Forming operations are those in which the shape of a metal piece is changed by plastic deformation; for example, forging, rolling, extrusion, and drawing are common forming techniques.
This document discusses various metal forming processes including rolling, forging, extrusion, drawing, and shearing. It covers bulk deformation processes like rolling, forging, and extrusion which involve large plastic deformation and changing the cross-section without changing the volume. It also discusses sheet metal processes and categorizes the forming processes based on temperature into cold, warm and hot working. Key rolling processes like flat rolling, thread rolling and ring rolling are described along with forging and extrusion processes.
Flashless forging is a closed die forging process where metal is deformed in a die cavity with little to no excess flash. It is conducted at an elevated temperature between cold and hot forging. The preheated workpiece is compressed in the die until deformation occurs, producing a near-net or net-shaped part. Flashless forging requires tight process control of work volume and die cavity size to ensure proper filling. It is well-suited for producing simple, symmetrical parts and precision forgings from materials like aluminum.
The document discusses three types of bending that occur when sheet metal is bent: partial bending, bottoming, and coining. It explains the relationship between bending force and bending angle through an S-curve diagram. Partial bending and bottoming occur through air bending with relatively low force, while coining requires much higher force and eliminates springback for greater precision. Springback occurs due to the material retaining elasticity even after yielding. The document also discusses bottoming as the most common air bending technique, providing a table relating sheet thickness to optimal V-width for the die.
This presentation is for academic purpose
Topics:-
1) Metal forming
2) Stress- strain analysis for forming process
3) Hot working and cold working process
4) Rolling process
5) Rolling mill arrangements
6) Rolling defects
7) Ring rolling
8) Thread rolling
9)Seamless Pipe Manufacturing By Rolling Process
10) Production of Steel Balls by Rolling Process
11) Roll-Forging
This document summarizes the metal forming process of rolling. It describes how rolling works by passing metal between rolls, subjecting it to compressive and shear stresses. It discusses different types of rolling mills and explains how hot and cold rolling differ, with hot rolling reducing size at high temperatures and cold rolling providing better surface finish. The document also outlines defects that can occur during rolling such as surface irregularities, inclusions, and edge cracking or center splitting.
Forming operations are those in which the shape of a metal piece is changed by plastic deformation; for example, forging, rolling, extrusion, and drawing are common forming techniques.
This document discusses various metal forming processes including rolling, forging, extrusion, drawing, and shearing. It covers bulk deformation processes like rolling, forging, and extrusion which involve large plastic deformation and changing the cross-section without changing the volume. It also discusses sheet metal processes and categorizes the forming processes based on temperature into cold, warm and hot working. Key rolling processes like flat rolling, thread rolling and ring rolling are described along with forging and extrusion processes.
Flashless forging is a closed die forging process where metal is deformed in a die cavity with little to no excess flash. It is conducted at an elevated temperature between cold and hot forging. The preheated workpiece is compressed in the die until deformation occurs, producing a near-net or net-shaped part. Flashless forging requires tight process control of work volume and die cavity size to ensure proper filling. It is well-suited for producing simple, symmetrical parts and precision forgings from materials like aluminum.
The document discusses three types of bending that occur when sheet metal is bent: partial bending, bottoming, and coining. It explains the relationship between bending force and bending angle through an S-curve diagram. Partial bending and bottoming occur through air bending with relatively low force, while coining requires much higher force and eliminates springback for greater precision. Springback occurs due to the material retaining elasticity even after yielding. The document also discusses bottoming as the most common air bending technique, providing a table relating sheet thickness to optimal V-width for the die.
This presentation is for academic purpose
Topics:-
1) Metal forming
2) Stress- strain analysis for forming process
3) Hot working and cold working process
4) Rolling process
5) Rolling mill arrangements
6) Rolling defects
7) Ring rolling
8) Thread rolling
9)Seamless Pipe Manufacturing By Rolling Process
10) Production of Steel Balls by Rolling Process
11) Roll-Forging
This document summarizes the metal forming process of rolling. It describes how rolling works by passing metal between rolls, subjecting it to compressive and shear stresses. It discusses different types of rolling mills and explains how hot and cold rolling differ, with hot rolling reducing size at high temperatures and cold rolling providing better surface finish. The document also outlines defects that can occur during rolling such as surface irregularities, inclusions, and edge cracking or center splitting.
