Research project -space

By : Jason, Surya, and Vaibhav
Space Exploration

Hello Everyone, we hope you learn
something new in this presentation. We
just wanted to let you know to keep an
eye out for …
➢ Blue Texts = Links
➢ = Audio
➢ = Video

Brainstorming
Jason
● Space
● Technology
● Religion
● Social media
● Music
● Education
● Health
● Social issues
● Environment
Surya
● Roblox
● Founder of
LEGOs
● Founder of Math
● NASA
● ISS
Vaibhav
● Volcanoes
● Technology
● World War 2
● Robots
● SpaceX
Skip me, To Table of Contents

SubTopics (slides)
● Introduction and Costs
● Apollo Missions
● Nasa
● Famous Astronauts
● Spacesuits
● Spaceship
● Rocket ships
● Training for astronauts
● Rovers
● International Space Station
● Dwarf planets
● Galaxies
● The Space Race
● Requirements of being a planet
● Comets
● Stars
● Moons
● SpaceX vs NASA
● Solar System
● Expenses
● Satellites
● Mars Missions
● Conclusion
● Citations
Skip me, To Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Slide 6: Introduction
Slide 7: Apollo Missions
Slide 8: StarShips
Slide 9: Famous Astronauts
Slide 10: Spacesuits
Slide 11: Spacecrafts
Slide 12: Rocket ships
Slide 13: Training for astronauts
Slide 14: Rovers
Slide 15: International Space Station
Slide 16: Dwarf planets
Slide 17: Galaxies
Slide 18: The Space Race
Slide 19: Requirements for planets
Slide 20: Comets
Slide 21: Stars
Slide 22: Moons
Slide 23: SpaceX vs NASA
Slide 24: Solar System
Slide 25: Expenses
Slide 26: Satellites
Slide 27: Mars Missions
Slide 28: Conclusion
Slide 29: Citations,(2)

Space has always been an enormous topic to be covered and because of that
we only know four percent of the Space. Everything is crucial when you
wanna go into space like for example astronaut training, in case there’s a
situation and to check if everything is right on your spacesuit. There are
billions of galaxies out there that we haven’t discovered yet. We can only find
out different parts of the space with the help of NASA, which has been around
for 61 years and SpaceX, which has been around for 18 years which isn’t a lot
compared to NASA. NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space
Administration. This presentation will talk about some facts about space.
“NASA is a U.S. government agency that is responsible for science and
technology related to air and space. The agency was created to oversee U.S.
space exploration and aeronautics research.” by NASA.gov. This evidence
shows what the purpose NASA is for. “Space Exploration Technologies Corp.,
trading as SpaceX, is an American aerospace manufacturer and space
transportation services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It
was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk to reduce space transportation costs to
enable the colonization of Mars.” by SpaceX.com. This evidence is also worthy
because it talks about what SpaceX’s purpose is. The founders of these two
amazing companies are Dwight D. Eisenhower and Elon Musk. This
presentation will talk all about this, and even expand more.
Introduction
TakemeBackToTableofContents

The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program
carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which succeeded in landing the first men on
the Moon from 1969 to 1972. The Apollo program was designed to land humans on the Moon and bring them
safely back to Earth. Six of the missions (Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17) achieved this goal. Apollos 7 and 9 were
Earth orbiting missions to test the Command and Lunar Modules and did not return lunar data. Apollos 8 and 10
tested various components while orbiting the Moon, and returned photography of the lunar surface. Apollo 13
did not land on the Moon due to a malfunction, but also returned photographs. The six missions that landed on
the Moon returned a wealth of scientific data and almost 400 kilograms of lunar samples. Experiments included
soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismic, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind experiments.
Apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones. It stands alone in sending crewed missions beyond low
Earth orbit. Apollo 8 was the first crewed spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, and Apollo 11 was the first
crewed spacecraft to land humans on the moon. Overall the Apollo program returned 842 pounds (382 kg) of
lunar rocks and soil to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and
geological history. The program laid the foundation for NASA's subsequent human spaceflight capability, and
funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center. Apollo also spurred advances in
many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and human spaceflight, including avionics,
telecommunications, and computers. The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration
in early 1960, as a follow-up to Project Mercury. While the Mercury capsule could support only one astronaut on
a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three. Possible missions included ferrying crews to a space
station, circumlunar flights, and eventual crewed lunar landings. Apollo's mission is terrific but it costs nearly 153
billion dollars. So that is a lot of money from what I know.
Apollo Missions

