This document summarizes the career of Roger D. Cooper as a "Rocket Man" involved with the British National Space Programme over 15 years. It describes his role assisting scientists with designing instruments to study cosmic events from space. Key experiences included designing payloads carried by Skylark rockets above the Earth's atmosphere. Payloads contained experiments using x-ray detectors and telescopes to discover new information about space phenomena. The document provides details on the rocket design and launch process, and Cooper's involvement in several missions that made discoveries in astrophysics.
NASA operates SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, which is a modified Boeing 747SP aircraft carrying a 106-inch infrared telescope. Astronomers use SOFIA to study star birth and death, planet formation, molecules in space, planets and asteroids in our solar system, galaxies, black holes, and more. SOFIA builds on a history of airborne astronomy at NASA dating back to 1965, allowing astronomers to make observations above the atmosphere and upgrade instruments.
This document discusses different types of spacecraft and space missions used to explore the solar system. It describes flyby missions like Voyager that pass by planets to study them without entering orbit. Orbiter spacecraft like Galileo are designed to enter a planet's orbit to study it up close for an extended period. Atmospheric probes and landers allow studying a planet's surface and atmosphere. Future technologies like ion propulsion could enable slower but more fuel efficient missions. Successfully exploring the solar system requires careful planning of spacecraft design, trajectories, and within budget constraints that can exceed $100 million per mission.
The document summarizes the history and future of space travel. It discusses (1) the early pioneers of rocketry including Robert Goddard, (2) the development of American spaceflight from satellites to the space shuttle, and (3) future technologies like momentum exchange tethers, plasma rockets, and fusion-powered rockets that could enable more efficient long-distance space travel and exploration.
The document discusses several futuristic models for space travel, including solar sails that use radiation pressure to propel large mirrors, nuclear pulse propulsion that uses nuclear explosions in stages to accelerate to near light speed, and warp drive which uses gravitational effects to compress and expand space-time to allow for faster-than-light travel. Current research projects exploring these concepts are mentioned, with the implication that sci-fi technologies like warp drive may become reality within the next 50 years.
Rocket engines generate thrust by combusting propellants like aluminum powder and liquid oxygen in their combustion chambers. This produces hot gases that are expelled through a nozzle, pushing the rocket upward due to Newton's Third Law of equal and opposite reaction. To reach space, rockets must travel over 100 km high to pass through the atmosphere and overcome Earth's gravity. Orbital rockets require even more thrust to achieve speeds over 28,000 km/h to maintain stable orbits around the Earth. Advanced multistage rockets can propel probes far beyond Earth's orbit and into interplanetary space using Newton's laws of motion.
The document provides a summary of notable space and astronomy pictures from 2013, including:
1) Hubble telescope photos of the Horsehead Nebula and a map of relic radiation from the Big Bang composed from Planck satellite data.
2) Photos from Mars including the Curiosity rover drilling into a rock and findings suggesting Mars could have once supported life.
3) Photos of Saturn from Cassini including its rings, hexagonal polar vortex, and storms; and photos of the Milky Way from space and Earth.
The document discusses key facts and figures about the International Space Station (ISS). It provides statistics on the number of spacewalks, launches, pressurized volume, weight in orbit, meals eaten, lines of code, power generated, and people involved. It lists 59 countries that have participated in ISS utilization and research accomplishments from Expeditions 0-24, including the number of investigations conducted, completed, led by international partners, and from national labs. Scientific publications from research on the ISS are also mentioned.
i. The document discusses the history and development of artificial satellites from Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, to modern satellite systems. It describes the key components and subsystems of satellites, including for communications, weather monitoring, navigation, earth observation, and more. It also outlines the basic process of building, launching, operating and deorbiting artificial satellites.
ii. Artificial satellites have become vital tools for communications, weather forecasting, navigation, military surveillance, scientific research and monitoring Earth's resources. Weather satellites in particular help predict natural disasters to better protect communities, while communications satellites have become integral to television and telephone networks globally.
iii. Countries continue advancing satellite technology
NASA operates SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, which is a modified Boeing 747SP aircraft carrying a 106-inch infrared telescope. Astronomers use SOFIA to study star birth and death, planet formation, molecules in space, planets and asteroids in our solar system, galaxies, black holes, and more. SOFIA builds on a history of airborne astronomy at NASA dating back to 1965, allowing astronomers to make observations above the atmosphere and upgrade instruments.
This document discusses different types of spacecraft and space missions used to explore the solar system. It describes flyby missions like Voyager that pass by planets to study them without entering orbit. Orbiter spacecraft like Galileo are designed to enter a planet's orbit to study it up close for an extended period. Atmospheric probes and landers allow studying a planet's surface and atmosphere. Future technologies like ion propulsion could enable slower but more fuel efficient missions. Successfully exploring the solar system requires careful planning of spacecraft design, trajectories, and within budget constraints that can exceed $100 million per mission.
The document summarizes the history and future of space travel. It discusses (1) the early pioneers of rocketry including Robert Goddard, (2) the development of American spaceflight from satellites to the space shuttle, and (3) future technologies like momentum exchange tethers, plasma rockets, and fusion-powered rockets that could enable more efficient long-distance space travel and exploration.
The document discusses several futuristic models for space travel, including solar sails that use radiation pressure to propel large mirrors, nuclear pulse propulsion that uses nuclear explosions in stages to accelerate to near light speed, and warp drive which uses gravitational effects to compress and expand space-time to allow for faster-than-light travel. Current research projects exploring these concepts are mentioned, with the implication that sci-fi technologies like warp drive may become reality within the next 50 years.
Rocket engines generate thrust by combusting propellants like aluminum powder and liquid oxygen in their combustion chambers. This produces hot gases that are expelled through a nozzle, pushing the rocket upward due to Newton's Third Law of equal and opposite reaction. To reach space, rockets must travel over 100 km high to pass through the atmosphere and overcome Earth's gravity. Orbital rockets require even more thrust to achieve speeds over 28,000 km/h to maintain stable orbits around the Earth. Advanced multistage rockets can propel probes far beyond Earth's orbit and into interplanetary space using Newton's laws of motion.
The document provides a summary of notable space and astronomy pictures from 2013, including:
1) Hubble telescope photos of the Horsehead Nebula and a map of relic radiation from the Big Bang composed from Planck satellite data.
2) Photos from Mars including the Curiosity rover drilling into a rock and findings suggesting Mars could have once supported life.
3) Photos of Saturn from Cassini including its rings, hexagonal polar vortex, and storms; and photos of the Milky Way from space and Earth.
The document discusses key facts and figures about the International Space Station (ISS). It provides statistics on the number of spacewalks, launches, pressurized volume, weight in orbit, meals eaten, lines of code, power generated, and people involved. It lists 59 countries that have participated in ISS utilization and research accomplishments from Expeditions 0-24, including the number of investigations conducted, completed, led by international partners, and from national labs. Scientific publications from research on the ISS are also mentioned.
i. The document discusses the history and development of artificial satellites from Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, to modern satellite systems. It describes the key components and subsystems of satellites, including for communications, weather monitoring, navigation, earth observation, and more. It also outlines the basic process of building, launching, operating and deorbiting artificial satellites.
ii. Artificial satellites have become vital tools for communications, weather forecasting, navigation, military surveillance, scientific research and monitoring Earth's resources. Weather satellites in particular help predict natural disasters to better protect communities, while communications satellites have become integral to television and telephone networks globally.
iii. Countries continue advancing satellite technology
Nicolaus Copernicus first proposed that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun, contradicting the accepted model of Ptolemy and Aristotle of Earth as the center of the universe. Major developments included Galileo's use of the telescope to observe moons orbiting Jupiter and rings around Saturn, and Isaac Newton's formulation of the law of gravity. Modern space exploration began with Sputnik I and has involved satellites providing communication, weather monitoring, navigation, and other applications as well as human missions to orbit and walk on the Moon.
ILOA Galaxy Forum Canada 2013 - John ChapmanILOAHawaii
- Canada has expertise in mineral exploration that could help develop mining on the Moon to extract resources like hydrogen, oxygen, and hydrocarbons. This would help establish a permanent lunar base and expand the human presence in space.
- The document proposes using initially small, versatile mining equipment operated remotely to define resource deposits on the Moon, then developing larger-scale mining operations. Standardizing systems around extracting and using hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon could help establish infrastructure.
- Careful planning is needed to select reliable equipment, implement remote control and monitoring, cross-train crew, and develop procedures to safely conduct long-term mining operations in the extreme lunar environment. This could eventually include exploring polar craters for high-reward resources
All of material inside is un-licence, kindly use it for educational only but please do not to commercialize it.
Based on 'ilman nafi'an, hopefully this file beneficially for you.
Thank you.
The document discusses astronomy and the study of space. It describes some key discoveries and models in astronomy's history, including that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular. It also summarizes ancient and modern views of the structure of the universe, from geocentric to heliocentric models. Additionally, it outlines the life cycles of stars and describes objects in our solar system like planets, asteroids, comets, and eclipses.
Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena outside the Earth's atmosphere, while astrology is the pseudoscience claiming to divine information about human affairs based on the positions of stars and planets. Early astronomers like Ptolemy, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, and Johannes Kepler made observations and developed models of the universe that established astronomy as a science. Galileo Galilei was one of the first to use a telescope to observe craters on the Moon, moons of Jupiter, and sunspots, advancing the field. Modern astronomers use powerful optical and space telescopes to study distant galaxies and probe deeper into space.
