The document discusses various types of rolling processes including hot rolling, cold rolling, ring rolling, sheet rolling, roll forming, roll bending, shape rolling, pack rolling, thread rolling, roll piercing, and planetary mill rolling. It provides definitions and descriptions of each process. It also discusses related topics like geometry of rolling processes, lubrication, defects in rolling, and formulas used in rolling calculations.
The presentation is covered from history to advancements, from defects to their remedies. A little background study is needed to understand the presentation.
The document discusses various aspects of rolling processes. It defines rolling as a metalworking process that uses compressive forces exerted by rolls to reduce the thickness or change the cross-section of a workpiece. It describes the basic components of a rolling mill and the functions of rolls. It also discusses types of rolling like flat rolling, shape rolling, ring rolling, and thread rolling. Key differences between hot and cold rolling are explained along with advantages and disadvantages of each. Various products produced from rolling like plates, sheets, strips are also mentioned.
This document discusses various metal forming and shaping processes, with a focus on rolling processes. It describes how rolling is used to reduce thickness and change the cross-section of metal workpieces. Rolling accounts for about 90% of all metals produced and involves passing metal between rotating rolls. Hot rolling at elevated temperatures is used to break down cast structures into wrought structures with improved properties. Cold rolling at room temperature produces parts with higher strength, hardness and surface finish. The document outlines various rolling processes like flat rolling, shape rolling, ring rolling and their associated equipment and applications in producing parts.
Rolling is a metalworking process that reduces thickness by passing metal between rolls. It is commonly used to convert steel ingots into thinner slabs, sheets, and strips. There are different types of rolling including hot, cold, and shape rolling. Hot rolling above the recrystallization temperature allows for large reductions while cold rolling below this temperature produces better surface finishes. Rolling processes are used widely in Pakistan's steel industry by companies like Batala Steel Products and Mughal Steel to manufacture items like pipes, storage tanks, and steel flooring.
Rolling is a metal forming process that reduces thickness or changes the cross-section of metal stock by compressive forces from rolls. There are two main types: flat rolling and shape rolling. Rolling can be done hot or cold depending on the temperature of the metal. Key rolling mill configurations include two-high, three-high, and four-high mills. Seamless pipes and tubes are formed through continuous processes without any welds, providing more reliable pressure retention than welded alternatives.
The document discusses the rolling process used in mechanical engineering. It begins with introductions and terminology for rolling. It then covers classifications of rolling mills like two high, three high, and four high mills. The types of rolling processes discussed include conventional, transverse, shaped, ring, powder, and thread rolling. Hot and cold rolling are also covered. Key aspects of the rolling process like roll bite condition and common rolling defects are defined. The document concludes with potential problems in rolling and sample multiple choice questions.
Rotary forging is a combination of two actions, rotational and an axial compression movement, for precise component forming that can be carried out cold or hot
Rolling is a metal forming process that reduces thickness or changes the cross-section of a workpiece by compressive forces from rolls. It is first done at high temperatures (hot rolling) to refine grain structure and enhance properties, then at room temperature (cold rolling) for higher strength. Flat rolling involves passing metal through opposing rolls to reduce thickness. Shape rolling forms complex cross-sections like pipes, tubes, rails. Ring and thread rolling produce rings and threaded parts through expansion or extrusion between shaped dies. Continuous casting and rolling in integrated mills and minimills produce finished metal products more efficiently.
The presentation is covered from history to advancements, from defects to their remedies. A little background study is needed to understand the presentation.
The document discusses various aspects of rolling processes. It defines rolling as a metalworking process that uses compressive forces exerted by rolls to reduce the thickness or change the cross-section of a workpiece. It describes the basic components of a rolling mill and the functions of rolls. It also discusses types of rolling like flat rolling, shape rolling, ring rolling, and thread rolling. Key differences between hot and cold rolling are explained along with advantages and disadvantages of each. Various products produced from rolling like plates, sheets, strips are also mentioned.
This document discusses various metal forming and shaping processes, with a focus on rolling processes. It describes how rolling is used to reduce thickness and change the cross-section of metal workpieces. Rolling accounts for about 90% of all metals produced and involves passing metal between rotating rolls. Hot rolling at elevated temperatures is used to break down cast structures into wrought structures with improved properties. Cold rolling at room temperature produces parts with higher strength, hardness and surface finish. The document outlines various rolling processes like flat rolling, shape rolling, ring rolling and their associated equipment and applications in producing parts.
