This document provides information on defensive driving techniques to avoid road accidents. It begins with statistics showing the large number of deaths from road accidents globally each year. It then defines defensive driving as skills to avoid collisions by being aware of road conditions and other drivers' actions. The document outlines various vehicle pre-requisites to check, such as fluid levels and tire tread depth. It describes defensive driving techniques like wearing seatbelts, properly adjusting mirrors to avoid blind spots, maintaining safe distances between vehicles, and not driving distracted or impaired. It concludes with "golden rules" for defensive drivers, such as yielding to others, avoiding speeding, and being patient.

1. KEC International Limited
Defensive Driving Awareness
Sw araj Kumar
Regional Manager – EHS
Region East Asia
Power T & D CablesRailways CivilSolar Smart InfraRailways

2. 2
Agenda
•Facts
•Definition
•Cause and Cost of Road Accident
•Vehicle Pre requisites
•Defensive Driving Technique
•Golden rules for Pro-Defensive Driver

3. 3
Facts – Road Accident
» 1.35 million die each year due to Road Accident (Road traffic crashes).
» 3700 people die on world’s road each day.
» Road accidents rank as the 8th leading cause of death globally.
» In every 24 sec there is a death due to road crash in world.
» Addition to death around 30 million people either injured or disabled.
» Road crashes are the leading cause of death among young people ages 15-30.
» 560000 Road accident in Malaysia in previous year.
» Malaysia recorded 6284 fatalities due to road accident making it 4th major cause of
death in Country.
» In every 1.5 hrs there is Fatality in Malaysia due to Road accident.
(*Source WHO, Transport ministry – Malaysia)

4. 4
Definition
Defensive Driving is a skill to avoid the collisions caused by the condition
around and action of other to minimize the possibility of accident.
Condition – Road, Traffic, Weather, Light etc.
Action of others – Violations, lack of knowledge etc.
Therefor A defensive driver is one who will do everything possible to avoid
a collision, accident or crash to save lives.

5. 5
Why Accident Occurs?
 In-attention to details while driving
 Speeding
 Driving under the influence / Driving while intoxicated
 Driving while impaired (ability impaired due to prescription drug)
 Driving too fast for condition
 Failed to yield
 Road Condition
 Poor vehicle maintenance

6. 6
What Accident Costs?
 Loss of lives (Drivers, Fellow Passengers, Pedestrians, Passenger or driver in
other vehicles)
 Medical Cost (Hospitalization Expenses)
 Medical Insurance Premium
 Property Damages – (Vehicles)
 Vehicle Insurance Cost.
 Liability Cost – (Third Party losses)

7. 7
Vehicle Pre-Requisites
• Fluids (Oil & Coolant) : Check the level if low might have a leak somewhere.
• Wheels and Tires :
⁻ Check the tread depth (Indicator or coin) if worn out to that
point, replace. (Min 1.6 mm of tread depth to be maintained)

8. 8
Vehicle Pre-Requisites
• Wheels and Tires :
⁻ Physical condition of tire surface (notable damage or bubble)
⁻ Regular inspection of tire pressure.

9. 9
Vehicle Pre-Requisites
Four Wheeled Vehicle –
• Brake & Clutch : Brake pads are made of metal outer parts and composite inner
part. This inner part need to be above 5mm depth.
• Steering : Check for wheel alignment issue if vehicle veers in any
direction (left / right).
• Wiper : Are wiper leaving lines of water on windscreen that impairing
vision?
• Lights : All lights including fog light are in working condition.

10. 10
Defensive Driving Technique
1. Seat Belt
• 80% people killed in vehicle role over due to accident were not wearing
Seatbelt.
• In a vehicle role over without a seat belt, the body impacts the interior of the
vehicle and ejection results in serious injury or death.

11. 11
Defensive Driving Technique
• Lap-shoulder reduces the risks of moderate to fatal injury by nearly 60%.
• Air bags for driver and passenger combined with seat belt reduce risk of fatality
by another 10%.

12. 12
Defensive Driving Technique
2. Mirror Positioning
• In an ideal and proper seating position one should not be able to see any part
of own vehicle in the side view mirror .
• Side view mirror shall be adjusted just beyond the point where your could see
the side of the car on the inside edge of the mirror.