To get an object into space, it must reach a speed of 28,000 km/h to overcome Earth's gravity. The first recorded rocket was Archytas's "pigeon." The Soviet Union launched Sputnik I in 1957, the first artificial satellite about the size of a basketball. The second Soviet satellite was significant because it carried living creatures into space, setting the path for human space travel. Rockets use Newton's third law - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction - to propel themselves by ejecting exhaust in one direction. The three main parts of a rocket are the payload, propellant, and engines. Scientists are studying ion drives and solar sails as alternatives to rocket engines for long
Space probes are unmanned spacecraft that collect science information from locations in space without astronauts. They carry instrument packages to conduct scientific experiments and transmit data back to Earth. Probes can fly by, orbit, or land on planets, moons, asteroids, and comets to study features from a close proximity. Some notable space probes include Voyager 1 and 2, Galileo, Cassini, Curiosity, and probes launched by ISRO to study planets in our solar system.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of human species in the universe. It covers topics like the Ptolemaic and heliocentric models of the universe, the formation of the solar system, discoveries of exoplanets, the Milky Way galaxy, expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law, and the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. The document provides information on these topics through questions, descriptions, images, and discussions of the scientific evidence supporting modern cosmological theories.
Astronomy and the invention of TelescopeJerome Bigael
Before telescopes, ancient civilizations observed astronomical phenomena like star clusters and used constellations for agriculture and navigation. The Greeks developed geocentric models to mathematically describe planetary motions, prioritizing mathematical accuracy over physical reality. In the early 1600s, Hans Lippershey invented the telescope and Galileo was the first to use it for astronomy, discovering lunar craters, Jupiter's moons, Venusian phases, and sunspots, challenging existing paradigms.
Satellites orbit Earth and other celestial bodies. They come in many types but generally have an antenna and power source. Satellites are launched into precise orbits using rocket boosters and follow orbital mechanics principles. Once in orbit, they perform tasks like Earth observation, communications, navigation, and scientific research. As technology advanced, satellite uses grew from early models like Sputnik to large constellations serving various purposes today.
Radial velocity measurement, which detects tiny wobbles in a star's motion caused by an orbiting planet, was the first technique used to detect exoplanets in 1995. It remains a primary method and has discovered hundreds of planets by measuring changes in the star's spectrum over many observations. The Kepler space telescope has also found thousands of planet candidates using the transit method, which detects dips in a star's brightness when a planet passes in front. Other techniques like astrometry, microlensing, and direct imaging aim to directly image planets, but have had limited success so far due to the huge contrast between planet and star signals. Future space telescopes may enable direct imaging and characterization of Earth-like exoplanets.
New Horizons was the first spacecraft to visit Pluto, capturing the first high-resolution images of its surface in July 2015. It is now en route to a Kuiper Belt object called 2014 MU69, which it will reach on January 1, 2019. The spacecraft has provided valuable new insights into Pluto and its moons, such as evidence of past geological activity on Pluto and a possible subsurface ocean on Charon, but communicating with it is challenging due to its great distance from Earth.
There are significant hazards associated with space travel and operating in space. Three NASA space shuttle missions resulted in crew fatalities, with the Challenger and Columbia disasters killing all astronauts on board during launch and re-entry respectively. Once in space, debris from old satellites and other objects pose collision risks, while the human body is affected by microgravity with muscle and bone loss without gravity. Life support systems are needed to create earth-like conditions for breathing and environmental factors in space. Space junk, or debris left from old satellites and spacecraft, poses a continual collision threat as there are millions of objects orbiting Earth at high speeds.
This document provides information about aeronautical and aerospace engineering. It discusses the fields of study involved in aeronautics such as aerodynamics, structural design, and propulsion systems. Aerospace engineering also studies flight in outer space, including rocket engines and spacecraft. The document then introduces aerospace topics like astronauts, space missions, early space flights, and spacecraft from the past and present.
This document provides summaries of 15 astronomical images in 3 sentences or less. It describes various celestial objects like galaxies, nebulae, star clusters and more. The summaries concisely highlight the key features and phenomena shown in each full-color image from NASA telescopes and observatories.
The document summarizes space weapons from a technical perspective. It discusses the basic physics involved in space weapons, including velocity, inertia, and collisions in space. It then outlines three general types of space weapons: Earth-based weapons that move through space like ballistic missiles; Earth-based weapons that attack targets in space like direct ascent anti-satellite missiles and lasers; and space-based weapons like co-orbital anti-satellite weapons and space-based lasers. Specific examples within each category are provided and some of the technical challenges associated with developing operational space weapons are discussed.
Satellites can be either natural or artificial. The moon is the natural satellite of Earth, while examples of artificial satellites include Sputnik, Aryabatta, and INSAT. Orbital velocity is the velocity at which a satellite revolves around a planet in a fixed orbit, and can be calculated using an expression involving the mass of the satellite, radius of its orbit, and gravitational force between the satellite and planet. The time period for a satellite to complete one orbit is also determined by an expression involving the radius of its orbit.
Gravitational collapse of an interstellar molecular gas cloud led to the formation of the Proto-Sun surrounded by a rotating gas and dust disk. Over time, grain aggregates and planetesimals formed from the disk, eventually coalescing into the planets. Observational evidence from young stars and solar system materials support this model of solar system formation from a solar nebula.
This document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Greece to modern times. It describes how early Greek astronomers like Aristotle and Hipparchus made early observations of celestial objects but believed in a geocentric model where Earth is the center. Ptolemy later created an elaborate geocentric model, though Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo provided evidence supporting a heliocentric model through observations, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and Galileo's discoveries with the telescope. Newton later unified physics and astronomy by formulating the law of universal gravitation. Einstein then revolutionized our understanding of motion, space, and time through his theory of relativity.
Nicolaus Copernicus first proposed that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun, contradicting the accepted model of Ptolemy and Aristotle of Earth as the center of the universe. Major developments included Galileo's use of the telescope to observe moons orbiting Jupiter and rings around Saturn, and Isaac Newton's formulation of the law of gravity. Modern space exploration began with Sputnik I and has involved satellites providing communication, weather monitoring, navigation, and other applications as well as human missions to orbit and walk on the Moon.
ILOA Galaxy Forum Canada 2013 - John ChapmanILOAHawaii
- Canada has expertise in mineral exploration that could help develop mining on the Moon to extract resources like hydrogen, oxygen, and hydrocarbons. This would help establish a permanent lunar base and expand the human presence in space.
- The document proposes using initially small, versatile mining equipment operated remotely to define resource deposits on the Moon, then developing larger-scale mining operations. Standardizing systems around extracting and using hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon could help establish infrastructure.
- Careful planning is needed to select reliable equipment, implement remote control and monitoring, cross-train crew, and develop procedures to safely conduct long-term mining operations in the extreme lunar environment. This could eventually include exploring polar craters for high-reward resources
All of material inside is un-licence, kindly use it for educational only but please do not to commercialize it.
Based on 'ilman nafi'an, hopefully this file beneficially for you.
Thank you.
The document discusses astronomy and the study of space. It describes some key discoveries and models in astronomy's history, including that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular. It also summarizes ancient and modern views of the structure of the universe, from geocentric to heliocentric models. Additionally, it outlines the life cycles of stars and describes objects in our solar system like planets, asteroids, comets, and eclipses.
Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena outside the Earth's atmosphere, while astrology is the pseudoscience claiming to divine information about human affairs based on the positions of stars and planets. Early astronomers like Ptolemy, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, and Johannes Kepler made observations and developed models of the universe that established astronomy as a science. Galileo Galilei was one of the first to use a telescope to observe craters on the Moon, moons of Jupiter, and sunspots, advancing the field. Modern astronomers use powerful optical and space telescopes to study distant galaxies and probe deeper into space.
To get an object into space, it must reach a speed of 28,000 km/h to overcome Earth's gravity. The first recorded rocket was Archytas's "pigeon." The Soviet Union launched Sputnik I in 1957, the first artificial satellite about the size of a basketball. The second Soviet satellite was significant because it carried living creatures into space, setting the path for human space travel. Rockets use Newton's third law - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction - to propel themselves by ejecting exhaust in one direction. The three main parts of a rocket are the payload, propellant, and engines. Scientists are studying ion drives and solar sails as alternatives to rocket engines for long
Space probes are unmanned spacecraft that collect science information from locations in space without astronauts. They carry instrument packages to conduct scientific experiments and transmit data back to Earth. Probes can fly by, orbit, or land on planets, moons, asteroids, and comets to study features from a close proximity. Some notable space probes include Voyager 1 and 2, Galileo, Cassini, Curiosity, and probes launched by ISRO to study planets in our solar system.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of human species in the universe. It covers topics like the Ptolemaic and heliocentric models of the universe, the formation of the solar system, discoveries of exoplanets, the Milky Way galaxy, expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law, and the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. The document provides information on these topics through questions, descriptions, images, and discussions of the scientific evidence supporting modern cosmological theories.
Astronomy and the invention of TelescopeJerome Bigael
Before telescopes, ancient civilizations observed astronomical phenomena like star clusters and used constellations for agriculture and navigation. The Greeks developed geocentric models to mathematically describe planetary motions, prioritizing mathematical accuracy over physical reality. In the early 1600s, Hans Lippershey invented the telescope and Galileo was the first to use it for astronomy, discovering lunar craters, Jupiter's moons, Venusian phases, and sunspots, challenging existing paradigms.
Satellites orbit Earth and other celestial bodies. They come in many types but generally have an antenna and power source. Satellites are launched into precise orbits using rocket boosters and follow orbital mechanics principles. Once in orbit, they perform tasks like Earth observation, communications, navigation, and scientific research. As technology advanced, satellite uses grew from early models like Sputnik to large constellations serving various purposes today.
Radial velocity measurement, which detects tiny wobbles in a star's motion caused by an orbiting planet, was the first technique used to detect exoplanets in 1995. It remains a primary method and has discovered hundreds of planets by measuring changes in the star's spectrum over many observations. The Kepler space telescope has also found thousands of planet candidates using the transit method, which detects dips in a star's brightness when a planet passes in front. Other techniques like astrometry, microlensing, and direct imaging aim to directly image planets, but have had limited success so far due to the huge contrast between planet and star signals. Future space telescopes may enable direct imaging and characterization of Earth-like exoplanets.