Have you ever wanted to learn more about the StarShip? Well, this slide will talk about the amazing StarShip.
“SpaceX’s Starship spacecraft and Super Heavy rocket (collectively referred to as Starship) represent a fully
reusable transportation system designed to carry both crew and cargo to Earth orbit, the Moon, and Mars.
Starship will be the world’s most powerful launch vehicle ever developed, with the ability to carry in excess of
100 metric tonnes to Earth orbit.” states SpaceX.com. This tells us that the StarShip is a reusable spacecraft that
is used to bring crew and cargo to the Moon, Mars, and Earth orbit. This also tells us that this will be the most
powerful launch vehicle developed. “Starship is the fully reusable spacecraft and second stage of the Starship
system. It offers an integrated payload section and is capable of carrying passengers and cargo to Earth orbit,
planetary destinations, and between destinations on Earth”. This tells us a little bit more about the StarShip. The
height of this magnificent and extraordinary spacecraft is 50 meters/160 feet, and with the diameter of 9
meters/30 feet. The propellent capacity of the StarShip is 1200 t / 2.6 Mlb. Now let's talk about the Super Heavy.
“The first stage, or booster, of our next-generation launch system has a gross liftoff mass of over 3 million kg
and uses sub-cooled liquid methane and liquid oxygen (CH4/LOX) propellants. The booster will return to land at
the launch site on its 6 legs” states SpaceX.com. This gives us information on what the Super Heavy is exactly.
The height of the Super Heavy is 70 meters/230 feet, and with the diameter of 9 meters/30 feet. The propellant
capacity of the Super Heavy is 3400t/6.8 Mlb. The amount of thrust the Super Heavy has is 72mn/16 Mlbf. Let's
go on to the Payload. “The Starship payload fairing is 9 m in diameter and 18 m high, resulting in the largest
usable payload volume of any current or in development launcher. This payload volume can be configured for
both crew and cargo.” This gives a description of the Payload. Now lets get on to the overview of the whole
thing. The height of the StarShip is now 120 meters/394 feet, and with the diameter of 9 meters/ 30 feet. This
slide talked about all the parts of the StarShip and gave descriptions about each part. We can tell that the
StarShip is truly a magnificent rocket and will help mankind a lot.
StarShip

Spacesuits
Spacesuits are much more than a set of clothes astronauts wear. However, like a set of clothes, different
suits serve different purposes. Space exploration usually includes two different kinds of spacesuits, both of
which protect astronauts from the dangers of their mission. One kind is worn inside a spacecraft during launch
and ascent to space, and again on the way home during re-entry into Earth's atmosphere as well as during
landing. The other kind, described here, is designed specifically for spacewalks. NASA calls a spacewalk an
Extra-Vehicular Activity, or EVA, so this type of suit is often called an EVA suit.
A fully equipped spacesuit used during spacewalks is actually a miniature spaceship shaped like a
human body that protects the astronaut from the dangers of being outside a vehicle while in space or on the
Moon. Spacewalking astronauts face radiation, dust, debris, and extreme temperatures. Temperatures on
spacewalks may vary from as cold as minus 250 degrees Fahrenheit to as hot as 250 degrees in the sunlight.
The suits provide the proper pressure for the body and supply astronauts with water to drink and oxygen to
breathe.
The spacesuit worn for spacewalks outside the International Space Station is called the extravehicular
mobility unit, or EMU. NASA is currently developing a new suit that will be worn for spacewalks on Artemis
missions called the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit, or xEMU. It includes several new features and
technological advances, but the suits share most of the same basic elements that work together to keep crew
members safe and healthy while allowing them to accomplish their tasks when working outside their spacecraft
in harsh space environments.
The two main parts of a spacewalk spacesuit are the pressure garment and the life support system. The
pressure garment is the human shaped portion of the spacesuit that protects the body and enables mobility.
The primary components of the pressure garment are the cooling garment, upper torso, lower torso and
helmet.