Rolling is a metalworking process that reduces thickness by passing metal between rolls. It is commonly used to convert steel ingots into thinner slabs, sheets, and strips. There are different types of rolling including hot, cold, and shape rolling. Hot rolling above the recrystallization temperature allows for large reductions while cold rolling below this temperature produces better surface finishes. Rolling processes are used widely in Pakistan's steel industry by companies like Batala Steel Products and Mughal Steel to manufacture items like pipes, storage tanks, and steel flooring.
Rolling is a metal forming process that reduces thickness or changes the cross-section of metal stock by compressive forces from rolls. There are two main types: flat rolling and shape rolling. Rolling can be done hot or cold depending on the temperature of the metal. Key rolling mill configurations include two-high, three-high, and four-high mills. Seamless pipes and tubes are formed through continuous processes without any welds, providing more reliable pressure retention than welded alternatives.
The document discusses the rolling process used in mechanical engineering. It begins with introductions and terminology for rolling. It then covers classifications of rolling mills like two high, three high, and four high mills. The types of rolling processes discussed include conventional, transverse, shaped, ring, powder, and thread rolling. Hot and cold rolling are also covered. Key aspects of the rolling process like roll bite condition and common rolling defects are defined. The document concludes with potential problems in rolling and sample multiple choice questions.
Rotary forging is a combination of two actions, rotational and an axial compression movement, for precise component forming that can be carried out cold or hot
Rolling is a metal forming process that reduces thickness or changes the cross-section of a workpiece by compressive forces from rolls. It is first done at high temperatures (hot rolling) to refine grain structure and enhance properties, then at room temperature (cold rolling) for higher strength. Flat rolling involves passing metal through opposing rolls to reduce thickness. Shape rolling forms complex cross-sections like pipes, tubes, rails. Ring and thread rolling produce rings and threaded parts through expansion or extrusion between shaped dies. Continuous casting and rolling in integrated mills and minimills produce finished metal products more efficiently.
This document discusses various metal forming processes including rolling, extrusion, forging, and drawing. It provides definitions and descriptions of each process. Rolling involves passing metal through rotating rolls to reduce thickness or shape it. Extrusion uses a press to force heated metal through a die to shape it. Forging shapes heated metal by compressing it with dies or hammers. Drawing shapes metal by pulling it through a die to reduce its cross-sectional area. Each process deforms metal through compression or tension to form parts.
This document discusses various metal forming processes including rolling, forging, extrusion, drawing, and shearing. It covers bulk deformation processes like rolling, forging, and extrusion which involve large plastic deformation and changing the cross-section without changing the volume. It also discusses sheet metal processes and categorizes the forming processes based on temperature into cold, warm and hot working. Key rolling processes like flat rolling, thread rolling and ring rolling are described along with forging and extrusion processes.
The document discusses various metal forming processes including rolling, forging, extrusion, and sheet metal working. It provides details on:
- Hot and cold working processes for forming metals like rolling, forging, and extrusion. These processes involve changing the shape of metals above or below their recrystallization temperature.
- Different types of rolling mills and how rolling changes the grain structure and properties of metals.
- The basic process of extrusion using direct or indirect methods to form materials into fixed cross-sections.
- Common forming techniques like deep drawing, bending, spinning, and drawing used to work sheet metals.
Roll forming is a metal forming process that uses pairs of rolls to progressively bend and form sheet metal, tubes, or strips into the desired cross-sectional shape. It is commonly used to form lightweight metals like aluminum into strong, rigid parts. The roll forming process strengthens the material and improves properties like hardness and corrosion resistance. Flat rolling is the most widely used metal forming process, accounting for around 90% of forming. It involves passing slabs, strips, sheets, or plates between rolls to reduce thickness and possibly increase width. The workpiece is squeezed between the rolls, reducing thickness through compression. Friction plays an important role in drawing the workpiece into the roll gap for forming. High velocity hydroforming uses high-pressure
Roll forming is a metal forming process that uses pairs of rolls to progressively bend and form sheet metal, tubes, or strips into the desired cross-sectional shape. It is commonly used to form lightweight metals like aluminum into strong, rigid parts. The roll forming process strengthens the material and improves properties like hardness and corrosion resistance. Flat rolling is the most widely used metal forming process, accounting for around 90% of forming. It involves passing slabs, strips, sheets, or plates between rolls to reduce thickness and possibly increase width. The workpiece is squeezed between the rolls, reducing thickness through compression. Friction plays an important role in drawing the workpiece into the roll gap for forming. High velocity hydroforming uses high-pressure
This document discusses the process of continuous casting of steel. It begins with an introduction and overview of the process. It then describes the three main types of continuous casting machines - vertical mould, vertical mould with bending, and curved mould. It provides details on the equipment, materials, process steps, defects, and modern developments of continuous casting. Some advantages are improved yield, quality, productivity and cost efficiency compared to ingot casting. Disadvantages include the need for a large facility and efficient cooling.