New Horizons was the first spacecraft to visit Pluto, capturing the first high-resolution images of its surface in July 2015. It is now en route to a Kuiper Belt object called 2014 MU69, which it will reach on January 1, 2019. The spacecraft has provided valuable new insights into Pluto and its moons, such as evidence of past geological activity on Pluto and a possible subsurface ocean on Charon, but communicating with it is challenging due to its great distance from Earth.
There are significant hazards associated with space travel and operating in space. Three NASA space shuttle missions resulted in crew fatalities, with the Challenger and Columbia disasters killing all astronauts on board during launch and re-entry respectively. Once in space, debris from old satellites and other objects pose collision risks, while the human body is affected by microgravity with muscle and bone loss without gravity. Life support systems are needed to create earth-like conditions for breathing and environmental factors in space. Space junk, or debris left from old satellites and spacecraft, poses a continual collision threat as there are millions of objects orbiting Earth at high speeds.
This document provides information about aeronautical and aerospace engineering. It discusses the fields of study involved in aeronautics such as aerodynamics, structural design, and propulsion systems. Aerospace engineering also studies flight in outer space, including rocket engines and spacecraft. The document then introduces aerospace topics like astronauts, space missions, early space flights, and spacecraft from the past and present.
This document provides summaries of 15 astronomical images in 3 sentences or less. It describes various celestial objects like galaxies, nebulae, star clusters and more. The summaries concisely highlight the key features and phenomena shown in each full-color image from NASA telescopes and observatories.
The document summarizes space weapons from a technical perspective. It discusses the basic physics involved in space weapons, including velocity, inertia, and collisions in space. It then outlines three general types of space weapons: Earth-based weapons that move through space like ballistic missiles; Earth-based weapons that attack targets in space like direct ascent anti-satellite missiles and lasers; and space-based weapons like co-orbital anti-satellite weapons and space-based lasers. Specific examples within each category are provided and some of the technical challenges associated with developing operational space weapons are discussed.
Satellites can be either natural or artificial. The moon is the natural satellite of Earth, while examples of artificial satellites include Sputnik, Aryabatta, and INSAT. Orbital velocity is the velocity at which a satellite revolves around a planet in a fixed orbit, and can be calculated using an expression involving the mass of the satellite, radius of its orbit, and gravitational force between the satellite and planet. The time period for a satellite to complete one orbit is also determined by an expression involving the radius of its orbit.
Gravitational collapse of an interstellar molecular gas cloud led to the formation of the Proto-Sun surrounded by a rotating gas and dust disk. Over time, grain aggregates and planetesimals formed from the disk, eventually coalescing into the planets. Observational evidence from young stars and solar system materials support this model of solar system formation from a solar nebula.
This document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Greece to modern times. It describes how early Greek astronomers like Aristotle and Hipparchus made early observations of celestial objects but believed in a geocentric model where Earth is the center. Ptolemy later created an elaborate geocentric model, though Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo provided evidence supporting a heliocentric model through observations, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and Galileo's discoveries with the telescope. Newton later unified physics and astronomy by formulating the law of universal gravitation. Einstein then revolutionized our understanding of motion, space, and time through his theory of relativity.
The document outlines the UK space sector's achievements and challenges in accelerating space-enabled economic growth. It identifies key markets such as satellite broadband, maritime surveillance, and location-based services that could drive growth. Recommendations include promoting space benefits, increasing exports, stimulating SMEs, and regulating supportively. Implementing identified actions could help triple the upstream space economy and achieve the target of £40 billion in space-enabled turnover by 2030.
This document discusses the concepts of linked data and the semantic web. It explains that linked data involves publishing structured data on the web in a way that allows machines to naturally understand and process it by linking data about things rather than just documents. This creates a web of data that is globally interconnected through URIs and RDF standards. Linked data is key to achieving the goal of the semantic web, which is a web of data that can be processed directly by machines.
Orbit design for exoplanet discovery spacecraft dr dora musielak 1 april 2019Dora Musielak, Ph.D.
Most exoplanets have been discovered with space telescopes. Starting with an overview of rocket propulsion, this presentation introduces spacecraft trajectories in the Sun-Earth-Moon System, focusing especially on those appropriate for exoplanet detection spacecraft. It reviews past, present, and future exoplanet discovery missions.
SpaceX’s 22nd contracted cargo resupply mission (CRS) to the International Space
Station for NASA will deliver more than 7,300 pounds of science and research, crew
supplies and vehicle hardware to the orbital laboratory and its crew.
Launch is targeted for 1:29 p.m. EDT Thursday, June 3, 2021
The space presentation is made by Jason, Surya, and Vaibhav. We have gathered a lot of information and made it all into one presentation. More information is given in the presentation and please share this with everyone you know!
This document discusses different types of plasma propelled rocket engines. It begins by introducing plasma rocket engines and their advantages over traditional chemical rocket engines, notably much higher efficiency and specific impulse. It then describes three main types of plasma engines: ion drives, Hall thrusters, and magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters. Ion drives use electric and magnetic fields to ionize and accelerate propellant like xenon, producing thrust through ion exhaust. Hall thrusters also use electric and magnetic fields to ionize and accelerate propellant but do so through electron drift. Magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters generate thrust by ohmic heating of propellant in a magnetic nozzle.
The document provides information about NASA's STEREO mission to study the sun and solar phenomena like coronal mass ejections. It includes an overview of the STEREO mission objectives, the two spacecraft and their instruments, and frequently asked questions about the mission. The goal is to obtain the first 3D stereoscopic views of the sun to better understand solar eruptions and aid in space weather forecasting, which can impact satellites, power systems and astronauts. The twin STEREO observatories will be placed in orbit on opposite sides of Earth to view the sun from different vantage points and gather data over a planned two-year mission.
This document discusses the status and objectives of satellite science. It describes how scientific satellites have four main advantages over other instruments: long-term exposure to the space environment, a stable platform above the atmosphere, advantage of position, and ability to study life in zero gravity. Some key findings from scientific satellites include the discovery of a helium layer in the upper atmosphere and mapping of electron concentrations in the ionosphere. Future objectives are to make more detailed maps of fluctuating atmospheric parameters and measure the solar energy inputs that drive changes. Satellite science encompasses fields like aeronomy, ionospheric physics, astronomy, and biology.
Uncovering the Mysteries of the Space Shuttle Program - ftknows.pdfWarrior71
Uncovering the Mysteries of the Space Shuttle Program - ftknows
Top 10 Facts About Space Shuttle! - ftknows
Uncovering the Mysteries of the Space Shuttle Program
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List
Fact 1: The Space Shuttle was the world's first reusable spacecraft
Fact 2: The Space Shuttle was a complex and advanced spacecraft
Fact 3: The Space Shuttle was designed to be launched like a rocket and land like an airplane
Fact 4: The Space Shuttle was capable of carrying large payloads into space
Fact 5: The Space Shuttle was responsible for several major space missions
Fact 6: The Space Shuttle program faced several challenges and setbacks
Fact 7: The Space Shuttle program had a significant impact on science and engineering
Fact 8: The Space Shuttle program was not the only reusable spacecraft program
Fact 9: The Space Shuttle program was operated by NASA
Fact 10: The Space Shuttle program has left a lasting legacy
The Space Shuttle program was one of the most exciting and important achievements in human space exploration history. It involved launching spacecraft into Earth orbit and beyond, as well as conducting research and experimentation in space. The program was active for over 30 years, from 1981 to 2011, and it has left a significant legacy in science, engineering, and space technology.
In this article, we'll look at the top 10 facts about the Space Shuttle program, from its design and construction to its missions and achievements.
"Uncovering the Mysteries of the Space Shuttle Program"
Fact 1: The Space Shuttle was the world's first reusable spacecraft
The Space Shuttle was the first spacecraft that could be launched into space, return to Earth, and be launched again on a subsequent mission. This was a significant departure from earlier spacecraft, which were designed as one-time-use vehicles that were discarded after completing their mission.
The reusable nature of the Space Shuttle made it possible to conduct longer and more complex missions, as well as to conduct experiments and research in space more efficiently. The Space Shuttle was also used to deploy and service satellites, conduct repairs to the Hubble Space Telescope, and transport crew and supplies to the International Space Station.
Fact 2: The Space Shuttle was a complex and advanced spacecraft
The Space Shuttle was a highly complex spacecraft, consisting of several components that had to work together flawlessly to ensure a successful mission. The Space Shuttle consisted of the Orbiter, which was the vehicle that carried the crew and payloads into space; the External Tank, which held the liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen that powered the Shuttle's main engines; and the Solid Ro
Reference Guide To The International Space StationSérgio Sacani
The International Space Station is a unique place – a convergence of science, technology and human innovation that demonstrates new technologies and makes research breakthroughs not possible on Earth.
It is a microgravity laboratory in which an international crew of six people live and work while traveling at a speed of five miles per second, orbiting Earth every 90 minutes.
The space station has been continuously occupied since November 2000. In that time, more than 200 people from 15 countries have visited.
Crew members spend about 35 hours each week conducting research in many disciplines to advance scientific knowledge in Earth, space, physical, and biological sciences for the benefit of people living on our home planet.
The station facilitates the growth of a robust commercial market in low-Earth orbit, operating as a national laboratory for scientific research and facilitating the development of U.S. commercial cargo and commercial crew space transportation capabilities.
More than an acre of solar arrays provide power to the station, and also make it the next brightest object in the night sky after the moon. You don’t even need a telescope to see it zoom over your house. And we’ll even send you a text message or email alert to let you know when (and where) to look up, spot the station, and wave!
THE HUMAN CHALLENGES OF CONQUERING SPACE AND COLONIZING OTHER WORLDS.pdfFaga1939
1. The document discusses the major human challenges of space exploration and colonizing other worlds, including developing technologies to:
2. Produce rockets capable of reaching near-light speeds to travel vast distances in space. Current chemical rockets are limited and producing vehicles that can reach the speed of light poses radiation hazards.
3. Protect humans during space travel by developing advanced life support systems for environments outside Earth, such as proposed inflatable heat shields and high-tech spacesuits for Mars.