Famous Astronauts
Neil Armstrong
1930-2012
Buzz Aldrin
1930-
John Glenn
1921-2016
Michael Collins
1930-
Sally Ride
1951-2012
Jim Lovell
1928-
Yuri Gagarin
1934-1968
Chris Hadfield
1959-
Mae C. Jemison
1956-
Valentina T.
1937-
Pete Conrad
1930-1999
Kalpana Chawla
1961-2003
An American astronaut and
aeronautical engineer and
the first person to walk on
the Moon. He was also a
naval aviator, test pilot,
and professor.
An American engineer, and
former astronaut and
fighter pilot. Aldrin made
three spacewalks as pilot
of the 1966. He also landed
on the moon with Neil.
A United States Marine
Corps aviator, astronaut,
businessman, and
politician. Was the first
American to orbit the Earth,
circling it three times.
An American former
astronaut who flew the
Apollo 11 command
module Columbia around
the Moon while his
crewmates landed.
An American astronaut and
physicist. Born in Los
Angeles, she joined NASA in
1978 and became the first
American woman in space
in 1983. Ride was the third
A former NASA astronaut,
Naval Aviator, mechanical
engineer, and retired Navy
captain. In 1968, as
command module pilot of
Apollo 8
A Soviet Air Forces pilot and
cosmonaut who became
the first human to journey
into outer space, achieving
a major milestone in the
Space Race;
A retired astronaut. The
first Canadian to walk in
space, Hadfield has flown
two Space Shuttle missions
and served as commander
of the ISS.
An American engineer,
physician, and former
NASA astronaut. She
became the first black
woman to travel into space
when she served as a
mission specialist
A member of the Russian
State Duma, engineer, and
former cosmonaut. She is
the first and youngest
woman to have flown in
space with a solo mission.
An American NASA
astronaut, aeronautical
engineer, naval officer and
aviator, test pilot, and
commanded the Apollo 12
space mission.
An American astronaut,
engineer, and the first
woman of Indian origin to
go to space. She first flew
on Space Shuttle Columbia
in 1997 as a mission head.

Spacecrafts
A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. A type of artificial satellite, spacecraft
are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation,
space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo. All spacecraft except
single-stage-to-orbit vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a launch vehicle (carrier rocket).
On a sub-orbital spaceflight, a space vehicle enters space and then returns to the surface, without having
gained sufficient energy or velocity to make a full orbit of the Earth. For orbital space flights, spacecraft enter
closed orbits around the Earth or around other celestial bodies. Spacecraft used for human spaceflight carry
people on board as crew or passengers from start or on orbit (space stations) only, whereas those used for
robotic space missions operate either autonomously or tele robotically. Robotic spacecraft used to support
scientific research are space probes. Robotic spacecraft that remain in orbit around a planetary body are
artificial satellites. To date, only a handful of interstellar probes, such as Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, and
New Horizons, are on trajectories that leave the Solar System.
Orbital spacecraft may be recoverable or not. Most are not. Recoverable spacecraft may be subdivided
by method of reentry to Earth into non-winged space capsules and winged spaceplanes. Recoverable
spacecraft may be reusable (can be launched again or several times, like the SpaceX Dragon and the Space
Shuttle orbiters) or expendable (like the Soyuz).
Click Here to Learn about the PARTS OF A SPACECRAFT