The document discusses various steel rolling processes including the production of billets, bars, rods, channels and other steel sections. It describes how an ingot is heated and rolled into intermediate shapes like blooms and billets which are then further rolled into final products like plates, sheets, bars and structural shapes. The key rolling techniques of two-high reversing mills and three-high continuous mills are also summarized.
The document discusses metal forming and shaping processes, with a focus on rolling. It describes how rolling is used to shape molten or soft metals by applying compressive forces through rolls. Rolling accounts for about 90% of metal production and involves initially casting metals into ingots or slabs then using plastic deformation processes like rolling to form wrought structures with improved properties. The document provides details on types of rolling processes and how they are used to produce different metal products.
The document discusses various metal forming processes including extrusion, drawing, and wire drawing. Extrusion involves forcing metal through a die to form a part with constant cross-section. Drawing processes like wire drawing and tube drawing use dies to reduce the cross-section of rods or tubes. Indirect extrusion has advantages over direct extrusion like lower force requirements. Lubrication is important for extrusion and drawing. The maximum reduction per pass depends on factors like the material's yield strength.
Forging is a manufacturing process that improves the mechanical properties of metal by deforming it under high pressure. Close control over grain flow allows forging to impart desirable properties based on an application's needs. Adequate draft and flash are required in forging dies to allow complete filling and easy removal of the forged part. Common forging operations include fullering, edging, bending, drawing, flattening, blocking, and finishing. Forging can produce parts with better strength and fatigue resistance than casting or machining, though dimensional accuracy and surface finish tend to be lower.
This document provides an overview of bulk forming processes with a focus on rolling and forging. It begins by introducing bulk forming processes and classifying them as primary or secondary, bulk deformation or sheet forming, and hot or cold working. The main bulk deformation processes of rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing are described. Rolling is discussed in depth, covering the basic rolling process, types of rolling mills, defects, and quality of rolled products. Forging techniques like open-die, impression die, press and roll forging are introduced. Upset forging rules and automatic hot forging are also summarized.
IRJET- Experimental Study on the Effect of Axial Loading on Light Gauge Steel...IRJET Journal
1) The document experimentally studies the effect of axial loading on light gauge steel fluted columns.
2) Trapezoidal flutes were added to hollow circular steel columns to increase their moment of inertia. Columns with 4, 5, and 6 flutes were tested under axial loading.
3) Testing found that columns with more flutes had higher buckling loads and were able to carry more weight, with the 6-flute column performing best. The addition of flutes significantly improved the load carrying capacity of the columns.
This document provides preparation material for a rolling lab experiment involving the rolling of aluminum sheets. The document covers the basic principles of rolling, including flat rolling analysis, defects, rolling mill configurations, and objectives for the lab experiment. Students will use a scale model rolling mill to conduct multiple passes of sheet rolling and analyze the results, including measuring hardness, thickness, width, and calculating roll forces.
The document discusses various bulk metal deformation processes including rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing. It provides details on the mechanics and applications of these processes. Specifically, it describes techniques like flat rolling, shape rolling, thread rolling, open-die forging, impression-die forging, multi-step forging, flashless forging, upsetting and heading, rotary swaging, direct and indirect extrusion, hot and cold extrusion, and wire and bar drawing. Diagrams are included to illustrate key aspects of each technique.
The document summarizes the rolling process. It defines rolling as plastically deforming metal by passing it between rolls. Rolling provides close dimensional control and high production. There are two main types: hot rolling and cold rolling. The document describes various rolling terminologies, mill products, defects, and different rolling processes like hot rolling, cold rolling, shaped rolling, and thread rolling. It also discusses factors like angle of contact, forces involved, and how to control flatness.
The document discusses the rolling process for metal forming. Rolling is defined as passing metal between rolls to plastically deform it. There are two main types: hot rolling, which is used for initial breakdown of ingots, and cold rolling, which provides closer dimensional tolerances and better surface finishes. Rolling can produce products like plate, sheet, strip, bars, and pipes. The rolling process involves passing metal through sets of rolls under high compressive forces.