4. Identify habitable exoplanets and enable human survival off Earth through developing sustainable living and power systems for space colonies. Overcoming these challenges is necessary for humanity to expand beyond Earth.
The document provides an overview of space exploration, including:
1) It discusses mankind's curiosity about life in the universe and the factors that allow exploration of outer space, such as characteristics of the solar system and human accommodations like protective suits.
2) Satellites and probes were used to collect information before manned missions, and the slingshot effect allows probes to escape planetary gravity.
3) Space shuttles carry crews into low Earth orbit and space stations allow long-term experiments, while mission control monitors activities to keep astronauts safe.
PHYS 220A30 November 2015Endeavour Space ShuttleThe visit .docxrandymartin91030
PHYS 220A
30 November 2015
Endeavour Space Shuttle
The visit to Endeavour Space Shuttle in Los Angeles provided me with a deeper insight of how physics principles are applied in real life. Not only did I learn of how the rockets get propelled into space, but also gained a better understanding of how the satellites are injected into orbit after the rocket gets into space. As I strolled into the facility, I was excited since I finally had the chance to get the answers to the several questions that crammed in my mind regarding rockets and satellites. Before the visit, questions such as how does the spacecraft travel with accuracy and know where it’s going? Once it reaches the orbit, what keeps it in motion? Besides, can any place be chosen for the launch of the rockets? Even more importantly, I was fascinated to learn the various structural parts of the rockets and the fuel used in its operation.
The process of rocket propulsion was illustrated to me just like I had learned in my theoretical physics. Essentially, a rocket is propelled forward due to a rearward ejection of burned fuel that was initially in the rocket. Consequently, the forward thrust gained by the rocket is as a result of the back force of the ejected burning fuel. In the end, the rocket propulsion principle confirmed Newton’s third law of motion which states that action and reaction are opposite yet equal forces. Unlike the jet engine that depends on drawing in air to burn the fuel, the rockets utilize the fuel on board which is a mixture of liquid oxygen and hydrogen to cause combustion ensuring that they can operate in space where a vacuum exists. I was also intrigued to learn that the rocket didn’t work on the principle of pushing against the ground, or air but depended solely on the thrust force provided by the burning fuel. I also realized that for a large weight of rockets is dominated by fuel. As such, for massive uplift force to be achieved by the rocket, the fuel has to be burned at a rapid rate. This would ultimately ensure that the rate of change of momentum is huge and therefore causing the propulsion force to be sufficient to cause uplift. Certainly, this principle was in line with Newton’s second law of motion which suggests that the magnitude of force on a moving body is directly proportion to the rate of change of its momentum {F = (v-u)dm/t}.
The second fact that I learned at the science facility is that the earth is shielded from radioactive particles from the sun by an electromagnetic field around it. As such, when the rockets pass through the layer of the earth’s electromagnetic field, it may get charged and risk burning when leaving or entering the earth’s atmosphere from space. Therefore, the rocket’s nose is designed to be curved instead of being sharp pointed in order avoid the concentration of charges that may in the end build an electrical potential difference capable of destroying the rocket. Certainly, this principle reiterated the electrostatic cha.
The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest space station ever launched. It orbits Earth at an altitude between 330-435 km and has been continuously occupied by humans for over 13 years. The ISS consists of pressurized modules, external trusses, and solar arrays launched by American and Russian spacecraft. Scientific research on the ISS includes studies in biology, Earth and space science, combustion science, fluid physics, and human research. The station provides a platform for microgravity research and long-term human habitation in space.
This document summarizes NASA's research on small satellites and nanosatellites. It discusses how smaller spacecraft can enable more science missions with lower costs through increased numbers of missions. Smallsats allow for a faster learning cycle and development of new technologies. NASA's Ames Research Center has developed several smallsat platforms and payloads over the past decade for applications in Earth science, heliophysics, planetary science, and astrophysics. These include gene expression, pharmaceutical, and spectroscopy experiments. Ames is working to mature technologies for smallsat missions like advanced components, autonomous operations, and formation flying.
The Hubble Space Telescope was proposed in the 1920s and developed over several decades with contributions from NASA, ESA, and astronomers. It was launched in 1990 and has helped astronomers determine the age of the universe is around 13-14 billion years. Hubble orbits Earth and is able to observe distant objects without interference from the atmosphere. It has undergone several servicing missions and instrument upgrades to continue making new discoveries.
This document is an educator guide created by NASA to teach space-based astronomy through hands-on activities. It provides an overview of NASA's space exploration history and how observations from space are needed to study the full electromagnetic spectrum. The guide includes five units covering topics like the atmospheric filter and collecting electromagnetic radiation. It aims to help students understand why space-based observations are important and how we can study celestial objects using the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
This document provides an educator guide for teaching space-based astronomy. It includes activities to teach students about astronomy using space-based observations. The guide begins with background on NASA's space exploration history and how space-based observations have advanced our understanding of the universe. It then outlines five activity units covering topics like the electromagnetic spectrum and how telescopes in space collect different wavelengths of light compared to ground-based observations. The guide aims to help students understand why space-based telescopes are important for studying celestial objects and the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
This document provides an educator guide for teaching space-based astronomy. It includes activities to teach students about astronomy using space-based observations. The guide begins with background on NASA's space exploration history and how space-based observations have advanced our understanding of the universe. It then outlines five activity units covering topics like the electromagnetic spectrum and collecting radiation from space. The guide aims to explain why space-based observations are important for studying celestial objects across the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
STS-134 will be Endeavour's final mission, delivering the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer and spare parts to the International Space Station. The 14-day mission will feature four spacewalks to install new components and do maintenance work. This is the last scheduled spacewalk for shuttle crew members before the retirement of the Space Shuttle program. STS-134 will deliver the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer particle physics detector to study the formation of the universe and search for dark matter and antimatter.
A Business Analysis of a SKYLON Based European Launch Service OperatorA. Rocketeer
The document summarizes a study conducted between 2012-2014 by an industrial consortium for the European Space Agency to explore the feasibility of using Skylon, a single stage reusable launch system, as the basis for a new European launch service operator. The study looked at both a Skylon operator business model and a Skylon manufacturer business model. It found that the only viable approach was an "airline" model where the manufacturer sells Skylons to multiple operators. Under reasonable assumptions, the manufacturer could expect around a 10% return, sufficient to attract public-private funding. The operator business also showed potential for commercial viability even at lower launch prices to match expendable systems.
Tranquility Aerospace Ltd is a privately owned engineering company based in Oxfordshire that offers automation design and manufacturing services to customers like Festo, Intelligent Energy, Ford, Bosch, Parker, Bentley, and Cosworth. The company directors have over 80 years of combined engineering experience. One of Tranquility's projects is Devon One, a single-stage, fully reusable vertical take-off and landing vehicle that can carry a 30-40kg payload to an altitude of 100km and return to its point of origin or another location. Tranquility also conducts research and testing in areas like propulsion, materials, and software.
This document describes a competition to award funding for innovative space propulsion ideas. It provides information on the prizes, submission and judging process. The top prize is £10k for exploratory ideas. Pitches must be 8 minutes and cover the challenge addressed, solution, evidence it will work, and plans for prize money. Judging criteria include relevance, innovation, benefits, and quality of presentation. Rules require submissions by UK entrants by February 20th and presentations on March 18th in London. Intellectual property remains with winners, and funding must be used for continued research.
Reaction Engines has made progress on their Skylon single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane and its SABRE engine. They completed a technology demonstration program for the SABRE engine's pre-cooler system, successfully testing a full-scale pre-cooler module that cooled air to below -100°C for over 5 minutes. Reaction Engines will now begin a £250 million program to demonstrate the engine technologies at a system level and advance the SABRE engine design to critical design review.
This document provides an overview of an academic presentation on interstellar flight given by Kelvin F. Long, the executive director of the Institute for Interstellar Studies. The presentation discusses the history of interstellar studies and proposals, including projects by the British Interplanetary Society. It also examines the fundamental requirements and challenges of interstellar travel such as the large amounts of energy needed and long mission times. Finally, it introduces the Institute for Interstellar Studies and its mission to promote education and technologies that could enable interstellar spacecraft.
IGS Restack Workshop Presentation: Nov 2012A. Rocketeer
The document outlines a vision for the UK space sector in 2030. It discusses establishing a vision to guide growth of the sector and attract political and public support. Some key points include setting objectives to visualize a space-enabled world in 2030 and how the UK can benefit, as well as illustrating benefits of sustained UK leadership in this growing sector. It also reviews progress on recommendations from the 2010 UK Space Innovation and Growth Strategy (IGS) to support the sector.
Future of UK Space Science Missions: Oct 2012A. Rocketeer
The document discusses the future of UK space science missions. It notes that half of UK government space spending is on space science through ESA programs like the Mandatory Science Programme and UK National Programme. Upcoming missions by the end of the decade include Gaia, LISA Pathfinder, BepiColombo, JWST, and the first two Medium-class missions in ESA's Cosmic Vision program. The UK plays a key role in these missions and seeks to maximize returns through coordination with STFC. The dual key mechanism with STFC supports this coordination.
World Space Programs & Prospects: A European PerspectiveA. Rocketeer
This document discusses European space programs and prospects from a European perspective. It summarizes current and future European orbital and suborbital launch systems as well as commercial space companies. It notes that government funding for space programs is unlikely to increase significantly due to budget constraints, but commercial space companies exploiting new technologies and US-developed systems have growth potential. In particular, testing of Reaction Engines' heat exchanger technology is key to financing future development efforts in Europe, and suborbital spaceflight services are expected to see major growth driven by European companies operating reusable launch vehicles developed in the US.
Satellite Applications Catapult Centre OverviewA. Rocketeer
The document proposes establishing a Satellite Applications Catapult Centre to drive innovation in satellite technology and applications. Satellites can provide global communications, broadcasting, positioning and observation. The centre would provide end-to-end capabilities to help ideas commercialize, link existing space companies with new players, and prototype new applications like mobile communications and environmental monitoring to generate economic growth. It recommends establishing the centre to help overcome challenges of commercializing research and industrializing innovations in satellite technologies.