Rocket Ships
Have you ever wondered how Rocket Ships are built? Well, this slide will talk about how rocket ships are made
and some other facts about rocket ships. A rocket is a cylindrical projectile that can be propelled to a great
height or distance by the combustion of its contents, used typically as a firework or signal. “Like most engines,
rockets burn fuel. Most rocket engines turn the fuel into hot gas. The engine pushes the gas out its back. The
gas makes the rocket move forward. A rocket is different from a jet engine. A jet engine needs air to work. A
rocket engine doesn't need air. It carries with it everything it needs. A rocket engine works in space, where there
is no air. There are two main types of rocket engines. Some rockets use liquid fuel. The main engines on the
space shuttle orbiter use liquid fuel. The Russian Soyuz uses liquid fuels. Other rockets use solid fuels. On the
side of the space shuttle are two white solid rocket boosters. They use solid fuels. Fireworks and model rockets
also fly using solid fuels.” From nasa.gov. This tells us a lot about rockets. Rockets are very powerful, with one of
the most powerful rockets in the world, Saturn V. “The Saturn V was a rocket NASA built to send people to the
moon. (The V in the name is the Roman numeral five.) The Saturn V was a type of rocket called a Heavy Lift
Vehicle. That means it was very powerful. It was the most powerful rocket that had ever flown successfully. The
Saturn V was used in the Apollo program in the 1960s and 1970s. It also was used to launch the Skylab space
station.” states nasa.gov. This tells us about what Saturn V was and this also tells us about some things the
Saturn V did. Rockets are really important to us, so we can learn more about space, rockets are truly a
magnificent piece of technology and rockets can develop the future.
Saturn V Diagram

Training for astronauts
Seeing space with your own two eyes might sound cool, but being an astronaut is hard
work! It takes years to become an astronaut. According to nasa.gov, “many people aren't
accepted on the first try, either, requiring them to learn more to be better prepared for the next
try. Even then, only a small percentage of applicants become astronaut candidates, making it a
hard job to get.” A thought I have about this is NASA chooses people that really have worked
hard and have an interest. I think this because the whole paragraph uses the word “prepared” a
couple of times.
Nasa states that once selected, NASA does not consider you to be a full astronaut yet.
There are two years of basic training ahead in which you are considered an "astronaut
candidate." The candidates receive basic classroom learning about the International Space
Station and spaceflight generally. They also become qualified scuba divers, and do military
water survival training, undergo swimming tests which are exposed to high and low
atmospheric pressures. I think once an astronaut is selected for a flight, the mission training
takes another couple of years. I thought this because of how they need to undergo
atmospheric pressure and if it takes two years to get basic training, then there should most
likely be another couple of years where they get comfortable with the atmospheric pressures.
Therefore, becoming an Astronaut might take a long time but it is truly worth it, based on the
qualification and other training.

Have you ever wondered what we send to Mars and what they are called? Well, then this slide will talk about it.
We send robots to Mars that are called rovers. “Rovers help scientists in their quest to understand what
different parts of the planet are made of. Mars is made up of lots of different types of rocks, and each rock is
made up of a mixture of chemicals. A rover can drive around to different areas, studying the different
chemicals in each rock.” states spaceplace.nasa.gov. This tells us how rovers help us and what they study while
they are on Mars. “Over the years, NASA has sent four robotic vehicles, called rovers, to Mars--and NASA plans
to send another soon. In total, the four rovers that have already gone to Mars are Sojourner, Spirit, and
Opportunity, and Curiosity. The Perseverance rover will be heading to the Red Planet soon.” by
spaceplace.nasa.gov. This shows us the Mars rovers that have been on the planet. This also shows us the names
of the Mars rovers and the upcoming rover called the Perseverance rover. Let's start by talking about the
rovers that have already been on the planet: Sojourner, Spirit, and Opportunity. The first rover that landed on
Mars from these three rovers is the Sojourner rover. The Sojourner was used to measure the temperature, the
kind of rocks there were, and a ton more that were on Mars. In 2003, NASA sent two more rovers to Mars. The
rover Spirit was launched in June. Its twin, Opportunity, was launched in July. Now let's talk more about Spirit.
Spirit was launched on June 10, 2003, and landed on Mars on January 4, 2004. The Launch vehicle(a rocket-
powered vehicle used to send artificial satellites or spacecraft into space) of Spirit was Delta II 7925. The end of
the mission was March 22, 2010. Now let's talk a bit about Spirit’s twin, Opportunity. This magnificent rover was
launched on July 8, 2003. The launch vehicle of this rover is Delta II 7925 H and the landing of this rover was on
January 25, 2004. The end of this mission was on February 13, 2019. Throughout this slide we learned what a
rover’s job is and how it does it. We can tell that the rover is a magnificent robot and has many features that
help it learn more about Mars. We know that the rover is truly a robot that would help us learn a lot more about
Mars.
Rovers