This document discusses flashless forging, a near net shape forging process where metal is compressed in a die cavity without any excess flash. Flashless forging provides benefits over closed die forging such as material and energy savings from eliminating flash, higher production rates due to no trimming, and better part dimensions and grain structure. While it enables net shape parts and savings, flashless forging also requires more complex dies and strict control over blank weight and temperature compared to conventional forging.
Extrusion, Drawing, Forging and Sheetmetal working processesmulualemamar
This Material presents about metal forming processes from those it slides about bulk deformation and sheet metal working processes includes (extrusion, drawing, forging and sheet metal operations).
Metal forming processes involve plastic deformation of materials to shape them. The main bulk metal forming processes are forging, extrusion, and rolling. Forging involves compressing material between dies to impart the die shape. Extrusion uses a ram to force material through a die opening to shape its cross-section. Rolling reduces thickness by compressing material between rotating rolls.
This document provides an overview of various metal forming processes including forging, rolling, extrusion, and drawing. It discusses topics such as the stages of impression die forging, load-stroke curves in closed-die forging, flat and shape rolling processes, defects in flat rolling, ring rolling, types of extrusion and defects like chevron cracking, variables in drawing, and forming processes used for rocket casings. The document contains illustrations of many metal forming techniques and operations.
Drop forging is a mass production technique that shapes hot metal between two dies using great force. There are two main types - closed die forging shapes metal inside molds, while open die forging positions the metal manually. Drop forging works metals both hot, to prevent hardening, and cold. It produces strong, complex parts in large quantities economically for runs over 50,000 units.
Rolling is a metal forming process that reduces thickness or changes the cross-section of metal stock by compressive forces from rolls. There are two main types: flat rolling and shape rolling. Rolling can be done hot or cold depending on the temperature of the metal. Key rolling mill configurations include two-high, three-high, and four-high mills. Seamless pipes and tubes are formed through continuous processes without any welds, providing more reliable pressure retention than welded alternatives.
Metal forming processes use plastic deformation to change the shape of metal workpieces. Rolling is one of the most common metal forming processes, accounting for around 90% of metal shaping. In rolling, the metal workpiece is passed through one or more sets of rolls, reducing the thickness and changing the cross-sectional area under compressive forces applied by the rolls. The geometry of the final product is determined by the shape and contour of the roll gap. Rolling can be performed hot or cold, and is used to produce a wide variety of parts for structural applications and transportation.
This document discusses forging and forging processes. It defines forging as the controlled plastic deformation of metals at elevated temperatures using compressive forces. Forging enhances mechanical properties like strength and toughness. Forgeability is the tolerance of a metal to deform without failure, and can be evaluated using hot twist, upset, and hot impact tests. Common forging materials include aluminium alloys, steels, and titanium alloys. Forging is classified as open die or close die, with close die allowing more complex shapes. Processes include drop forging, press forging, and machine forging. Forging improves properties like strength and reduces machining time.
The document discusses various metal forming processes including rolling, forging, and extrusion. It describes rolling as reducing thickness of metal between opposing rolls. The main types are flat rolling and shape rolling, with hot rolling being most common. Forging involves compressing metal between dies to shape it. The main types are cold forging, hot forging, drop forging, and press forging. Extrusion uses compression to force metal through a die opening to produce parts with uniform cross-sections like rods.
The document discusses the process of rolling metals. It begins by defining rolling as the plastic deformation of materials caused by compressive force applied through revolving rolls, which reduces the thickness and increases the length of the workpiece. It then discusses hot rolling and cold rolling processes. Hot rolling is performed above the recrystallization temperature and allows for large deformation, while cold rolling is used for finished sheets and plates. The document also covers grain structure changes during rolling, mechanics of rolling including forces, entry conditions, and roll pressure distribution. It concludes with discussing types of rolling mills.