Progress on the SKYLON Reusable SpaceplaneA. Rocketeer
The document provides an update on the progress of Reaction Engines' Skylon reusable spaceplane and SABRE engine programs. It discusses the development of the SABRE engine technology through ground testing, the design of the SABRE4 engine, and compatibility with vehicle requirements. It outlines plans for a flight test of the engine nacelle and estimates costs for demonstrating the engine technology and designing the SABRE4 engine as part of a proposed 30 month Phase 3 program. An independent review by the UK Space Agency and ESA found no critical issues identified for either the Skylon vehicle or SABRE engine programs.
The document discusses the NSTP Space for Growth Competition, which provides funding for collaborative research and development projects with the space sector. It offers two funding streams: Fastrack grants of £50k-£100k for 6-9 month projects, and larger Flagship grants of up to £2m for 1-2 year projects. 54 applications were received for Fastrack grants and 11 for Flagship grants. Strong SME participation was seen, with over half of project leads being SMEs. Projects covered several areas identified in the UK space innovation strategy.
The document discusses the commercial spaceflight revolution and emerging private sector efforts to develop low-cost space technologies. Key points include private companies developing suborbital spacecraft for space tourism, orbital vehicles to resupply the ISS, plans for private space stations, efforts to return to the Moon and mine its resources, and solar power satellites. Private rocket companies like SpaceX are also developing technologies to enable lower-cost access to orbit and beyond.
UKSA National Space Technology StrategyA. Rocketeer
The document presents the National Space Technology Strategy for the UK. It aims to increase the UK's share of the global space economy, which is predicted to grow to £400 billion annually within 20 years. The strategy identifies 5 technology roadmaps and sectors to focus on. It recommends establishing a cross-sector National Space Technology program jointly funded by industry and government, rising to £100 million annually by 2015/16, to develop technologies, increase competitiveness, and create jobs in the growing space sector. The strategy aims to leverage existing UK space capabilities and investments to capture a greater share of global growth opportunities in space technologies and applications.
The document outlines the UK Space Agency's access to space roadmap from 2011-2022. It details both market and technology developments for small satellite launch services, novel low thrust orbits, demonstration of new platform and payload technologies, and development of technologies like Skylon, expandable cubesats, orbit transfer units, small satellite launch boosters, and more. The roadmap outlines increasing the technology readiness levels (TRLs) of these technologies from lower to higher levels between 2011-2022.
NAUTILUS-X Future in Space Operations (FISO) Group PresentationA. Rocketeer
Nautilus-X: A presentation at the Future In Space Operations teleconference on Jan 26th 2011, given by Mark Holderman and Edward Henderson of NASA JSC.
Feasibility studies for innovation in spaceA. Rocketeer
The Technology Strategy Board will invest up to £2 million to fund feasibility studies for innovation in the space industry. The studies should be 3 months or less and focus on accelerating commercial space technologies or developing new space-based services. Eligible projects will receive up to £25,000 in funding. The goal is to stimulate innovation and ensure small UK businesses can respond to challenges in space.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
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A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1
Rocket Man (Roger Cooper)
1. ROCKET MAN
Reminiscences of a career as a real life Rocket Man spanning over 15 years involved
with the British National Space Programme
2. ROCKET MAN
Roger D Cooper – Tower Court, Lubenham
Introduction
The recent series “Rocket Man” on television staring Robson Green about a fictitious spaceman evoked
memories of my former career as a true Rocket Man.
In 1965 following a formal electronic engineering apprenticeship I joined the University of Leicester Space
Research Group as a technician to assist the research scientists in their quest to observe cosmic events from
outer space.
During the following fifteen years with the Space Group, eventually graduating to Senior Experimental
Officer, my role was to act as engineering interpreter to the astrophysicists and participate in the design and
build of unique instruments to be carried into space by rockets.
This “work” as it was called provided me with innumerable opportunities and experiences that have
influenced and fulfilled my life beyond any expectations that I formed when I began a career in electronics.
The background to these experiences can be better appreciated by an insight of the whys and wherefores of
scientific research involving the use of rockets
The Science
The Space Group at Leicester was, and still is, primarily concerned with space physics (astrophysics) and in
particular with studies of cosmic radiation. During the time of this early research, instruments sensitive to
low energy x-rays were deployed to search and identify sources of radiation within our own and from
distant galaxies, many light years away.
The strength or energy and intensity of the x-rays provides the astrophysicists with information relating to
the source of the radiation regarding the temperature, age, size and many other features that would hitherto
be unknown. Such characteristics are similarly applicable to our own sun, which is also a source of x-
radiation. This branch of research is part of an ongoing international programme of astrophysics engaged in
the investigations into the origins of the universe.
Fortunately for the animal kingdom the earths upper atmosphere absorbs the potentially harmful x-rays such
that none can be detected on the ground.
The need for Rockets
With the atmosphere preventing any ground based measurements it became evident in the early 1960s that
instruments could be placed outside or above the earth’s atmosphere where x-rays could be detected and
measured.
It had been known for sometime that x-rays are emitted from the sun. Higher energy x rays had been
observed from high flying balloons. An investigation of x-rays, thought to be reflected by the moons albedo,
was then conducted by a primitive instrument launched into space. The results confirmed that not only was
the sun a source of both low and high energy x-rays and other radiation but also other sources were seen in
the constellations of Scorpios and the Crab Nebula. – A new science was born!
This emerging new science and the US “Man on the Moon” programme being pursued during this time
fuelled interest by the British Government to embark on a British National Space Programme under the
direction of the Science Research Council with funding support to embryo research groups in Universities
throughout the country.
Research groups such as Leicester became recipients of grant funding to pursue space science and were
provided with payload space on the recently developed Skylark Sounding Rocket to carry their instruments
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3. above the earth’s atmosphere. Essentially this is into space for a short but invaluable time to conduct
measurements and identify new and exciting galaxies.
The Team of Scientists
Under the direction of Professor Ken Pounds, a vibrant group of scientist were aided and supported by a
team of managers, engineers, technicians, and admin staff and pursued with unrivalled enthusiasm this
cutting edge science. At its peak the Group was building and launching five or six rocket payloads per year.
For each “experiment” a senior physicist was appointed to oversee the scientific objectives of the mission,
often supervising and aided by a post graduate studying for a Ph.D. The engineering aspects of the
“experiment” were similarly provided by a senior engineer, such as me, to work with the scientist and put
into practice the aims of the payload.
Following the successful launch and collection of data from the mission, another team of astrophysicists and
astronomers deciphered the abundance of data collected during the flight of the “experiment” in space.
Such post flight analysis often took months of work and occasionally, years, for the brief few minutes of
observation afforded by the rocket whilst above the earths atmosphere.
The Rocket Vehicle
In nearly all cases the Skylark sounding rocket was used for the space vehicle (one or two missions however
made use of the American Aerobee or similar type of vehicle.)
The Skylark sounding rocket was originally designed by the Royal Aircraft Establishment for the
International Geophysical Year of 1957 during the Russian Sputnik era. Continuous development of this
highly successful vehicle continued for the next 50 years with the 441st and last Skylark being launched in
April 2005 see:-
http://www.ras.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=755&Itemid=2
On presentation of a viable scientific proposal to the Science Research Council by the Leicester Space
Research Group, payload space was assigned to conduct the experiment. Occasionally two or three different
experiments shared the same spacecraft from competing research groups whereby friendly rivalry ensued
throughout the preparation. In the early days two identical vehicles were assigned because of the likely
event of failure – we were working with cutting edge technology with a high probability of mishap.
Later as the rocket and the experiments’ build became more reliable we were assigned just one and more
often than not, all to ourselves.
Skylark is a two stage solid propellant vehicle measuring some 18 inches diameter with a solid propellant
casing measuring about twelve feet long. The payload section was attached on top of this making use of the
nose cone section and a variable section payload bay. The entire length of the motor and payload head was
up to about thirty feet. The whole assembly stood on top of a solid propellant booster measuring between 6
and 8 feet long, depending upon the type.
In keeping with the ornithological theme, the main Skylark motor was named Raven of various marques and
the boosters Cuckoo or Goldfinch.
Being of solid state propellant the launch of Skylark, once initiated, cannot be stopped. The fuel starts to
burn and enormous thrust is produced to take the vehicle away from the launcher and upwards. After about
ten seconds the boost motor, spent of fuel, falls to the ground within about half a mile of the launcher. The
Raven sustainer motor is automatically ignited to burn for a further sixty or more seconds, propelling the
whole rocket through the earth’s atmosphere and into the vacuum of space. The altitude achieved varied
between about seventy miles and 300 miles dependant upon payload weight. It is interesting to compare the
boost motors for the Space Shuttle are similar solid-state technology and once ignited they too cannot be
extinguished - in essence they are controlled (sic) bombs.
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4. Guidance whilst passing through the atmosphere is by simple ballistic techniques using three fins fitted at
the base of the Raven motor. Once out of the atmosphere these however become ineffective and the whole
vehicle can tumble in a random manner. To enhance the ballistic guidance whilst travelling upwards the
fins were canted to induce spin stabilisation – just like a throwing dart!
On the more sophisticated experiments the payload head was separated from the motor and both pieces
slowly drifted apart, falling to earth together. Similarly the nose cone and a side mounted door were ejected
once in space to expose the instruments to the cosmic radiation and gather the relevant data.
As time progressed and the technology developed the payload head was made to point at the sun or the
moon or a star by means of an Attitude Control Unit that used high pressure nitrogen jets to control the head
in three axes as it sailed through its mission. De-spinning the head before engaging the ACU was simply
achieved by releasing two weights tethered by a cord wrapped around the cylindrical payload. This
maintained the conservation of momentum by slowing the spin rate down as they were deployed outwards –
just like a ballet dancer spreads her arms to slow down when spinning! This method was known as the “Yo-
Yo de-spin” because the weights and line resembled a child’s yo-yo.