International Space Station
Earth's surface. It maintains an orbit with an average altitude of 400 kilometres (250 mi) by means of reboost
manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda Service Module or visiting spacecraft. The ISS circles the Earth in
roughly 93 minutes, completing 15.5 orbits per day. The station is divided into two sections: the Russian
Orbital Segment (ROS), operated by Russia; and the United States Orbital Segment (USOS), which is shared by
many nations. Roscosmos has endorsed the continued operation of ISS through 2024, but had previously
proposed using elements of the Russian segment to construct a new Russian space station called OPSEK. As of
December 2018, the station is expected to operate until 2030. The first ISS component was launched in 1998,
with the first long-term residents arriving on 2 November 2000. The ISS consists of pressurised habitation
modules, structural trusses, photovoltaic solar arrays, thermal radiators, docking ports, experiment bays and
robotic arms. Major ISS modules have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets and US Space
Shuttles.
The International Space Station (ISS) is a modular space station (habitable artificial
satellite) in low Earth orbit. The ISS program is a multi-national collaborative project
between five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia),
JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada). The ISS serves as a microgravity and
space environment research laboratory in which scientific experiments are conducted
in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields. The station is suited
for testing the spacecraft systems and equipment required for possible future long-
duration missions to the Moon and Mars. It is the largest artificial object in space and
the largest satellite in low Earth orbit, regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth’s

Dwarf Planets
A "dwarf planet" is a celestial body that is in revolution around the Sun, has a huge mass for itself-gravity
to overcome hard body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly circular) shape, has not
cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit, and is not a satellite.
Many of us still think that Pluto is a planet but it is not, because it has not cleared the neighborhood
around its orbit, Pluto is considered a dwarf planet. It orbits in a disc-like zone beyond the orbit of Neptune
called the Kuiper belt, a distant region populated with frozen bodies left over from the solar system's formation.
To learn about specific Dwarf planets click
the link below:
Examples Of Dwarf Planets

Galaxies
Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is typical: it has hundreds of billions of stars, enough gas and dust to make
billions more stars, and at least ten times as much dark matter as all the stars and gas put together. And it’s all
held together by gravity.
Like more than two-thirds of the known galaxies, the Milky Way has a spiral shape. At the center of the
spiral, a lot of energy and, occasionally, vivid flares are being generated. Based on the immense gravity that
would be required to explain the movement of stars and the energy expelled, the astronomers conclude that
the center of the Milky Way is a supermassive black hole.
The shapes of galaxies are influenced by their neighbors, and, often, galaxies collide. The Milky Way is
itself on a collision course with our nearest neighbor, the Andromeda galaxy. Even though it is the same age as
the Milky Way, Hubble observations reveal that the stars in Andromeda's halo are much younger than those in
the Milky Way. From this and other evidence, astronomers infer that Andromeda has already smashed into at
least one and maybe several other galaxies.
Galaxy Captures

The Space Race
“The Space Race was a series of rival events between the United States and the Soviet Union because of
the result of the Cold War. Each Country wants to achieve firsts in spaceflight capability. The Space Race
was considered important because it showed the world which country had the best science, technology,
and economic system. After World War II both the United States and the Soviet Union realized how
important rocket research would be to the military. On October 4, 1957, the Russians placed the first
successful satellite into orbit. It was called Sputnik I. The Russians had taken the lead in the Space Race. The
Americans successfully launched their first satellite four months later called the Explorer I. The Soviets
again won the race for putting the first man into space. On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin was the first man to
orbit the Earth in the spacecraft Vostok I. Three weeks later the US launched the Freedom 7 and astronaut
Alan Shepherd became the first American in space. Shepherd's craft did not orbit the Earth, however. It was
nearly a year later on February 20, 1962, when the first American, John Glenn, orbited the Earth on the
Friendship 7 spacecraft. In conjunction with the Apollo program, the US launched the Gemini program
which would develop technology for use on the Apollo spacecraft. Under the Gemini program, the
Americans learned how to change the orbit of a spacecraft, spent significant time in orbit to learn how the
human body would be affected, brought two spacecraft together in a rendezvous in space, and also went
on the first spacewalks outside of a spacecraft. With the Gemini and Apollo programs, the US had taken a
huge lead in the Space Race. In July of 1975 with relations between the US and the Soviet Union beginning
to thaw, the first US-Soviet joint mission occurred with the Apollo-Soyuz project. The Space Race was
effectively over.” says, Ducksters.