This document provides information on various metal rolling processes including hot rolling, cold rolling, and other specialized rolling techniques. It discusses the basic components and setup of rolling mills. Key rolling processes are defined, such as continuous rolling, shaped rolling, and ring rolling. The document also examines the differences between hot and cold rolling, and provides examples of typical rolling mill operations. Mathematical approaches for calculating rolling loads are introduced.
Metal forming processes include bulk deformation processes that significantly change the shape of metal parts through plastic deformation. The four main bulk deformation processes are rolling, forging, extrusion, and wire/bar drawing. Rolling involves passing metal between opposing rolls to reduce thickness or change cross-section. Forging involves compressing metal between dies to shape it. Extrusion uses a die to shape metal as it is squeezed through the die opening. Wire/bar drawing reduces diameter by pulling metal through a die. These processes are important for net-shape forming with little waste.
Sizing is a metalworking process performed below melting point to improve dimensional accuracy and surface finish of a workpiece. It involves applying pressure to minimize thickness and densify the metal's surface. Sizing is usually done on semi-finished or precision parts using an open die and produces parts with better dimensions and stronger surfaces.
The document discusses two main forging processes: open die forging and closed die forging. Open die forging uses simple flat dies and is used for large or low volume parts. Closed die forging uses carefully machined matching dies to produce parts to close tolerances. The process involves preforming billets, rough forging in blocking dies, finishing in final dies, and trimming flash. Closed die forging produces parts with good dimensions and properties but requires high die costs for small volumes.
The document discusses various defects that can occur in metal forming processes. It describes the different types of bulk metal forming processes like rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing. It also covers sheet metalworking processes like bending, drawing, and shearing. The document discusses factors that influence metal forming like material behavior, temperature, strain rate, friction, and lubrication. It explains defects like springback, wrinkles, and provides methods to minimize them.
This document discusses various metal forming processes including hot working, cold working, rolling, extrusion, and drawing. It provides details on different types of each process such as direct and indirect extrusion. The key advantages of metal forming are improved surface finish, strength, and dimensional accuracy through strain hardening. Higher forces are required compared to other manufacturing processes. Defects can occur due to factors like excessive working at low temperatures or uneven stresses during forming.
This document discusses various metal forming and shaping processes, with a focus on rolling processes. It describes how rolling is used to reduce thickness and change the cross-section of metal workpieces. Rolling accounts for about 90% of all metals produced and involves passing metal between rotating rolls. Hot rolling at elevated temperatures is used to break down cast structures into wrought structures with improved properties. Cold rolling at room temperature produces parts with higher strength, hardness and surface finish. The document outlines various rolling processes like flat rolling, shape rolling, ring rolling and their associated equipment and applications in producing parts.
This document provides preparation material for a rolling lab experiment involving the rolling of aluminum sheets. The document covers the basic principles of rolling, including flat rolling analysis, defects, rolling mill configurations, and objectives for the lab experiment. Students will use a scale model rolling mill to conduct multiple passes of sheet rolling and analyze the results, including measuring hardness, thickness, width, and calculating roll forces.
This document discusses flashless forging, a near net shape forging process where metal is compressed in a die cavity without any excess flash. Flashless forging provides benefits over closed die forging such as material and energy savings from eliminating flash, higher production rates due to no trimming, and better part dimensions and grain structure. While it enables net shape parts and savings, flashless forging also requires more complex dies and strict control over blank weight and temperature compared to conventional forging.
Extrusion, Drawing, Forging and Sheetmetal working processesmulualemamar
This Material presents about metal forming processes from those it slides about bulk deformation and sheet metal working processes includes (extrusion, drawing, forging and sheet metal operations).