This document discusses various sheet metal forming processes. It describes cutting processes like shearing, blanking, and punching. It also describes bending, drawing, embossing, stretch forming, roll forming, and spinning. Sheet metal is commonly used to make parts for vehicles, appliances, furniture and more. Cutting is done using punches and dies in presses or shears. Proper clearance and tool sizes are important. Bending involves straining metal around an axis. Drawing forms complex curved shapes using punches and dies.
This document provides an overview of various metal forming processes including rolling, extrusion, drawing, forging, bending, punching, blanking, deep drawing, and stretch forming. It discusses the basic mechanisms, types, defects, and forces involved in each process. Key points covered include how rolling reduces thickness through plastic deformation between rolls, the differences between direct and indirect extrusion, how drawing reduces cross-sectional area by pulling metal through a die, and common defects that can occur in deep drawing like wrinkling, tearing, and earing.
Shearing is a sheet metal forming process where a punch and die are used to cut or punch a part from sheet metal. Key aspects of shearing include the clearance between the punch and die, the shape of the punch and die, and the speed and lubrication used. Other common shearing operations include punching, blanking, die cutting, fine blanking, and slitting. Progressive and transfer dies are also used to perform multiple operations on a sheet metal part in one stroke or between stations. Bending involves applying tensile stresses to the outer fibers of sheet metal to form a curve. Factors like bend allowance, springback, and minimum bend radius must be considered for accurate bending. Deep drawing uses a punch to
This document discusses various metal forming processes including rolling, extrusion, forging, and drawing. It provides definitions and descriptions of each process. Rolling involves passing metal through rotating rolls to reduce thickness or shape it. Extrusion uses a press to force heated metal through a die to shape it. Forging shapes heated metal by compressing it with dies or hammers. Drawing shapes metal by pulling it through a die to reduce its cross-sectional area. Each process deforms metal through compression or tension to form parts.
This document discusses various metal forming processes including rolling, forging, extrusion, drawing, and shearing. It covers bulk deformation processes like rolling, forging, and extrusion which involve large plastic deformation and changing the cross-section without changing the volume. It also discusses sheet metal processes and categorizes the forming processes based on temperature into cold, warm and hot working. Key rolling processes like flat rolling, thread rolling and ring rolling are described along with forging and extrusion processes.
The document discusses various metal forming processes including rolling, forging, extrusion, and sheet metal working. It provides details on:
- Hot and cold working processes for forming metals like rolling, forging, and extrusion. These processes involve changing the shape of metals above or below their recrystallization temperature.
- Different types of rolling mills and how rolling changes the grain structure and properties of metals.
- The basic process of extrusion using direct or indirect methods to form materials into fixed cross-sections.
- Common forming techniques like deep drawing, bending, spinning, and drawing used to work sheet metals.
Roll forming is a metal forming process that uses pairs of rolls to progressively bend and form sheet metal, tubes, or strips into the desired cross-sectional shape. It is commonly used to form lightweight metals like aluminum into strong, rigid parts. The roll forming process strengthens the material and improves properties like hardness and corrosion resistance. Flat rolling is the most widely used metal forming process, accounting for around 90% of forming. It involves passing slabs, strips, sheets, or plates between rolls to reduce thickness and possibly increase width. The workpiece is squeezed between the rolls, reducing thickness through compression. Friction plays an important role in drawing the workpiece into the roll gap for forming. High velocity hydroforming uses high-pressure
Roll forming is a metal forming process that uses pairs of rolls to progressively bend and form sheet metal, tubes, or strips into the desired cross-sectional shape. It is commonly used to form lightweight metals like aluminum into strong, rigid parts. The roll forming process strengthens the material and improves properties like hardness and corrosion resistance. Flat rolling is the most widely used metal forming process, accounting for around 90% of forming. It involves passing slabs, strips, sheets, or plates between rolls to reduce thickness and possibly increase width. The workpiece is squeezed between the rolls, reducing thickness through compression. Friction plays an important role in drawing the workpiece into the roll gap for forming. High velocity hydroforming uses high-pressure
This document discusses the process of continuous casting of steel. It begins with an introduction and overview of the process. It then describes the three main types of continuous casting machines - vertical mould, vertical mould with bending, and curved mould. It provides details on the equipment, materials, process steps, defects, and modern developments of continuous casting. Some advantages are improved yield, quality, productivity and cost efficiency compared to ingot casting. Disadvantages include the need for a large facility and efficient cooling.
The document discusses various steel rolling processes including the production of billets, bars, rods, channels and other steel sections. It describes how an ingot is heated and rolled into intermediate shapes like blooms and billets which are then further rolled into final products like plates, sheets, bars and structural shapes. The key rolling techniques of two-high reversing mills and three-high continuous mills are also summarized.