Requirements for being a planet
It must be big enough that its gravity cleared away any other objects of a similar size near
its orbit around the Sun.3
It must be big enough to have enough gravity to force it into a spherical shape.
2
It must orbit a star (in our galaxy, the Sun).
1
Model of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.

“Comets are basically dusty snowballs which orbit the Sun. They are made of ices, such as water, carbon
dioxide, ammonia and methane, mixed with dust. These materials came from the time when the Solar System
was formed. Comets have an icy center (nucleus) surrounded by a large cloud of gas and dust (called the
coma). The coma is created as the ice in the nucleus is warmed by the Sun and vaporizes. Comets can develop
two tails as they travel closer to the Sun: a straight gas tail and a curved dust tail. The gas tail is created by the
solar wind, pushing gas away from the comet's coma and pointing straight back from the Sun. The dust in the
coma is not affected by magnetic fields but is vaporized by the Sun's heat, and forms a curved tail which
follows the comet's orbit.”says, coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ ‘Comets spend most of their lives far away from
the Sun in the distant reaches of the solar system. They primarily originate from two regions: the Kuiper Belt,
and the Oort Cloud.”states, skyandtelescope.org.
“Comets are invisible except when they are near the Sun. Most comets have highly fast orbits
which take them far beyond the orbit of Pluto; these are seen once and then disappear for millennia. Only the
short- and intermediate-period comets (like Comet Halley), stay within the orbit of Pluto for a significant
fraction of their orbit.”, according to nineplanets.org. This is just some of the facts about Comets.
Comets

Stars
“Stars are the most widely recognized astronomical objects, and represent the most fundamental
building blocks of galaxies. The age, distribution, and composition of the stars in a galaxy trace the history,
dynamics, and evolution of that galaxy. Moreover, stars are responsible for the manufacture and distribution of
heavy elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, and their characteristics are intimately tied to the
characteristics of the planetary systems that may coalesce about them. Consequently, the study of the birth,
life, and death of stars is central to the field of astronomy”,states,science.nasa.gov.
“A star develops from a giant, slowly rotating cloud that is made up entirely or almost entirely of
hydrogen and helium. Due to its own gravitational pull, the cloud behind to collapse inward, and as it shrinks, it
spins more and more quickly, with the outer parts becoming a disk while the innermost parts become a roughly
spherical clump. According to NASA, this collapsing material grows hotter and denser, forming a ball-shaped
protostar. When the heat and pressure in the protostar reaches about 1.8 million degrees Fahrenheit (1 million
degrees Celsius), atomic nuclei that normally repel each other start fusing together, and the star ignites.
Nuclear fusion converts a small amount of the mass of these atoms into extraordinary amounts of energy —
for instance, 1 gram of mass converted entirely to energy would be equal to an explosion of roughly 22,000
tons of TNT.”, says, space.com.
Life Cycle Of A Star
There is a life cycle of a star, click on the link above to learn more.
Our Sun is in the low-mass star stage right now.

