This document reports on a study of the tree species composition and above-ground biomass of the Salenda Bridge mangrove patch in Tanzania. Only one mangrove tree species, Avicinnia marina, was found in the study area. Data on tree diameter, height, and frequency was collected from 12 sample plots and used to calculate the above-ground biomass and carbon stock. The estimated above-ground biomass was 458.3 tons/ha and the carbon stock was 221.67 tons/ha. The study concludes the mangrove forest is well-developed with relatively high conservation but recommends further protection, restoration, and additional research.
Tree species composition and above ground tree biomass estimationMrumba E. John
This document summarizes a study on the tree species composition and above-ground biomass estimation of the Salenda Bridge mangrove patch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Only one mangrove tree species, Avicennia marina, was identified in the area. Data was collected using circular plots and tree measurements. The estimated above-ground biomass and carbon stock of the mangrove patch was 458.3 tons/ha and 221.67 tons/ha respectively. The study concluded the mangrove forests at Salenda Bridge are well developed with relatively high conservation levels. It recommends further protection and restoration efforts to enhance biomass and carbon storage.
Tree species composition and above ground tree biomass estimationMrumba E. John
This study assessed the tree species composition and above-ground biomass of the Salenda Bridge mangrove patch in Tanzania. The results showed that the mangrove forest was composed of a single species, Avicennia marina, which made up 100% of the trees. The total above-ground biomass was estimated to be 22.9 tonnes and the carbon stock was 11.8 tonnes. These findings indicate the mangrove forest at Salenda Bridge has a high level of development. The study recommends further protecting and restoring the mangrove forests to enhance carbon storage and provide economic benefits.
This study mapped the vegetation types in the Jama Coaque Reserve in Ecuador using GPS waypoints collected along trails. Five vegetation types were identified: primary and secondary tropical moist forest, primary and secondary premontane cloud forest, and agroforestry. Vegetation maps showed general patterns of increasing elevation between forest types. The average starting elevation of cloud forest was 518m, agreeing with prior predictions of 525m, except along northern trails where cloud forest began at lower elevations. Future research could use drones to map forest types between trails at the reserve.
Quantification of deadwood littered by Acacia spp. in semi-arid ecosystems of...Innspub Net
Deadwood (DW) is an important carbon component for conservation and management of biodiversity resources. They are ubiquitous in many semi-arid ecosystems although its estimation is still posing lots of challenges. At Chimwaga woodland in Dodoma Region of Central Tanzania, seasonal quantification of DW produced by two Acacia spp. was done to evaluate the influence of each tree species, Dbh and canopy area on DW biomass and to determine their ecological role in conservation of semi-arid ecosystem. Both purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the course of a completely randomized design (CRD). Thirty trees from each species of Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica were studied. Results portray that DW biomass was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the dry season than in the rain season whereby A. tortilis produced 669.0 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and only 74.3 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season) while A. nilotica produced 426.1 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and 36.5 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season). DW biomass did not correlate significantly (P > 0.05) with Dbh and canopy area. Inter-specific interactions were encountered from experimental areas where DW was littered that facilitated ecosystem balance in semi-arid areas. This information is important for estimating amount of dead wood biomass required to be retained in the forest provided that, at the expense of ecology, they are refuge for arthropods, fungi, bryophytes and other important soil microbes representing primary components of Biodiversity in semi-arid ecosystems.
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study on the regeneration of woodland vegetation after deer browsing in Sharon Woods Metro Park in Ohio. Key findings include:
1) Deer densities in the park were reduced from 347 deer (112 deer/km2) in 1992 to around 40 deer (14 deer/km2) currently through culling and birth control.
2) Deer exclosures established in 1990 showed that vegetation diversity and biomass recovered more under complete protection from browsing compared to areas still experiencing browsing.
3) Species richness, diversity, and floristic quality of forest floor species were consistently lower under continued browsing, where more disturbance-tolerant native species increased.
4) Further reduction of
Tree species composition and above ground tree biomass estimationMrumba E. John
This document summarizes a study on the tree species composition and above-ground biomass estimation of the Salenda Bridge mangrove patch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Only one mangrove tree species, Avicennia marina, was identified in the area. Data was collected using circular plots and tree measurements. The estimated above-ground biomass and carbon stock of the mangrove patch was 458.3 tons/ha and 221.67 tons/ha respectively. The study concluded the mangrove forests at Salenda Bridge are well developed with relatively high conservation levels. It recommends further protection and restoration efforts to enhance biomass and carbon storage.
Tree species composition and above ground tree biomass estimationMrumba E. John
This study assessed the tree species composition and above-ground biomass of the Salenda Bridge mangrove patch in Tanzania. The results showed that the mangrove forest was composed of a single species, Avicennia marina, which made up 100% of the trees. The total above-ground biomass was estimated to be 22.9 tonnes and the carbon stock was 11.8 tonnes. These findings indicate the mangrove forest at Salenda Bridge has a high level of development. The study recommends further protecting and restoring the mangrove forests to enhance carbon storage and provide economic benefits.