The whole flight time of the rocket lasted between about eight and twelve minutes, dependant upon the
altitude achieved. Occasionally a parachute recovery system was fitted (at cost of altitude and observing
time) such that the experiment could be recovered and re-used or any photographic film developed.
Parachute recovery was at best only about 50% successful.
For further information on Skylark see <http://www.star.le.ac.uk/rockets/skylark.shtml>
The Payload
The section on top of the motor is the business part of the rocket where all the vehicle measurement devices,
timing and attitude control systems are located together with the experiment instruments and the telemetry
system that relays the data to the ground for recording and post flight analysis.
The design of the payload section, known as the “round”, consisted of a number of standard length sections
(bays) resembling oil drums. Each section was clipped together by a simple attachment device - a manacle
ring - such that the round could be separated at any of the sections by simply removing the manacle ring.
Typical payloads would consist of maybe six or eight “bay” sections, dependant upon the payload mission.
The nose cone space was often used for the experiment and some types of nose cone could be ejected during
flight to expose instruments located underneath, enabling observations to be made. Similarly a “type 8 Bay”
had a removable door that was ejected during the flight to enable instruments to view sideways.
Power for the whole payload was derived from a couple of 28 volt batteries located in their dedicated bay.
The parachute – if fitted - was located at the base of the round between the instrumentation and the motor
attachment section. This was deployed after the experiments had completed their missions and the round
had re-entered the atmosphere. Free falling from it‘s apogee and travelling at supersonic speed, the re-entry
into the earth’s atmosphere slowed the round down to about 150 MPH causing local heating – just like the
space shuttle.
In the parachute bay barometric switches closed at approximately 10,000 feet and the explosive bolts
holding the parachute cover released the drogue and a shortly afterwards, the main ‘chute to bring the round
to earth softly in a safe and controlled manner. If no parachute was deployed the whole round was
completely destroyed on impact.
-3-
5. The Experiment
The experiments on Skylark were many and varied and dependant upon the science or engineering being
researched. The Leicester experiments began with simple x-ray film exposed when in space, then to
primitive x-ray detectors known as “proportional counters”. In the latter period of the rocket missions
comprehensive spectrometer instruments and imaging telescopes were flown. Their engineering and
scientific complexity was a sight to behold.
My fist missions were centred on an x-ray detector that was flown in 1967. We had two vehicles assigned to
us (the days of two for the price of one!) which were launched from Woomera, South Australia. The
mission was to expose the x-ray detector during flight on an un-stabilised vehicle. The head was left
attached to the motor to provide a larger moment of inertia such that the whole assembly would slowly
tumble in space. The random nature of precession would yield a scan of the southern sky whereby any x-ray
sources were detected and their characteristics measured. As we did not want the sun to “over-expose” the
sensitive detector, the rocket was fired at night so that the only x-ray sources seen were outside of the solar
system.
Several new sources were discovered and the experiment was deemed an
outstanding success – enough for the Science Research Council to grant us
Another pair of rounds to do it all again with bigger and better detectors!
These manifested themselves into two very large detectors, placed back
to back in the shape of the nose cone profile. When in space the nose
cone was ejected and a similar sky survey conducted to look for weaker
x-ray sources. The results gained enhanced the mapping of the southern sky,
which hitherto had not been attempted - we were pioneers in the game!
The round was fitted with parachute such that
we recovered the instrument, dusted it off and
a year later flew it again with even more
successful results. The recovery of the payload
this time however was not good –
it was lost for about eighteen months until a
passing recovery Land Rover came across it in
the Australian desert. The round is now in Skylark SL723
The London Science Museum in all its glory,
as found, with Australian desert dust and all!
-4-
6. Subsequent experiments became more sophisticated with mechanical scanning mechanisms to enable
spectroscopy to be conducted on distant extra-galactic x-ray sources, thereby measuring the x-ray emissions
to high resolution.
An experiment to establish the exact location of the x-ray source in the Crab Nebula constellation was
derived whereby the instrument was placed in space by Skylark, at precisely the time that the moon occulted
the source, thereby acting as a camera shutter. By sophisticated timing measurements the location of the x-
ray source could be resolved to much greater accuracy than previously measured. This launch was from the
El Arenosillo range in southern Spain. The window of firing was within 6 minutes on particular day in
October 1974, the next opportunity being in eleven years time!.
The Crab Nebula Occultation Science team:-
Barry Giles - Post Grad’, the Author, Roy Daldorph - Technician, Dr Jeff Hoffman - Astrophysicist.
My final experiment was an x-ray camera to measure in three axes the mapping of an x-ray source. The
mission used an inertial attitude control unit - a pioneering development for Skylark - to point the camera at
an x-ray star for the duration of the measurements. (It was for the engineering design of this payload
experiment that I gained a higher degree in spacecraft instrumentation).
The Design and Build.
The conceptual science of the payload formed part of the presentation to the Science Research Council.
Following mission approval by the SRC, Engineers were assigned to the projects and many hours of talks
and sketches on backs of envelopes and other media ensued to translate the ideas of the scientists into
practical hardware that we could build. Using our rocket “bible” the “Skylark Users Hand book” (I still
have a copy!) the experiment instrument was designed to embrace and survive the rocket environment
during its mission. Using standard features and facilities offered to the experimenter, the electrical and
mechanical interfaces were accommodated such that when the integration of the experiment with the host
payload occurred it would all work – maybeez!
The data expected to be gathered from the instrument when observing its target, dictated the multiplexing of
the telemetry systems and careful design of the data marshalling was necessary.
One instance I remember most vividly was spending a full day with Dr Jeff Hoffman – a future Shuttle
Astronaut, in the Charles Wilson building refectory, consuming copious amounts of coffee and wrestling
with the telemetry system for a forthcoming round. Subscribing to the power of the subconscious, the
-5-
7. following day I spent ploughing a ten acre field for a farmer friend of mine. Once set up, the relaxing
routine of ploughing enabled the design of the telemetry system to mentally flow. By the tenth acre the
system was conceptually sorted; sufficient to realise a viable telemetry system for the particular
experimental payload.
The mechanical aspects of the instrument were superbly designed and built by a team of engineers in the
Physics Workshop generally under the guidance of Dave Watson, whilst the electronics and detector design
and build progressed in parallel in the Physics Laboratories. Some months (occasionally weeks) later the
experimental instrument was assembled and extensive testing was conducted (if we had time!). Building of
a prototype was a luxury rarely seen – what we built first, we generally flew.
The Test and integration
As the funding for the experiment was apportioned to the respective parties involved in the build and launch
of the rocket, the payload experimenter (Leicester Space Physics Group) could either have the instrument
designed and built under contract, or design and build it in house. The latter was of course the more
economical solution, not withstanding the fact that the instrument actually evolved as it was being built.
Little specification could be supplied in the beginning - particularly off the back of envelopes!
During the build in the Physics department at Leicester the scientific performance was measured relentlessly
together with the mechanics and electronics that enable the instrument to perform and radio the data back to
the ground in flight.
A timetable for the build, integration, launch preparation and firing phases was agreed at the beginning of
the project and in most instances this was adhered to, as best able, considering the innovative nature of the
experiment.
When all tests and fine tuning had been completed, or in
reality, compliant with the time scale the instruments was
delivered to the rocket payload integrator – usually the British
Aircraft Corporation, (soon to become British Aerospace) or the
European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) now the
European Space Agency (ESA).
A team if engineers and payload specialists appointed to the
round completed the UK integration of the payload
instrumentation to the experiment with representatives from
Leicester (me or the scientist) for the duration of the integration
phase.
After the integration tests were conducted the contractor was
obliged to get signatures from the experimenter that the tests
were satisfactory and that the round could be despatched to the
launch site – usually Woomera in South Australia. As the “sign
off” was somewhat academic - we often rebuilt the experiment
after the round had been sent and the real experiment was
actually transported in our “Spares” or tool box, which followed
later with the personnel! The fun part of the ‘test record’
exercise was that they were signed off mid way between Bristol
and Leicester, down the Old Fosse Way, over lunchtime, in an
exquisite hostelry at Stow on the Wold…….
Round in preparation with the integrator
-6-
8. The Campaign
Phase 1 - Adelaide
Some weeks after the round had been despatched by air freight to Australia, two or three bods from the
Space Group – The Senior Scientist, the post graduate and the Engineer (me) travelled on the Ministry of
Defence Charter aircraft form Luton to Adelaide. In the early days we used a Bristol Britannia, four engine
turbo prop’ which invariably arrived with only three engines running!
As it was an MOD classified charter that travelled every two weeks, for years, between the UK and
Australia, the number of passengers was generally no more than twenty, such that first class accommodation
in the rear with top secret freight in the forward fuselage was the general arrangement, with a full crew of
air hostesses on hand to pander to our needs.
My first trip out took five days landing in Aden, overnight in Colombo, set off from Colombo, turned
around with an aircraft malfunction – another night in Colombo, continued the journey to Perth via the
Cocos Keeling Islands (an atoll in the Indian Ocean) to refuel and thence to overnight yet again in Perth.
The following day the final leg of the journey to Adelaide was to take about five hours. Two hours out I
commented to my colleague passenger “Tell me, if Australia is in the southern hemisphere, why is the sun
on the starboard side of the aircraft if we are travelling east? At which point a passing hostess was
summoned to enquire of the flight crew – sure enough we had another malfunction and were returning to
Perth. Most of the passengers by this time were getting irritated because of the delays. Having noticed
another Britannia of the same airline, parked on the airfield, I naively suggested to the air crew that they
“take the keys” as it was awaiting return to the UK. This aeroplane had just dropped off passengers
emigrating to Australia on the £10 migrant scheme running at that time. We finally arrived in Adelaide as
“migrants” having usurped the aircraft with our freight and baggage following on a day later!