A natural satellite, or moon, is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet or
minor planet (or sometimes another small Solar System body).
In the Solar System, there are six planetary satellite systems containing 205 known natural satellites. Four
IAU-listed dwarf planets are also known to have natural satellites: Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. As of
September 2018, there are 334 other minor planets known to have moons.
The Earth–Moon system is unique among planetary systems in that the ratio of the diameter of the
Moon to the diameter of Earth is much greater than that of any other natural-satellite–planet ratio in the Solar
System. At 3,474 km (2,158 miles) across, the Moon is 0.273 times the diameter of Earth. This is five times greater
than the next largest moon-to-planet diameter ratio (with Neptune's largest moon at 0.055, Saturn's at 0.044,
Jupiter's at 0.038 and Uranus' as 0.031). For the category of planetoids, among the five that are known in the
Solar System, Charon has the largest ratio, being half (0.52) the diameter of Pluto.
There is no established lower limit on what is considered a "moon". Every natural celestial body with an
identified orbit around a planet of the Solar System, some as small as a kilometer across, has been considered
a moon, though objects a tenth that size within Saturn's rings, which have not been directly observed, have
been called moonlets. Small asteroid moons (natural satellites of asteroids), such as Dactyl, have also been
called moonlets.
Moons
Captures and Diagrams of different moons

NASA vs SpaceX
NASA and SpaceX are successful companies, with NASA having an 98% success
rate, while SpaceX having a 97.8% success rate. As we can tell these two
companies are pretty successful, which also makes them competitive. This slide
will talk about who is better, NASA or SpaceX. “So overall, their goals are the main
difference between the two: NASA is interested in space exploration and travel but
mainly participates in research to benefit the human race as a whole, and spaceX
is solely interested in space travel and allowing humans to live on other planets”
states Quora. This shows us what SpaceX and NASA’s goals are. Based off of this
we can see NASA and SpaceX are already different from each other because they
have different goals. Now let's compare different rockets used by NASA and
SpaceX. Let's start by talking about the reusable rockets NASA and SpaceX use,
NASA’s Space Shuttle and SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy. NASA’s Space Shuttle was a
nice reusable rocket and was launched from 1981-2011, the Space Shuttle also
covered about 135 missions and also costed $7 billion dollars. Now let's get into
the Falcon Heavy. This magnificent rocket ship is SpaceX’s third launch vehicle,
which is also up to 90% reusable. The Falcon Heavy is the most powerful
operational rocket in the world by a factor of two. It can lift 141,000 lb (a mass
greater than a 737 jetliner loaded with passengers, crew, luggage and fuel). The
next closest rocket is the Delta IV Heavy which can lift a mere 63,470 lb. This
rocket ship costed about 90 million dollars. The Space Shuttle was 56 meters high
and the Falcon Heavy was 70 meters high. The Space Shuttle had 5.6 million
pounds of thrust, while the Falcon Heavy had 1.2 million pounds of thrust. Now we
know some of the differences, lets get on to the conclusion. We have now known
Insert Video Here

Solar System
The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either
directly or indirectly. Of the objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest are the eight planets, with the
remainder being smaller objects, the dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies.
The solar system is made up of the sun and everything that orbits around it, including planets, moons,
asteroids, comets and meteorites. It extends from the sun, called Sol by the ancient Romans, and goes past the
four inner planets, through the Asteroid Belt to the four gas giants and on to the disk-shaped Kuiper Belt and
far beyond to the teardrop-shaped heliopause. Scientists estimate that the edge of the solar system is about 9
billion miles (15 billion kilometers) from the sun.
Visit this link to view specific planets and diagrams.
Visit this link to view specific planets and diagrams.
Designed by Jason Jayanth

Expenses
Have you ever wondered what's the cost of exploring outer space with Spacecrafts and how much each
mission costs? Well this slide will talk about it and even evaluate on it. Let's start off by talking about the
Space Shuttle. The Space Shuttle’s average cost for a mission is $450 million. This much money is kind of a
lot for each mission. The Falcon 9 launch costs an average of $57 million. This tells us about how much the
Falcon 9 costs. “Depending on where you're going, a ticket could set you back anywhere from $250,000 to
tens of millions of dollars. If you're looking simply to cross the 62-mile-high Karman line that marks the
boundary between the upper atmosphere and outer space, Virgin Galactic says it will take you there for
$250,000.” states nbcnews.com. This tells us about how much it costs to go to Space. The StarShip will cost
$2 million for each mission. An average cost for each mission for the rover is about $2.5 billion. “Mars 2020
is a flagship-class mission, or one of NASA's most expensive and robust space-exploration endeavors, with
a total cost estimate of $2.46 billion, according to NASA's latest budget request. The mission's launch is
practically imminent, targeted for no earlier than July 2020.” This tells us about the Curiosity’s missions
price. Let's talk about how much it will cost if you wanna go to Space. “For today's space companies, it's
anyone willing — and wealthy enough — to pay the steep cost. NASA said it would cost $35,000 a night for
staying on the ISS, and the price to get there is estimated to be $50 million” states washingtonpost.com. As
we can tell, most of these prices listed here are a huge amounts. This slide told us the amounts of how
much each mission cost for Spacecrafts.
Nasa's 2019 Budget Estimate Look Through Pages 1-7