The document discusses metal forming and shaping processes, with a focus on rolling. It describes how rolling is used to shape molten or soft metals by applying compressive forces through rolls. Rolling accounts for about 90% of metal production and involves initially casting metals into ingots or slabs then using plastic deformation processes like rolling to form wrought structures with improved properties. The document provides details on types of rolling processes and how they are used to produce different metal products.
The document discusses various metal forming processes including extrusion, drawing, and wire drawing. Extrusion involves forcing metal through a die to form a part with constant cross-section. Drawing processes like wire drawing and tube drawing use dies to reduce the cross-section of rods or tubes. Indirect extrusion has advantages over direct extrusion like lower force requirements. Lubrication is important for extrusion and drawing. The maximum reduction per pass depends on factors like the material's yield strength.
Forging is a manufacturing process that improves the mechanical properties of metal by deforming it under high pressure. Close control over grain flow allows forging to impart desirable properties based on an application's needs. Adequate draft and flash are required in forging dies to allow complete filling and easy removal of the forged part. Common forging operations include fullering, edging, bending, drawing, flattening, blocking, and finishing. Forging can produce parts with better strength and fatigue resistance than casting or machining, though dimensional accuracy and surface finish tend to be lower.
This document provides an overview of bulk forming processes with a focus on rolling and forging. It begins by introducing bulk forming processes and classifying them as primary or secondary, bulk deformation or sheet forming, and hot or cold working. The main bulk deformation processes of rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing are described. Rolling is discussed in depth, covering the basic rolling process, types of rolling mills, defects, and quality of rolled products. Forging techniques like open-die, impression die, press and roll forging are introduced. Upset forging rules and automatic hot forging are also summarized.
IRJET- Experimental Study on the Effect of Axial Loading on Light Gauge Steel...IRJET Journal
1) The document experimentally studies the effect of axial loading on light gauge steel fluted columns.
2) Trapezoidal flutes were added to hollow circular steel columns to increase their moment of inertia. Columns with 4, 5, and 6 flutes were tested under axial loading.
3) Testing found that columns with more flutes had higher buckling loads and were able to carry more weight, with the 6-flute column performing best. The addition of flutes significantly improved the load carrying capacity of the columns.
This document provides preparation material for a rolling lab experiment involving the rolling of aluminum sheets. The document covers the basic principles of rolling, including flat rolling analysis, defects, rolling mill configurations, and objectives for the lab experiment. Students will use a scale model rolling mill to conduct multiple passes of sheet rolling and analyze the results, including measuring hardness, thickness, width, and calculating roll forces.
The document discusses various bulk metal deformation processes including rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing. It provides details on the mechanics and applications of these processes. Specifically, it describes techniques like flat rolling, shape rolling, thread rolling, open-die forging, impression-die forging, multi-step forging, flashless forging, upsetting and heading, rotary swaging, direct and indirect extrusion, hot and cold extrusion, and wire and bar drawing. Diagrams are included to illustrate key aspects of each technique.
The document summarizes the rolling process. It defines rolling as plastically deforming metal by passing it between rolls. Rolling provides close dimensional control and high production. There are two main types: hot rolling and cold rolling. The document describes various rolling terminologies, mill products, defects, and different rolling processes like hot rolling, cold rolling, shaped rolling, and thread rolling. It also discusses factors like angle of contact, forces involved, and how to control flatness.
The document discusses the rolling process for metal forming. Rolling is defined as passing metal between rolls to plastically deform it. There are two main types: hot rolling, which is used for initial breakdown of ingots, and cold rolling, which provides closer dimensional tolerances and better surface finishes. Rolling can produce products like plate, sheet, strip, bars, and pipes. The rolling process involves passing metal through sets of rolls under high compressive forces.
This document discusses various sheet metal forming processes. It describes cutting processes like shearing, blanking, and punching. It also describes bending, drawing, embossing, stretch forming, roll forming, and spinning. Sheet metal is commonly used to make parts for vehicles, appliances, furniture and more. Cutting is done using punches and dies in presses or shears. Proper clearance and tool sizes are important. Bending involves straining metal around an axis. Drawing forms complex curved shapes using punches and dies.
This document provides an overview of various metal forming processes including rolling, extrusion, drawing, forging, bending, punching, blanking, deep drawing, and stretch forming. It discusses the basic mechanisms, types, defects, and forces involved in each process. Key points covered include how rolling reduces thickness through plastic deformation between rolls, the differences between direct and indirect extrusion, how drawing reduces cross-sectional area by pulling metal through a die, and common defects that can occur in deep drawing like wrinkling, tearing, and earing.
