriate for the Philippines climate. It begins by defining roofs and their purpose of protecting buildings from weather. Appropriate roof types for the tropical climate include pitch, green, gable, hip, shed, Dutch hip, gambrel and winged roofs. Inappropriate roof types are flat, mansard, butterfly, A-framed, folded plate and curved panel roofs due to drainage problems. Various traditional and modern roofing materials are also discussed such as thatch, tiles, shingles, slate and different types of membranes. Insulation materials to protect the interior from heat are also covered.
Lean to roof
This document discusses lean-to roofs. A lean-to roof is the simplest type of pitched roof where one wall of a room is extended higher than the other wall to create a slope for the roof. Lean-to roofs are commonly used for sheds, outbuildings attached to main structures, and covering verandas. They are easy and inexpensive to construct and suitable for spans up to 2.4 meters. The roofing materials can include tiles, asbestos cement sheets, or painted steel sheets.
Roofs.pdf
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It discusses the different types of roofs including pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further divided into types based on their shape such as gable, hip, gambrel, and mansard roofs. Common roofing materials include thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, galvanized iron sheets, and lightweight materials. Truss systems such as king post, queen post, and steel trusses are used to support larger span roofs. Selection of roofing materials depends on factors like cost, durability, maintenance needs, and climate.
Roofs
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
Visual Dictionary- Lighttransmitting
An air barrier is a moisture resistant paper that stops liquid water but allows vapor to pass through. It is wrapped around the house to protect the sheathing. Ridge vents and gable vents are used to circulate air through the attic. A roof turbine spins to regulate airflow through an attic using electricity or airflow. Batter boards are temporary frames used to mark the approximate location for building a basement after excavation.
BSCI 2300
Air barrier paper is a sheet material that is permeable to water vapor but not air or liquid water. It protects structures from weather to prevent interior mildew and corrosion, and reduces energy usage by limiting airflow.
Attic ventilation includes soffit vents at the eave to intake air, ridge vents at the peak to exhaust air, gable vents high in walls to create cross drafts, and roof turbines that use wind to expel moist air.
A backhoe is equipment used for excavation consisting of a 30-inch wide digging bucket on an articulated arm.
ROOFS PART 1.pdf
A roof protects a building from weather elements like rain, snow, and heat. It consists of a framework that supports roof coverings. There are several types of roofs including pitched/sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs can be gabled, hipped, gambrel, or butterfly shaped. Trusses are used to support roofs with large spans, and different truss designs include king post, queen post, mansard, and steel trusses.
Roof structures and Types of roofs
GENERAL FUNCTION:
To give a protective covering to the building, so rain, wind or snow may not damage the building
Roofs Styles
The document discusses various roof designs for homes. It describes common residential roof styles like gable, hip, flat, shed, mansard, Dutch hip, gambrel, butterfly, winged gable, and A-frame roofs. It also covers mixed roof styles, frame roof construction including rafters and roof framing plans, roof slope, pitch and terminology. Finally, it discusses roof ventilation methods, flashing, gutters, and downspouts.
ROOFS.ppt
Roofs come in various types depending on the building, climate, and available materials. Pitched roofs slope in one or multiple directions and include gable, hip, and gambrel styles. Flat roofs are constructed of reinforced concrete and can be one-way slabs, two-way slabs, slab-and-beam, or flat slabs resting directly on columns. Roof coverings include thatch, slates, tiles, asbestos sheets, corrugated metal, shingles, and more, with the selection based on factors like cost, durability, and appearance.
Types of roof slopes
The Indian roofing industry has undergone an exemplar shift in the past few years. The sudden changes in the roofing sheets industry is primarily due to changing & growing demand of Roofing Structures in the past decade.
Similar to Roofs (20)
ROOF - Worksop and lecture at IIT Roorkee Department of Architecture
ROOF - Worksop and lecture at IIT Roorkee Department of Architecture
PARTS_OF_ROOF and Trusses powerpoint prsentation.ppt
PARTS_OF_ROOF and Trusses powerpoint prsentation.ppt
Roofs
- 1. Done by :- Rahul Sharma IISD, GURGAON
- 2. What Is A Roof ??? o Roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather. oIn most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, sunlight, cold and wind.
- 3. Roofing Terminology Hip The external angle at the junction of two sides of a roof whose supporting walls adjoin. Joist In a flat roof, a horizontal structural member over which sheathing is nailed. Rafter A structural member (usually slanted) to which sheathing is nailed. Flashing Sheet metal or other material used at junctions of different planes on a roof to prevent leakage. Gable The triangular upper part of a wall closing the end of a ridged roof Ridge The horizontal line at the top edge of two sloping roof planes. Valley The less-than 180-degree angle where two sloping roof sections come together
- 4. Roof Types
- 5. Flat roof A flat roof is not truly flat but angled slightly to allow for water runoff. It is the cheapest to build initially but will cost you much more than other roof types in maintenance costs.
- 6. Shed Roof A shed roof is basically a flat roof with a slightly greater angle allowing for greater runoff. They are relatively easy to build and inexpensive as compared to most other roof types. They are usually used on home extension rooms and porches
- 7. Gable Roof A gable roof consists of two shed roof structures joined at the peak forming a ridge line. Gable Dormers Dormers are room construction extensions from the roof structure. They usually have windows or doors on the front wall structure. Dormers are often used in 1 ½ story construction to provide light and ventilation to the upper story.
- 8. Hip Roof A hip or hipped is a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls, usually with a fairly gentle slope. A square hip roof is shaped like a PYRAMID. In other words we called as PYRAMID ROOF. Hip roofs on houses could have two triangular sides and two trapezoidal ones. A hip roof on a rectangular plan has four faces.
- 9. Gamblrel Roof Gambrel roof design is similar to gable construction With two angles on each side. Steep lower surfaces and shallow angle top surfaces allow greater floor space in 1 ½ story construction.
- 10. Mansard Roof Mansard roof construction consists of a compound hip roof design with a lower and upper hip format.
- 11. Butterfly Roof The butterfly roof is an inverted gable roof design creating a central valley for runoff. The design is visually stunning but impractical for water tightness.
- 12. Dome Roof Dome construction is one of the most difficult to build but is often the most interesting visually The marble dome of theTaj Mahal.
Editor's Notes
- Dome roof