Satellites
A satellite is an object in space that orbits or circles around a bigger object. There are two kinds of
satellites: natural (such as the moon orbiting the Earth) or artificial (such as the International Space Station
orbiting the Earth).
Currently there are over 2218 artificial satellites orbiting the Earth. On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union
launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. The bird's-eye view that satellites have allows them to see
large areas of Earth at one time. This ability means satellites can collect more data, more quickly, than
instruments on the ground. Satellites also can see into space better than telescopes at Earth's surface.
The failure of secure satellite communications systems left soldiers, ships and aircraft cut off from their
commanders. Without satellites, world leaders struggled to talk to each other to diffuse mounting global
tensions.The orbit will tend to shift over time but it will stay orbiting the Earth in the same way that the Moon still
orbits the Earth after millions of years. But usually we don't want them to stay in a particular orbit forever. A
satellite has a useful lifetime of between 5 and 15 years depending on the satellite.
Examples Of Artificial Satellites

Mars Missions
Since 1960, humankind has launched dozens of missions to Mars in an effort to get to know our planetary
neighbor better. Some of the missions were flybys, gathering information in brief bursts. Others were long-
standing orbiters that lasted years as they traveled around the Red Planet, Mars.
Since the first successful flyby in 1965, four space agencies have successfully made it to Mars: NASA, the
former Soviet Union space program, the European Space Agency and the Indian Space Research Organization,
while others, including the space agencies in Japan and China, have tried.
As it stands right now, currently operational on the planet there is one lander (InSight) and one
rover (Curiosity) with another rover (Perseverance) due to launch this year. Orbiting Mars are six satellites,
providing massive amounts of data on our dusty neighbor. It doesn’t end there. Many more missions are
planned for the 2022 and 2024 launch windows, and there are proposals to put humans on Mars by the 2030s.
View all Mars
Missions
View NASA
Mars Pathfinder

Conclusion/Summary Slide
These are just some of the sub topics in space we want you to be aware of. Space has always been an
enormous topic itself with a lot of different parts to Space. This topic has been an humongous topic because it
has tiny parts to it that make it big. This presentation talked about the different parts in our solar systems and
different ways to go to Space. For instance, we talked about stars in this topic and other parts of our solar
system, while we also talked about different ways we explore space like Rovers, different rockets and topics like
that. We have also talked about Missions, like Mars missions and even Apollo Missions. We also find that it takes
about $450 million to just fly to space. Space has always been a large topic that no one can cover through a
presentation. Researching space was really interesting and fascinating. We hope you all learned something new
after viewing this presentation.
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“ Citations “
Space.com: NASA, Space Exploration and Astronomy NewsCredible Source
https://www.ducksters.comCredible Source
http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/Credible Source
https://skyandtelescope.org/Credible Source
nineplanets.orgCredible Source
https://www.nasa.govCredible Source
science.nasa.govCredible Source

“ Citations “
https://www.yourdictionary.com/nasaCredible Source
https://www.newsweek.com/Credible Source
sciencelearn.orgCredible Source
www.bbc.comCredible Source
spaceplace.nasa.govCredible Source
airspacemag.comCredible Source
nbcnews.comCredible Source

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© copyright 2020 - Jason - Surya - Vaibhav
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Surya, Jason, and Vaibhav
Surya, Jason, and Vaibhav

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