Shearing is a sheet metal forming process where a punch and die are used to cut or punch a part from sheet metal. Key aspects of shearing include the clearance between the punch and die, the shape of the punch and die, and the speed and lubrication used. Other common shearing operations include punching, blanking, die cutting, fine blanking, and slitting. Progressive and transfer dies are also used to perform multiple operations on a sheet metal part in one stroke or between stations. Bending involves applying tensile stresses to the outer fibers of sheet metal to form a curve. Factors like bend allowance, springback, and minimum bend radius must be considered for accurate bending. Deep drawing uses a punch to
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
Ch-2 Rolling.pdf
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Rolling
Hot Rolling Cold Rolling
Rolling
Definition: The process of plastically deforming metal
by passing it between rolls.
Most widely used, high production and close tolerance.
Friction between the rolls and the metal surface
produces high compressive stress.
Hot-working (unless mentioned cold rolling.)
GATE-2013
In a rolling process, the state of stress of the
material undergoing deformation is
(a) pure compression
(b) pure shear
(c) compression and shear
(d) tension and shear
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Hot Rolling
Done above the recrystallization temp.
Results fine grained structure.
Surface quality and final dimensions are less accurate.
Breakdown of ingots into blooms and billets is done by
hot-rolling. This is followed by further hot-rolling into
plate, sheet, rod, bar, pipe, rail.
Hot Rolling Video
Cold Rolling
Done below the recrystallization temp..
Products are sheet, strip, foil etc. with good surface
finish and increased mechanical strength with close
product dimensions.
Performed on four-high or cluster-type rolling mills.
(Due to high force and power)
Cold Rolling and Grain
StructureVideo
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Ring Rolling
Ring rolls are used for tube rolling, ring rolling.
As the rolls squeeze and rotate, the wall thickness is
reduced and the diameter of the ring increases.
Shaped rolls can be used to produce a wide variety of
cross-section profiles.
Ring rolls are made of spheroidized graphite bainitic and
pearlitic matrix or alloy cast steel base.
Ring Rolling Video
ISRO-2009
Ring rolling is used
(a) To decrease the thickness and increase
diameter
(b) To increase the thickness of a ring
(c) For producing a seamless tube
(d) For producing large cylinder
Sheet rolling
In sheet rolling we are only attempting to reduce the
cross section thickness of a material.
Roll Forming
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Roll Bending
A continuous form of three-point bending is roll
bending, where plates, sheets, and rolled shapes can
be bent to a desired curvature on forming rolls.
Upper roll being adjustable to control the degree of
curvature.
Roll Bending Video
IES – 2006
Which one of the following is a continuous bending
process in which opposing rolls are used to produce
long sections of formed shapes from coil or strip
stock?
(a) Stretch forming (b) Roll forming
(c) Roll bending (d) Spinning
Shape rolling
Shape Rolling Video
Pack rolling
Pack rolling involves hot rolling multiple sheets of
material at once, such as aluminium foil.
A thin surface oxide film prevents their welding.
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Thread rolling
Used to produce threads in substantial quantities.
This is a cold-forming process in which the threads are
formed by rolling a thread blank between hardened dies
that cause the metal to flow radially into the desired
shape.
No metal is removed, greater strength, smoother, harder,
and more wear-resistant surface than cut threads.
Thread Rolling
Video
Thread rolling contd….
Major diameter is always greater than the diameter of the
blank
Blank diameter is little larger than the pitch diameter of
the thread.
Restricted to ductile materials.
Manufacture of gears by rolling
The straight and helical teeth of disc or rod type external
steel gears of small to medium diameter and module
are generated by cold rolling.
High accuracy and surface integrity.
Employed for high productivity and high quality. (costly
machine)
Larger size gears are formed by hot rolling and then
finished by machining. Fig. Production of teeth of spur gears by rolling
Roll piercing
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It is a variation of rolling called roll piercing.
The billet or round stock is rolled between two rolls,
both of them rotating in the same direction with their
axes at an angle of 4.5 to 6.5 degree.
These rolls have a central cylindrical portion with the
sides tapering slightly. There are two small side rolls,
which help in guiding the metal.
Because of the angle at which the roll meets the metal,
it gets in addition to a rotary motion, an additional
axial advance, which brings the metal into the rolls.
This cross-rolling action makes the metal friable at the
centre which is then easily pierced and given a
cylindrical shape by the central-piercing mandrel.