Metal forming processes involve plastic deformation of materials to shape them. The main bulk metal forming processes are forging, extrusion, and rolling. Forging involves compressing material between dies to impart the die shape. Extrusion uses a ram to force material through a die opening to shape its cross-section. Rolling reduces thickness by compressing material between rotating rolls.
This document provides an overview of various metal forming processes including forging, rolling, extrusion, and drawing. It discusses topics such as the stages of impression die forging, load-stroke curves in closed-die forging, flat and shape rolling processes, defects in flat rolling, ring rolling, types of extrusion and defects like chevron cracking, variables in drawing, and forming processes used for rocket casings. The document contains illustrations of many metal forming techniques and operations.
Drop forging is a mass production technique that shapes hot metal between two dies using great force. There are two main types - closed die forging shapes metal inside molds, while open die forging positions the metal manually. Drop forging works metals both hot, to prevent hardening, and cold. It produces strong, complex parts in large quantities economically for runs over 50,000 units.
Rolling is a metal forming process that reduces thickness or changes the cross-section of metal stock by compressive forces from rolls. There are two main types: flat rolling and shape rolling. Rolling can be done hot or cold depending on the temperature of the metal. Key rolling mill configurations include two-high, three-high, and four-high mills. Seamless pipes and tubes are formed through continuous processes without any welds, providing more reliable pressure retention than welded alternatives.
Metal forming processes use plastic deformation to change the shape of metal workpieces. Rolling is one of the most common metal forming processes, accounting for around 90% of metal shaping. In rolling, the metal workpiece is passed through one or more sets of rolls, reducing the thickness and changing the cross-sectional area under compressive forces applied by the rolls. The geometry of the final product is determined by the shape and contour of the roll gap. Rolling can be performed hot or cold, and is used to produce a wide variety of parts for structural applications and transportation.
This document discusses forging and forging processes. It defines forging as the controlled plastic deformation of metals at elevated temperatures using compressive forces. Forging enhances mechanical properties like strength and toughness. Forgeability is the tolerance of a metal to deform without failure, and can be evaluated using hot twist, upset, and hot impact tests. Common forging materials include aluminium alloys, steels, and titanium alloys. Forging is classified as open die or close die, with close die allowing more complex shapes. Processes include drop forging, press forging, and machine forging. Forging improves properties like strength and reduces machining time.
The document discusses various metal forming processes including rolling, forging, and extrusion. It describes rolling as reducing thickness of metal between opposing rolls. The main types are flat rolling and shape rolling, with hot rolling being most common. Forging involves compressing metal between dies to shape it. The main types are cold forging, hot forging, drop forging, and press forging. Extrusion uses compression to force metal through a die opening to produce parts with uniform cross-sections like rods.
The document discusses the process of rolling metals. It begins by defining rolling as the plastic deformation of materials caused by compressive force applied through revolving rolls, which reduces the thickness and increases the length of the workpiece. It then discusses hot rolling and cold rolling processes. Hot rolling is performed above the recrystallization temperature and allows for large deformation, while cold rolling is used for finished sheets and plates. The document also covers grain structure changes during rolling, mechanics of rolling including forces, entry conditions, and roll pressure distribution. It concludes with discussing types of rolling mills.
This document provides information on various metal rolling processes including hot rolling, cold rolling, and other specialized rolling techniques. It discusses the basic components and setup of rolling mills. Key rolling processes are defined, such as continuous rolling, shaped rolling, and ring rolling. The document also examines the differences between hot and cold rolling, and provides examples of typical rolling mill operations. Mathematical approaches for calculating rolling loads are introduced.
Metal forming processes include bulk deformation processes that significantly change the shape of metal parts through plastic deformation. The four main bulk deformation processes are rolling, forging, extrusion, and wire/bar drawing. Rolling involves passing metal between opposing rolls to reduce thickness or change cross-section. Forging involves compressing metal between dies to shape it. Extrusion uses a die to shape metal as it is squeezed through the die opening. Wire/bar drawing reduces diameter by pulling metal through a die. These processes are important for net-shape forming with little waste.