13. 13
Defensive Driving Technique
3. Tailgating
• When a driver drives behind another vehicle while not leaving sufficient
distance to stop without causing a collision if a vehicle in front stop suddenly.
• Causes may be : To prevent cut in, Negligence or Road rages.
• A large risk of tailgating is the collision avoidance time being much less than the
driver reaction time.
• a driver should ideally stay at least two seconds behind any vehicle that is
directly in front of his or her vehicle

14. 14
Defensive Driving Technique
4. Blind-Spot
• A blind spot in a vehicle is an area around the vehicle that cannot be directly
observed by the driver while at the controls, under existing circumstances
i.e. the areas of the road that cannot be seen while looking forward or through
either the rear-view or side mirrors.
• The most common are the rear quarter blind spots, areas towards the rear of
the vehicle on both sides.
The blue car's driver sees the green car through the mirrors but cannot see the
red car without turning to check the blind spot
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLElFILOsaQ
- The first step is to adjust the rear-view mirror to do exactly that - give you
a view directly to the rear. Position it so that it best covers your view straight
out the rear window. Don't bother tilting it to one side or the other
- Next, adjust your right side mirrors so that you can just barely see the
side of your car, and no more than that.
- Adjust the left side mirror so that you can just barely see the right side of
your car.
- Blind spot can be checked by installing blind spot mirror (Spherical
mirror)

15. 15
Defensive Driving Technique
5. Stopping Distance
• It is a distance covered by a vehicle to come to complete stop when brake
applied.
• Stopping distance = reaction distance + Braking distance
(Reaction time – The length of time a visual information takes to be sent to the part of brain that makes
motion judgement and action begins usually 3/4th to 1 sec.)
• The reaction distance is the distance you travel from the point of detecting a
hazard until you begin braking.
• The braking distance is the distance the car travels from the point when you
start braking until the car stands still.

16. 16
Defensive Driving Technique
6. Hydroplaning
• It is what when tires begins to leave to road surface and ride on the film of
water.
• Can happen at 30 mph.
• At 55 mph, the tires may be totally up to the water.
• A gust of wind , a change of road level, or a slight turn can create a skid or
slide.
• To avoid hydroplaning, you must slow down on wet roads.

17. 17
Defensive Driving Technique
Recommendation for Pro-Defensive driver (Golden Rules)
#1 : Yield Anyway!
Be prepared to yield even if you have the right of way – Other driver can be distracted,
confused or simply not trained.
#2 : Don’t Speed!
Speeding magnifies any negative effect of traffic accident. It affects your reaction time,
increase the braking distance, affect safe decision making.
#3 :Beware of Intersections and lane interchange!
Always pass intersection with extra caution
#4 : Absolutely no Multitasking!
This is the golden rule of all golden rules – we
are not made by Mother Nature for doing
many things at the same time. No texting,
talking on the phone, GPS route adjusting or
other non-driving activities behind the
steering wheel.This is not just a safety issue –
texting while driving, for example, is illegal
now

18. 18
Defensive Driving Technique
Recommendation for Pro-Defensive driver
#5 : Respect other drivers!
Help yourself by helping other in their driving efforts like new driver, elderly citizens or
people with medical condition.
#6 : Don’t Drive Impaired!
Do not drive while drunk or in the influence of drug.
No coffee, tea, shower or physical exercise
can help to get sober.
#7 : Steering wheel Position!
Maintain 10 O’clock and 2 O’clock
#8 : Driver Fatigue!
Take rest brakes often (every 2 hours if driving long distance),
#9 : Avoid aggressive drivers!
-Avoid eye contact / Don’t cut in / Never tailgate
/ No hand gesture / give them plenty of space to move on
#10 : Helping an Accident Victim!
Its moral duty of every driver to help a road accident
victim with FA or taking him to near by hospital.

19. 19
Defensive Driving Technique
Recommendation for Pro-Defensive driver
#11 :Patience, Patience, Patience!
Patience is the mother of safe driving. Many impatient driver follow the notorious
pattern – “Saved a Sec. – Lost his Life”. Let the situation pass which are not in our
control.
#12 : Practice, Practice, Practice!
Constantly check the mirror / Visually check your blind spot / Maintain the gap on
either side of the vehicle / Keep your eyes moving / Avoid staring at one object for too
long / Scanning around your vehicle every 10 sec / Don’t drive in other blind spot
victim with FA or taking him to near by hospital.

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