Force and
deflection reduces
Use in high strength
material and cold
working process
Backing rolls
Backing rolls
En sab tam jham sae
Buckling nhi hoti
Use for Supper alloy
and cold working
process
Advantage of small roller in 4-High
or cluster
A small roll diameter is advantageous because less roll
is in contact with the material which results in a lower
FORCE and ENERGY requirement.
P=F/A
A B
1. Same
material
2. Same
final
Height
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Let pressure required for final
reduction 10N/m2
For Fig A For Fig. B
F=100N
A= 10m2
P=F/A=100/10
= 10N/m2
F=?
Since roller size is
small, let it will be 5m2
P=F/A
10=F/5
=>F=50N
Force reduce from
100N to 50N
conclusion:
Area involment is very-2 high in bigger roller compare
to smaller roller.
Power supply always given to working roller, back up
roller rolls due to Friction
Problem with small roller
Reduction of stiffness
using Back UP
roller
How to
overcome
Planetary mill
Consist of a pair of heavy backing rolls surrounded by a large
number of planetary rolls.
Each planetary roll gives an almost constant reduction to the
slab as it sweeps out a circular path between the backing rolls
and the slab.
As each pair of planetary rolls ceases to have contact with the
work piece, another pair of rolls makes contact and repeat
that reduction.
The overall reduction is the summation of a series of small
reductions by each pair of rolls. Therefore, the planetary mill
can reduce a slab directly to strip in one pass through the
mill.
The operation requires feed rolls to introduce the slab into
the mill, and a pair of planishing rolls on the exit to improve
the surface finish.
Flatness
The roll gap must be perfectly parallel to produce sheets/plates with
equal thickness at both ends
a b
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Camber
Camber can be used to correct the roll deflection (at only
one value of the roll force).
Lubrication for Rolling
Hot rolling of ferrous metals is done without a lubricant.
Hot rolling of non-ferrous metals a wide variety of
compounded oils, emulsions and fatty acids are used.
Cold rolling lubricants are water-soluble oils, low-
viscosity lubricants, such as mineral oils, emulsions,
paraffin and fatty acids.
Defects in Rolling
Defects What is Cause
Surface
Defects
Scale, rust,
scratches, pits,
cracks
Inclusions and
impurities in the
materials
Wavy edges Strip is thinner
along its edges
than at its centre.
Due to roll bending
edges elongates more
and buckle.
Alligatoring Edge breaks Non-uniform
deformation
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GATE – 2009 (PI)
Anisotropy in rolled components is caused by
(a) changes in dimensions
(b) scale formation
(c) closure of defects
(d) grain orientation
Formula in Rolling
Geometry of Rolling Process
The largest angle that will just grip a lump between the
jaws, rolls, or mantle and ring of a crusher. Also know
n as angle of bite; nip.
Angle of nip = 2 α
Draft
Total reduction or “draft” taken in rolling.
Usually, the reduction in blooming mills is about 100
mm and in slabbing mills, about 50 to 60 mm.
Maximum Draft Possible
0 f
h=h -h =2(R-Rcos )=D(1-cos )
2
max
h
= R
Numberof pass needed
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Therefore Free engagement/for unaided
entery will occur when µ > tan α
Continuity Equation
o Generally rolling increases the
work width from an initial value
of bo to a final one of bf and this
is called spreading.
o The inlet and outlet volume
rates of material flow must be
the same, that is,
hobovo = hfbfvf
where vo and vf are the entering
and exiting velocities of the
work
GATE‐2014
A mild steel plate has to be rolled in one pass such that
the final plate thickness is 2/3rd of the initial thickness,
with the entrance speed of 10 m/min and roll diameter
of 500 mm. If the plate widens by 2% during rolling, the
exit velocity (in m/min) is …… ………
14.706
Torque and Power
Where λ is 0.5 for hot-rolling and 0.45 for cold-rolling.
The total rolling load is distributed
over the arc of contact in the typical
friction-hill pressure distribution.
However the total rolling load can be
assumed to be concentrated at a
point along the act of contact at a
distance a from the line of centres of
the rolls.