Sizing is a metalworking process performed below melting point to improve dimensional accuracy and surface finish of a workpiece. It involves applying pressure to minimize thickness and densify the metal's surface. Sizing is usually done on semi-finished or precision parts using an open die and produces parts with better dimensions and stronger surfaces.
The document discusses two main forging processes: open die forging and closed die forging. Open die forging uses simple flat dies and is used for large or low volume parts. Closed die forging uses carefully machined matching dies to produce parts to close tolerances. The process involves preforming billets, rough forging in blocking dies, finishing in final dies, and trimming flash. Closed die forging produces parts with good dimensions and properties but requires high die costs for small volumes.
The document discusses various defects that can occur in metal forming processes. It describes the different types of bulk metal forming processes like rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing. It also covers sheet metalworking processes like bending, drawing, and shearing. The document discusses factors that influence metal forming like material behavior, temperature, strain rate, friction, and lubrication. It explains defects like springback, wrinkles, and provides methods to minimize them.
This document discusses various metal forming processes including hot working, cold working, rolling, extrusion, and drawing. It provides details on different types of each process such as direct and indirect extrusion. The key advantages of metal forming are improved surface finish, strength, and dimensional accuracy through strain hardening. Higher forces are required compared to other manufacturing processes. Defects can occur due to factors like excessive working at low temperatures or uneven stresses during forming.
This document discusses various metal forming and shaping processes, with a focus on rolling processes. It describes how rolling is used to reduce thickness and change the cross-section of metal workpieces. Rolling accounts for about 90% of all metals produced and involves passing metal between rotating rolls. Hot rolling at elevated temperatures is used to break down cast structures into wrought structures with improved properties. Cold rolling at room temperature produces parts with higher strength, hardness and surface finish. The document outlines various rolling processes like flat rolling, shape rolling, ring rolling and their associated equipment and applications in producing parts.
This document provides preparation material for a rolling lab experiment involving the rolling of aluminum sheets. The document covers the basic principles of rolling, including flat rolling analysis, defects, rolling mill configurations, and objectives for the lab experiment. Students will use a scale model rolling mill to conduct multiple passes of sheet rolling and analyze the results, including measuring hardness, thickness, width, and calculating roll forces.
The presentation is covered from history to advancements, from defects to their remedies. A little background study is needed to understand the presentation.
This document provides an overview of bulk forming processes with a focus on rolling and forging. It begins by introducing bulk forming processes and classifying them as primary or secondary, bulk deformation or sheet forming, and hot or cold working. The main bulk deformation processes of rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing are described. Rolling is discussed in depth, covering the basic rolling process, types of rolling mills, defects, and quality of rolled products. Forging techniques like open-die, impression die, press and roll forging are introduced. Upset forging rules and automatic hot forging are also summarized.
Rolling is a metal forming process that reduces thickness or changes the cross-section of a workpiece by compressive forces from rolls. It is first done at high temperatures (hot rolling) to refine grain structure and enhance properties, then at room temperature (cold rolling) for higher strength. Flat rolling involves passing metal through opposing rolls to reduce thickness. Shape rolling forms complex cross-sections like pipes, tubes, rails. Ring and thread rolling produce rings and threaded parts through expansion or extrusion between shaped dies. Continuous casting and rolling in integrated mills and minimills produce finished metal products more efficiently.
This document provides information on various sheet metal operations used in metal fabrication. It begins with an introduction to pressed metal frames and the advantages of sheet metal. Various sheet metal cutting and forming operations are described such as punching, blanking, deep drawing, bending, squeezing, and notchting. Hooke's law and its application to sheet metal forming is explained. Details are provided on punching, blanking, deep drawing, and bending operations including the forces involved. Applications of sheet metal operations in various industries are mentioned. Finally, types of sheet metals and mechanical linkages used in sheet metal presses are discussed.