The “launch campaign” then began. The first few campaigns were in two parts whereby the round was
received by the Contractor at the Weapons Research Establishment in Salisbury, north of Adelaide, where
all concerned worked on the various parts in preparation for launch.
WRE was a peculiar place that had been jointly established by the UK and Australia in preparation for atom
bomb development and tests that first took place in the South Australian desert at Emu Hills and Maralinga.
It was during this period that the missile test facility of Woomera was established for joint research and tests
on the atom bomb, missiles and armaments during the Cold War. As the “War” thawed Woomera was made
available for scientific research, hence our presence.
The WRE Salisbury facility was built similar to Farnborough, Aldermaston and other MOD sites in England
from plans sent out from the UK. The buildings were constructed to plan, complete with snow guards on the
roof – it never snows in Adelaide and the minimum temperature is never below freezing, but plans are
plans!
The few weeks in Salisbury were rarely rushed with work starting around 09.30 and the day finished at
15.30. Transport to and from WRE was by “Commonwealth Car” - a Humber Super Snipe as I recall - with
a fully uniformed driver to collect and take us back to our accommodation.
The Establishment
Pastoral care of “Visitors”- us and other MOD staff - was by the British Defence Research and Supply Staff
who looked after our needs and arranged accommodation, transport etc., and saw to emergencies if they
occurred. BDRSS were there to ensure that all was in order and that we had someone to discuss matters
with if there were problems. In charge of the BDRSS office in Australia was the archetypal British Colonial
Civil Servant, a wonderful gentleman, one Bruce Gordon who had been posted to this far flung corner of the
-7-
9. Empire. As his stint in the antipodes was to be for several years he had his faithful Rover 80 limousine
shipped out. His visits to us experimenters were always fun and well announced by the Rover flying the
Union Flag on its radiator cap! As for homesickness or other personal problems – not me, I was having the
time of my life!
The few weeks in Adelaide soon passed and eventually the round was road freighted the 300 miles to
Woomera for the final phase of the launch preparation.
Phase II - Woomera.
There are many references to Woomera (just type Woomera into Google) and I can only briefly outline this
unique place and the atmosphere of a being part of a very British Establishment in a naturally hostile
environment.
Developed in the late 1940s the village was originally surveyed by an Australian army surveyor Len Beadell
as a living area for people engaged on the atom bomb and missile research and development programmes,
jointly funded by the British and Australian Governments.
The name Woomera is derived from the aboriginal word for a “throwing aid” whereby a spear could be
given much more impetus by attaching an extension to the end during the throwing action. The additional
leverage gave a significant boost to the effectiveness of the spear to go further with more power and kill the
prey more effectively. An appropriate name for a place used to launch missiles (spears).
The village is approximately one mile square supplying the needs of the employees and their families living
in a desert environment. A Supermarket, Post Office, Police Station, and local shops etc., were established
to present as normal a life as possible. The community has its own water supply and sewerage systems
where the treated water is used to irrigate the trees, shrubs and plants growing within the confines of the
village. This created an oasis like patch in the otherwise arid desert of South Australia.
see <http://www.totaltravel.com.au/guide/local/portaugusta/woomera-village.jpg >
As Woomera was run on semi-military lines there were three Messes (Accommodation, local pubs, clubs
etc., for social and professional support) – Junior, Staff and Senior Staff Mess. When the European
Launcher Development Organisation moved in during the mid 1960’s they built a civilian mess that anyone
one could join regardless of rank. This proved very popular, especially as they also built a swimming pool
for the inhabitants to relax in during the evenings and at weekends.
Woomera is inside what is known as a “Prohibited Area” – whereby only those authorised by security
clearance were allowed to be within. The prohibited area in this part of Australia still exists and covers a
huge tract of land north west of the village. Although we were cleared to reside in the Senior Mess, security
was ever present. After every meal security staff collected the napkins and burned them just in case any
doodles or sketches had been made by the scientists or engineers during the meal. Signs abounded with
anecdotal warnings like “idle chatter risks lives” and similar, reminiscent of WW II days.
One particular event relating to security issues happened when Jeff Hoffman, an American, was visiting
Woomera. As a non-British Citizen, Jeff had to be escorted everywhere he went when at the Woomera
ranges. Even in the Test Shop where he was the project scientist, he had his “shadow” with him at all times
which he took all in his stride. During the campaign another Skylark was launched and at such times we all
stood outside the test shop and watched the spectacular event – better than any firework display! On this
day the countdown went smoothly and the rocket was successfully launched – out of the launcher and into
the heavens. Jeff was shouting “Where, where, I can’t see it!” at that moment the rocket – now well into the
sky popped out of the top of a telegraph pole that was between Jeff and the launcher – hence he did not see
the actual lift off!
After a few moments he remarked in his New York drawl “Gee the security here is something else!”
-8-
10. The Launch sites.
The “Ranges” where the actual missiles, rockets, etc were launched from were some twenty or thirty miles
away from the village and subject to even tighter security. We were cleared to enter Range “E” thirty miles
in a North West direction along a dead straight road that actually looked as it went to infinity. Transport to
and from the range head was by “Commonwealth bus” (years later we were provided with a car giving
greater independence, which was much exploited). We were not allowed to go to the other ranges unless by
prior arrangement.
Range E was a hub of activity where not only the rocket launcher itself was located but all the attendant
services for missile and scientific rocket firings that were deployed during the mission.
The explosives store, the assembly shops, the telemetry receivers, the radars and the kine-theodolites used to
track the missile during flight, and host of other services.
Range E with the Skylark Launcher, the Test Shops and Lake Koolymilka in the background
The Launch preparation
We were housed in Test Shop 1 – a huge building where several Skylark Rocket payloads could be worked
on simultaneously - and often were. Everything but the explosive motors was brought together in the Test
Shop which was our home for the duration of the campaign, often lasting six or seven weeks.
The work schedule now took on a totally different ethos. The main reason we were there was to conduct
scientific experiments in research of cosmic events. The universe and the rotation of the earth are connected
but not to night and day and the normal regime of the human being. It was thus that we adopted our own
time frame in which to prepare the experiment in readiness for a launch.
Celestial objects are antisocial in their optimum position! Our working “day” drifted into night whereby we
arose from our sleep maybe in the evening , had breakfast at midnight, worked through to lunch at four in
the morning and so forth. When we had called a launch slot, every endeavour was made to get the rocket
into the launcher at the appointed time and send it on its way.
The Skylark launcher was the largest structure at Range E. Originally made in the UK and shipped out to
Australia; it was manufactured from three large Bailey bridge sections formed into triangular shape, such
that the rocket travelled upwards through the middle. The complete launcher was some 100 feet high with
three tripod type legs – also of Bailey bridge section - that could be manoeuvred to aim the rocket down
range and maybe achieve the predicted landing site. The location of the structure was in the middle of the
same apron as other missile launchers used for more sinister trials.
-9-
11. Missile recovery
Australia operates a “clean range policy” whereby everything that was sent from any of the ranges was
recovered – sooner or later. The actual range from Woomera technically stretches all the way to the Indian
Ocean over the Great Western Desert.
As experimenters we had opportunity to go with the recovery crews in their Land Rovers and await the re-
entry and landing of the rockets fired from Range E.
The prediction of where the vehicle may land is known as the dispersion circle and is derived from various
aspects of the rocket’s trajectory and the wind conditions. For skylark the dispersion circle was about 50
miles in diameter and it could land anywhere in this area.
The recovery crew waited at the centre of the dispersion circle and listened for the super-sonic bang of re-
entry. With their trained eyes they could spot the round well before us. Once they had a line on where it had
landed they drove their Land Rovers in a dead straight line towards it without deviating – bushes and small
trees simply did not get in their way - an experience I shall never forget!
Koolymilka
Range E was served by a small village just outside the security gate where personnel dined in a huge
canteen each day. Koolymilka was the village named after a “lake” where the buildings were located
alongside. It had a canteen, a swimming pool and a small population of locals that would not have been out
of place in the Australia’s gold rush days – somewhat earthy and belligerent. On one of the campaigns we
had the dubious privilege of staying at “Kooly” for a few days during the count down to a firing, to be
closer and be more time efficient. The evenings were tempered by the local bar where the inhabitants
congregated out of the sweltering heat. The landlord, a genial chap, dealt with the belligerence in his unique
way by shooting the beer siphon in the face of the offending drunk!
The adjacent lake was dry for years with no sign of water. We were there just once in the ten years when it
rained so hard the lake filled with water overnight. By midday there were fish swimming about in the
shallows!
The “Off Duty” periods,
When we were stationed in Adelaide we had all of the trappings of a large city. With Adelaide being on the
coast the metropolitan beaches were within a few minutes drive from where we lived. Evenings were often
spent during the summer campaigns with barbecues on the beach and with gatherings typical of the younger
generation, of which I qualified. At weekends more ambitious journeys were undertaken in an old car we
had acquired.
I was also fortunate to have an aunt and her family who had emigrated some ten years previously and lived
about thirty miles south of Adelaide. Again weekends in their company and on their beach were often
passed in a very happy state.
On the odd occasions that we had long weekends or indeed a whole week off for one reason or another, we
ventured even further, down to the Coorong - a large region of coastal lagoons at the mouth of the Murray
River, where we spent sometime on a sheep farm, living in the shearer’s quarters. On one trip a big end on
the car threw some hundred and fifty miles from home. I spent a day under the car in a local vicar’s garage,
repairing the bearing with lead sheet I had scrounged from a local fisherman’ weight box - when the devil
drives resourcefulness prevails. The repair got us back home!
When we were at Woomera the desert beckoned and several desert excursions sowed the seeds of future
expeditions into little know regions of the world. In latter years I was to embark on trans-Atlantic and
Sahara desert crossings, diving for sunken treasure in the Caribbean, searching ancient Spanish Forts in
Panama and Mayan settlements on Honduras. Little did I know at the time these small forays into the
Australian bush would kindle my interest into the unknown.