The ratio of the moment arm a to the
projected length of the act of contact
Lp can be given as
The torque MT is equal to the total rolling load P
multiplied by the effective moment arm a. Since there are
two work rolls, the torque
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Calculation
Projected length (Lp) = R sinα = √RΔh, mm
Projected Area(Ap)= Lp × b, mm2
Roll Separating Force (F )= σ0 × Lp × b, N
Armlength (a in mm)=0.5 × Lp for hot rolling
=0 45 × Lp for cold
rolling
Torque per roller (T )= F ×a/1000, Nm
Total power for two roller=2Tω, in W
In rolling a strip between two rolls, the position of
the neutral point in the arc of contact does not
depend on
Material of the rolls
GATE‐1990 (PI)
While rolling a strip the peripheral velocity of
the roll is ….A…..than the entry velocity of the
strip and is ……B …..the exit velocity of the
strip.
(a) less than/greater less
(b) Greater than/less than
GATE-2008
In a single pass rolling operation, a 20 mm thick
plate with plate width of 100 mm, is reduced to 18
mm. The roller radius is 250 mm and rotational
speed is 10 rpm. The average flow stress for the plate
material is 300 MPa. The power required for the
rolling operation in kW is closest to
(a) 15.2
(b) 18.2
(c) 30.4
(d) 45.6
GATE-2007
The thickness of a metallic sheet is reduced from an
initial value of 16 mm to a final value of 10 mm in
one single pass rolling with a pair of cylindrical
rollers each of diameter of 400 mm. The bite angle
in degree will be
(a) 5.936
(b) 7.936
(c) 8.936
(d) 9.936
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GATE-2004
In a rolling process, sheet of 25 mm thickness is
rolled to 20 mm thickness. Roll is of diameter 600
mm and it rotates at 100 rpm. The roll strip contact
length will be
(a) 5 mm (b) 39 mm
(c) 78 mm (d) 120 mm
GATE – 2012 Same Q in GATE – 2012 (PI)
In a single pass rolling process using 410 mm
diameter steel rollers, a strip of width 140 mm and
thickness 8 mm undergoes 10% reduction of
thickness. The angle of bite in radians is
(a) 0.006 (b) 0.031
(c) 0.062 (d) 0.600
GATE-2006
A 4 mm thick sheet is rolled with 300 mm diameter
rolls to reduce thickness without any change in its
width. The friction coefficient at the work-roll
interface is 0.1. The minimum possible thickness of
the sheet that can be produced in a single pass is
(a) 1.0 mm (b) 1.5 mm
(c) 2.5 mm (d) 3.7 mm
GATE – 2011 (PI)
The thickness of a plate is reduced from 30 mm to
10 mm by successive cold rolling passes using
identical rolls of diameter 600 mm. Assume that
there is no change in width. If the coefficient of
friction between the rolls and the work piece is 0.1,
the minimum number of passes required is
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 7
IES – 2001
A strip is to be rolled from a thickness of 30 mm to
15 mm using a two-high mill having rolls of
diameter 300 mm. The coefficient of friction for
unaided bite should nearly be
(a) 0.35 (b) 0.5
(c) 0.25 (d) 0.07
IES – 1993
In order to get uniform thickness of the plate by
rolling process, one provides
(a) Camber on the rolls
(b) Offset on the rolls
(c) Hardening of the rolls
(d) Antifriction bearings
Ans. (a)
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IES – 1993
The blank diameter used in thread rolling will be
(a) Equal to minor diameter of the thread
(b) Equal to pitch diameter of the thread
(c) A little large than the minor diameter of the thread
(d) A little larger than the pitch diameter of the thread
Ans. (d)
IES – 1992
Thread rolling is restricted to
(a) Ferrous materials
(b) Ductile materials
(c) Hard materials
(d) None of the above
Ans. (b)
IAS – 2001
Consider the following characteristics of rolling
process:
1. Shows work hardening effect
2. Surface finish is not good
3. Heavy reduction in areas can be obtained
Which of these characteristics are associated with hot
rolling?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans. (c)
IAS – 2000
Rolling very thin strips of mild steel requires
(a) Large diameter rolls
(b) Small diameter rolls
(c) High speed rolling
(d) Rolling without a lubricant
Ans. (b)
IAS – 2003
In one setting of rolls in a 3-high rolling mill, one
gets
(a) One reduction in thickness
(b) Two reductions in thickness
(c) Three reductions in thickness
(d) Two or three reductions in thickness depending
upon the setting
IAS – 2007
Consider the following statements:
Roll forces in rolling can be reduced by
1. Reducing friction
2. Using large diameter rolls to increase the contact
area.
3. Taking smaller reductions per pass to reduce the
contact area.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans. (c)
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GATE 2011
The maximum possible draft in cold rolling of sheet
increases with the
(a) increase in coefficient of friction
(b) decrease in coefficient of friction
(c) decrease in roll radius
(d) increase in roll velocity
Ans. (a)