This document provides information about a sheet metal forming lab on shearing and bending. The lab objectives are to familiarize students with shearing and bending processes and analyze bending experiments to determine springback in aluminum strips. The document outlines the bending experiment procedure which involves cutting aluminum samples, bending them using different die radii, and measuring the resulting bend radii and angles to calculate springback. It also includes simulations of the bending and springback processes using finite element analysis.
The document discusses various types of rolling processes including hot rolling, cold rolling, ring rolling, sheet rolling, roll forming, roll bending, shape rolling, pack rolling, thread rolling, roll piercing, and planetary mill rolling. It provides definitions and descriptions of each process. It also discusses related topics like geometry of rolling processes, lubrication, defects in rolling, and formulas used in rolling calculations.
Optimization of rolling parameters to achieve better strip shape and to reduce rolling force is a
challenge in rolling practice. In this paper, thin strip rolling process of low carbon steel has been investigated
under asymmetric rolling conditions at various combinations of rolling parameters under lubrication. The
effects of strip width, reduction ratio and rolling speed on strip shape with consideration of speed ratios, work
rolls cross (WRC) angles and work shifting (WRS) values are discussed. Results show that increasing work rolls
cross angle results in a better strip shape and reduction of rolling force, as well as the effect of work roll
shifting value on strip shape. The strip crown and edge drop improved with increasing work roll cross angle.
The improvement is more significant when the speed ratio is increased. The strip hardness reduced with
increasing work roll cross angle and more pronounced at higher speed ratio. However, there was no noticeable
change in microstructure in any case.
This document provides an overview of a course on metal forming processes. It discusses the main types of metal forming processes including bulk metal forming, sheet metal forming, and powder metal forming. The course will cover topics such as material behavior in metal forming, temperature effects, friction and lubrication, as well as specific processes like forging, rolling, extrusion, and drawing. It provides learning objectives, course content, required textbooks, and information on assignments, grading, and the class schedule.
This document summarizes turning operations on a lathe. It describes the basic components of a lathe like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It explains various turning operations including turning, facing, cutting with form tools, boring, drilling, parting, threading, and knurling. It also discusses tool geometry, material removal rate calculations, forces during turning, tool materials and speeds, workholding devices, and cutting fluids. Turning is a versatile machining process where the workpiece is rotated while being cut to produce various axisymmetric shapes.
Turning is one of the most basic machining processes where a part is rotated while being machined. Lathes are versatile machines capable of producing a variety of shapes through processes like turning, facing, cutting, boring, drilling, parting, threading, and knurling. The material removal rate in turning depends on factors like the cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate. Forces on the cutting tool include the cutting force, thrust force, and radial force. Tool geometry, workpiece material, and cutting conditions must be selected appropriately for different operations.
The document discusses various sheet metal processes including shearing, punching, blanking, bending, drawing, spinning, and forming. It provides details on each process such as the basic setup, how it works, applications, advantages, and equations to calculate forces required. Key points covered include how shearing produces rough cut edges, the importance of proper clearance in punching, the stages of deep drawing including thinning, and how spinning can form axisymmetric shapes through localized deformation.
This document discusses mechanics of machining and grinding processes. It describes how grinding works by using abrasive grains on a grinding wheel as cutting tools. It explains factors that influence grinding wheel performance like abrasive type, grain size, bond material, and grain spacing. The document also summarizes equations for estimating chip length, chip thickness, cutting points, grinding forces, and specific energy during different grinding operations. Finally, it discusses wear mechanisms in grinding wheels like attritious, fracture, and bond fracture wear.
This document discusses various sheet metal forming processes. It describes cutting processes like shearing, blanking, and punching. It also describes bending, drawing, embossing, stretch forming, roll forming, and spinning. Sheet metal is commonly used to make parts for vehicles, appliances, furniture and more. Cutting is done using punches and dies in presses or shears. Proper clearance and tool sizes are important. Bending involves straining metal around an axis. Drawing forms complex curved shapes using punches and dies.
Design and Construction of a Connecting rodFaisal Niloy
The document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares technologies. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Finally, it includes the CAD model and photos of the constructed physical connecting rod.