- 10 -
12. The Countdown.
Essentially the countdown started the day we arrived in Australia. It became more meaningful the closer we
got to the actually launch day. When we arrived in Woomera it was then becoming serious and all sorts of
happenings came to our notice, along with officers and managers whom we had never heard of, wanting to
know the ins and outs of what we were actually up to!
We never ceased to be amazed at the huge resources that were called in to play for our launch mission.
Literally hundreds of specialists and operators were on duty for the event. From radar operators, film
cameramen, telemetry monitors/recorders, range safety officers, canteen chefs and assistants, and many
more.
On one particular occasion of a night launch, the whole of launch team were provided with a meal in the
Kooly’ canteen. My scientist colleague and I debated whether we should both stand up and take a bow to
the assembled multitude. It was us that were providing the reasons for their evening’s overtime pay!
When the experiment was ready it was handed over to the launch crew to finally assemble the round in
preparation to installing it on top of the motors in the launcher. Strict safety procedures were invoked as
whilst we were working on the final preparations for the readiness of launch, the motors underneath us were
primed and ready for ignition, with only the safety keys removed.
Come the day of the launch, a large count down clock was started in the test shop and in the bunker
underneath the launcher where the Officer In Scientific Charge (OISC) and the launch crew were stationed.
We, the experimenters, were also stationed there and had the final say whether to proceed with the firing
sequence.
The countdown clock showed the time remaining to the instant of firing - an eerie sentinel that we still hear
to this day in our subconscious.
The final countdown came about twenty minutes before firing and was a most exciting time. After the last
months and perhaps years of building, testing and calibrating the instrument it was finally about to seek its
destiny. Up to the moment of launch some communication control of the operation of the payload was
provided with commands passed to the instrumentation by a detachable umbilical cord attached to the side
of the round. Once the firing sequence had started there was no further control or adjustment.
Count down; the interminable clock counted off the minutes and seconds to the final 2 minutes when all
stations involved in the mission had given their go-ahead - only the Range Safety Officer and OISC had the
final say in whether to proceed or not, consulting with us all the way to the last second. Up to that time the
automatic firing sequence could be halted.
The final ten seconds was every schoolboys imagination of a space rocket countdown – the “tick-tock” box
bleeping every second until the final zero – then an almighty bang followed instantly by the roar as the
Goldfinch boost motor ignited and propels the 30 foot long, two ton missile through the launcher and
upwards. Six seconds later the mighty Raven motor fires up with another enormous roar as it develops
enough power to take the whole vehicle away from the Goldfinch and the pull of gravity. The burn lasts for
about 150 seconds, sufficient to take it’s payload out of the atmosphere and into the vacuum of space.
When the thrust of the burn is completed the whole vehicle is coasting upward towards apogee, during this
phase weightlessness occurs and the payload is free to conduct pre- programmed manoeuvres and the
experimental observations are carried out for a precious few minutes.
Re-entry into the atmosphere causes drag and buffeting and finally the round falls to earth and perhaps
recovered if fitted with a parachute. The Raven motor now spent of fuel and detached from the payload
head becomes ballistic and assumes the properties of a dart falling from one hundred and fifty miles. The
terminal velocity and re-entry heating is sufficient to peel back the ¼” thick steel propellant casing like a
banana until finally crashing to the ground whereupon it is totally destroyed.
- 11 -
13. Skylark at moment of launch
The Anti Climax
And then it is all over………………
The preparations, no matter how long they have taken, have become part of your life and it is impossible to
dismiss this fact. My job, apart from some post flight engineering analysis and the usual “ifs” and “buts”
and so on was essentially over – until the next time….
The culmination of the many hours of head scratching, midnight oil burning and every aspect imaginable is
suddenly gone - “With a Bang”. Now what do we do?
BDRSS, bless them, were quietly aware of the huge build up of emotion and the stress that some
experimenters and payload engineers encountered whilst on a launch campaign. BDRSS were in the
background to provide solace and support where it was needed. Often family men, being away from home
for weeks on end encountered domestic problems that could not be assuaged from twelve thousand miles
away. Such distractions also contributed to the heat and stress of the moment. BDRSS did its best to
alleviate concerns as best they could - they were professionals and we loved them dearly.
I well remember after one firing that the charter aircraft back to the UK was within a couple of days. I
however was in no hurry to return, so BDRSS kindly informed the ”UK” that a seat on the aircraft was not
available and that I would be delayed for another two weeks before returning home – I would simply have
to go on R & R and await the next “Charter” - South Australia in the early summer - dear me! They
ensured I had transport and that I had sufficient funds and that I kept them informed where I would be, and
bingo I was free to go anywhere I wanted. Such was life in the halcyon days of the British Empire…….
Epilogue
Woomera and the British National Space Programme gradually diminished in the late 1970’s after the
British Government, overnight, withdrew all support of the “Joint” programme leaving the Australians
literally holding the baby of the Woomera rocket/missile ranges and all that it involved. The costs were
unsustainable and the whole programme ceased.
Today Woomera is a tourist resort, a museum and until recently a holding camp for illegal immigrants.
As may other aspects in life, we were there at the best of times and we feel fortunate to have been part of it
all.
- 12 -
14. Acknowledgements
The following list of colleagues and friends is no means exhaustive but I thank you all for enriching this
period of my career. Without the help, intellectual stimulus, friendship and warmth extended in our day to
day tasks the enjoyment of our profession would not have been. To this day I am honoured to have many as
my friends and also colleagues again in the professional life I now pursue in a space related business.
Without doubt however the Skylark days were the time of our lives!
Scientists Technicians/Engineers
Professor Ken Pounds
Dr Brin Cooke David Johnson
Dr Tony Janes John Dowson
Dr Jeffery Hoffman Dave Watson
Dr Mark Simms Harold Chapman
Dr Barry Giles John Spragg
Dr David Smith John Larard
Dr John Pie Tony Keith
Dr David Adams Tony Abbey
Dr Alan Wells Arthur Rate
Dr Martin Turner Chris Powney
Dr Richard Griffiths Tony Howard
Dr Kenton Evans Roy Daldorph
Dr Alan Smith Chris Whitford
Roger D Cooper
January 2006
Bibliography
Skylark rocket payloads assigned to the University of Leicester Space Research Group with my
personal involvement outlined in red :-
SKYLARK Experiment Stabilisation Year
SL 37 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1961
SL 40 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1961
SL 42 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1961
SL 45 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1962
SL 46 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1963
SL 47 X-ray Telescope Unstabilised 1964
SL 83 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1961
SL 84 X-ray Spectrometer Unstabilised 1963
SL 85 X-ray Spectrometer Unstabilised 1963
SL 103 X-ray Spectrometer Unstabilised 1963
- 13 -
15. SL 104 X-ray Spectrometer Unstabilised 1963
SL 105 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1965
SL 106 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1965
SL 114 X-ray Spectrometer Unstabilised 1962
SL 115 X-ray Spectrometer Unstabilised 1963
SL 118 First X-ray Sky Survey Unstabilised 1967
SL 119 First X-ray Sky Survey Unstabilised 1967
SL 126 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1963
SL 127 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1963
SL 128 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1964
SL 129 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1964
SL 132 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1964
SL 133 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1964
SL 138 X-ray Camera Unstabilised 1964
SL 301 X-ray Spectograph Sun Pointing 1964
SL 302 X-ray Spectograph Sun Pointing 1964
SL 303 X-ray Spectograph Sun Pointing 1965
SL 304 X-ray Bragg Crystal Spectrometer Sun Pointing 1966
SL 305 X-ray Bragg Crystal Spectrometer Sun Pointing 1967
SL 306 X-ray Pinhole Camera Sun Pointing 1965
SL 307 X-ray Pinhole Camera Sun Pointing 1966
SL 403 Extra Galactic Survey of M87 Moon Pointing 1968
SL 404 X-ray Pinhole Camera Sun Pointing 1969
SL 405 X-ray Pinhole Camera Sun Pointing 1966
SL 406 X-ray Pinhole Camera Sun Pointing 1966
SL 407 X-ray Pinhole Camera Sun Pointing 1967
SL 408 X-ray Pinhole Camera Sun Pointing 1968
14
16. SL 605 Bragg Crystal Spectrometer Sun Pointing 1969
SL 723 Large Area Sky Survey Unstabilised 1968
SL 724 Large Area Sky Survey Unstabilised 1968
SL 802 Modulation Collimator Detector Sun Pointing 1970
SL 804 Bragg Crystal Spectrometer Sun Pointing 1970
SL 812 Survey of Norma X-1 & Cen X-3 Star Pointing 1971
SL 901 Bragg Crystal Spectrometer Sun & Sco X-1 Pointing 1970
SL 904 Background Survey Sun Pointing 1970
SL 972 Large Area Sky Survey Spin Stabilised 1970
SL 1002 Lunar occultation of GX3+1 Sun & Sco X-1 Pointing 1971
SL 1010 Low energy survey Sun Pointing 1973
SL 1011 Modulation Collimator Cir X-1 & Cen X-3 Star Pointing 1973
SL 1101 Bragg Crystal Spectrometer Sun Pointing 1971
SL 1105 Low energy mapping of Vela Magnetic & Moon Pointing 1975
SL 1112 Low energy interstellar gas abundance Star pointing 1975
SL 1202 Lunar occultation of GX5-1 Sun pointing 1972
SL 1206 Bragg Crystal Spectrometer Sun pointing 1973
SL 1304 Lunar occultation of Crab Nebula Sun pointing 1974
SL 1306 Very large area mapping of Cyg X-1 Sun pointing 1976
SL 1611 Dust Halo 2-D imaging (cancelled) Inertial Platform 1978
ESA PAYLOADS
S26 X-ray Spectroscopy Unstabilised 1967
S41 Bragg Crystal Spectrometer Sun pointing 1967
S55 Bragg Crystal Spectrometer Sun & Sco X-1 pointing 1971
S69 Bragg Crystal Spectrometer Sun pointing 1970
S89 Bragg Crystal Spectrometer Sun pointing 1972
15