Design & Construction of a Connecting rodFaisal Niloy
The document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares technologies. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Examples are provided of both the CAD model and real constructed connecting rod.
This document discusses various metal forming processes including rolling, extrusion, forging, and drawing. It provides definitions and descriptions of each process. Rolling involves passing metal through rotating rolls to reduce thickness or shape it. Extrusion uses a press to force heated metal through a die to shape it. Forging shapes heated metal by compressing it with dies or hammers. Drawing shapes metal by pulling it through a die to reduce its cross-sectional area. Each process deforms metal through compression or tension to form parts.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
2. 6.1 Rolling definition:
Rolling is a deformation process in which the thickness of the work is reduced by
compressive forces exerted by two opposing rolls.
6.2 Types of Rolling:
3. 6.3 Type of rolling Based on work temperature:
6.3.1 Hot rolling: is a rolling operation carried out at a
temperature just below the metal melting point, permitting
large amount of deformation. Hot rolling is a mill process
which involves rolling the steel at a high temperature
(typically at a temperature over 1700° F), which is above the steel’s recrystallization
temperature. When steel is above the recrystallization temperature, it can be shaped and
formed easily, and the steel can be made in much larger sizes.
Uses: Hot rolled products like hot rolled steel bars are used in the welding and construction
trades to make railroad tracks and I-beams, for example. Hot rolled steel is used in situations
where precise shapes and tolerances are not required.
4. 6.3.2 Cold rolling :is a rolling operation carried out at room temperature. Cold rolling is
commonly conducted after hot rolling when good surface quality and low thickness
tolerance are needed. Cold rolling causes material strengthening. Cold rolled steel is
essentially hot rolled steel that has had further processing. This process results in higher
yield points and has four main advantages:
Cold rolling increases the yield and tensile strengths, often eliminating further costly
thermal treatments.
Turning gets rid of surface imperfections.
Grinding narrows the original size tolerance range.
Polishing improves surface finish.
Uses: Any project where tolerances, surface condition, concentricity, and straightness are
the major factors. These characteristics make cold-rolled sheets, strips, and coils ideal for
stampings, exterior panels, and other parts of products ranging from automobiles to
appliances and office furniture.
5. 6.4 Type of rolling Based on work piece geometry
6.4.1 Flat rolling:
The rolls rotate as illustrated in Figure 6.1 to pull and simultaneously squeeze the work
between them. The basic process shown in our figure is flat rolling, used to reduce the
thickness of a rectangular cross section.
Figure 6.1 The rolling process (specifically, flat rolling).
6. 6.4.1.1 Flat Rolling and Its Analysis:
Flat rolling is illustrated in Figures 6.1 .In flat rolling, the work is squeezed between two
rolls so that its thickness is reduced by an amount called the draft:
where d = draft (mm) (in); to = starting thickness, mm (in); and tf = final thickness, mm (in).
Draft is sometimes expressed as a fraction of the starting stock thickness, called the
reduction:
where r = reduction. Conservation of matter is preserved, so the volume of metal exiting the
rolls equals the volume entering:
where wo and wf are the before and after work widths, mm; and Lo and Lf are the before
and after work lengths, mm . Similarly, before and after volume rates of material flow must
be the same, so the before and after velocities can be related:
where vo and vf are the entering and exiting velocities of the work.
7. Along an arc defined by the angle u. Each roll has radius R, and its rotational speed gives
it a surface velocity vr. This velocity is greater than the entering speed of the work vo and
less than its exiting speed vf. The amount of slip between the rolls and the work can be
measured by means of the forward slip, a term used in rolling that is defined:
where s = forward slip; vf = final (exiting) work velocity, m/s ; and vr = roll speed, m/s
.The true strain experienced by the work in rolling is based on before and after stock
thicknesses. In equation form,
The true strain can be used to determine the average flow stress Yf:
8. There is a limit to the maximum possible draft that can be accomplished in flat rolling with a
given coefficient of friction, defined by:
where dmax= maximum draft, mm(in); µ=coefficient of friction; and R= roll radius mm. the
roll force F required for rolling operation is equal to the flow stress multiplied by the area of
the contact between roll and work piece ,given as flowing:
Where average flow stress MPa ; and the product wL is the roll-work contact area, mm2 .
Contact length can be approximated by:
9. Figure 6.2: Side view of flat rolling, indicating before and after thicknesses, work
velocities, angle of contact with rolls, and other features.
10. The torque in rolling can be estimated by assuming that the roll force is centered on the work
as it passes between the rolls, and that it acts with a moment arm of one-half the contact
length L. Thus, torque for each roll is
T = 0.5 FL
The power required to drive each roll is the product of torque and angular velocity. we get
the following expression:
P = 2 NFL
where P = power, J/s or W ; N = rotational speed, 1/s (rev/min); F = rolling force, N ; and L
= contact length, m (in).
Example 6.1: Flat peed of 50 rev/min. The work material has a flow curve defined by K =
275 MPa and n = 0.15, and the coefficient of friction between the rolls and the work is
assumed to be 0.12. Determine if the friction is sufficient to permit Rolling: A 300-mm-
wide strip 25-mm thick is fed through a rolling mill with two powered rolls each of radius
= 250 mm. The work thickness is to be reduced to 22 mm in one pass at a roll s the rolling
operation to be accomplished. If so, calculate the roll force, torque, and horsepower.
11. Solution: The draft attempted in this rolling operation is
d = 25 - 22 = 3mm
the maximum possible draft for the given coefficient of friction is
dmax = (0.12)2(250) = 3.6mm
To compute rolling force, we need the contact length L and the average
flow stress ̅. The contact length is given
12. Rolling force is determined
F = 175.7(300)(27.4) = 1, 444, 786 N
Torque required to drive each roll is
T = 0.5(1, 444,786) (27, 4)(10-3) =19, 786 N-m
and the power is obtained
P = 2 (50)(1, 444,786)(27.4)(10-3) = 12,432, 086 N-m/min = 207,201 N-m/s(W)
For comparison, let us convert this to horsepower (we note that one horsepower = 745.7 W):
6.4.2 Shape Rolling:
In shape rolling, the work is deformed into a contoured cross section. Products made by
shape rolling include construction shapes such as I-beams, L-beams, and U-channels; rails
for railroad tracks; and round and square bars and rods (see Figure6.2). The process is
accomplished by passing the work through rolls that have the reverse of the desired shape.
Shaping rolls are more complicated; and the work, usually starting as a square shape,
requires a gradual transformation through several rolls in order to achieve the final cross
section.
13. 6.5 Rolling Mills:
Various rolling mill configurations are available to deal with the variety of applications and
technical problems in the rolling process.
1. two-high rolling mill The basic rolling mill consists of two opposing rolls and is
referred to as a two-high rolling mill, shown in Figure 6.4(a). The two-high
configuration can be either:
Reversing. The reversing mill allows the direction of roll rotation to be reversed, so that
the work can be passed through in either direction.
Non-reversing. In the non-reversing mill, the rolls always rotate in the same direction,
and the work always passes through from the same side.
2. In the three-high configuration, Figure 6.4(b), there are three rolls in a vertical column,
and the direction of rotation of each roll remains unchanged.
3. The four-high rolling mill uses two smaller-diameter rolls to contact the work and two
backing rolls behind them, as in Figure 6.4 (c).
4. The cluster rolling mill: Each of the work rolls is supported by two backing
rolls. (Figure 6.4(d)).
14. 5. Tandem rolling mill is often used. To achieve higher throughput rates in standard
products, This configuration consists of a series of rolling stands, as represented in Figure
6.4(e).
Figure 6.4:Various configurations of rolling mills: (a) 2-high, (b) 3-high, (c) 4-high, (d)
cluster mill, and (e) tandem rolling mill.