This study mapped the vegetation types in the Jama Coaque Reserve in Ecuador using GPS waypoints collected along trails. Five vegetation types were identified: primary and secondary tropical moist forest, primary and secondary premontane cloud forest, and agroforestry. Vegetation maps showed general patterns of increasing elevation between forest types. The average starting elevation of cloud forest was 518m, agreeing with prior predictions of 525m, except along northern trails where cloud forest began at lower elevations. Future research could use drones to map forest types between trails at the reserve.
Quantification of deadwood littered by Acacia spp. in semi-arid ecosystems of...Innspub Net
Deadwood (DW) is an important carbon component for conservation and management of biodiversity resources. They are ubiquitous in many semi-arid ecosystems although its estimation is still posing lots of challenges. At Chimwaga woodland in Dodoma Region of Central Tanzania, seasonal quantification of DW produced by two Acacia spp. was done to evaluate the influence of each tree species, Dbh and canopy area on DW biomass and to determine their ecological role in conservation of semi-arid ecosystem. Both purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the course of a completely randomized design (CRD). Thirty trees from each species of Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica were studied. Results portray that DW biomass was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the dry season than in the rain season whereby A. tortilis produced 669.0 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and only 74.3 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season) while A. nilotica produced 426.1 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and 36.5 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season). DW biomass did not correlate significantly (P > 0.05) with Dbh and canopy area. Inter-specific interactions were encountered from experimental areas where DW was littered that facilitated ecosystem balance in semi-arid areas. This information is important for estimating amount of dead wood biomass required to be retained in the forest provided that, at the expense of ecology, they are refuge for arthropods, fungi, bryophytes and other important soil microbes representing primary components of Biodiversity in semi-arid ecosystems.
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study on the regeneration of woodland vegetation after deer browsing in Sharon Woods Metro Park in Ohio. Key findings include:
1) Deer densities in the park were reduced from 347 deer (112 deer/km2) in 1992 to around 40 deer (14 deer/km2) currently through culling and birth control.
2) Deer exclosures established in 1990 showed that vegetation diversity and biomass recovered more under complete protection from browsing compared to areas still experiencing browsing.
3) Species richness, diversity, and floristic quality of forest floor species were consistently lower under continued browsing, where more disturbance-tolerant native species increased.
4) Further reduction of
Long-term monitoring of diversity and structure of two stands of an Atlantic ...Écio Diniz
This study monitored the diversity and structure of tree communities in two stands (B and C) of an Atlantic tropical forest in southeast Brazil over several years. Stand B was surveyed in 2000, 2005 and 2011, while stand C was surveyed in 2001, 2006 and 2011. The stands differed in their structure, diversity, and species richness over time. The most abundant and important species for biomass accumulation were trees larger than 20 cm in diameter, indicating an advanced successional stage.
Biomass and Carbon Stock Assessment in Moist Deciduous Forests of Doon Valley...Dr. Mohommad Shahid
The study was conducted in the three forest ranges of Dehra Dun Forest Division of Doon Valley, Western Himalaya,
India. Biomass and carbon status in the moist deciduous forest were estimated using volumetric equations. A total of 150 quadrats
were laid in the study sites. The biomass ranged from 338.40 Mg ha-1 to 438.17 Mg ha-1 and carbon stocks from 169.20 Mg ha-1 to
219.08 Mg ha-1 in different study sites. The study concludes that moist deciduous forests of Doon Valley have the potential for
carbon sequestration. The study sites are also experiencing lot of anthropogenic pressures from the villages at the forest fringes.
Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Partitioning in Chato Afromontane Forest: Its Cl...IJEAB
The document summarizes a study that assessed carbon storage and climate change mitigation potential in the Chato Afromontane forest ecosystem in Ethiopia. The study measured carbon storage in various pools including aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, dead tree biomass, plant litter, and soil organic carbon. It found that carbon storage capacity varied between forest types, ranging from 107.12 Mg ha-1 for acacia plantations to 453.21 Mg ha-1 for intact natural forest. In total, the forest ecosystem stored nearly 6371.30 Gg of carbon in vegetation and soil to a depth of 60 cm. The document concludes that conserving this forest would significantly contribute to net carbon addition and regulation
Peat swamp forest degradation: A comparison between Indonesia and PeruCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation from the 2014 IUFRO World Congress of recent research in peat swamps in Indonesia and Peru on carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions from intact and converted wetland forests and associated land uses, ecosystem C dynamics modeling tools, and roles of tropical wetlands in climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.
This study examined edge effects on Mount Jefferson by analyzing environmental variables like solar radiation and elevation in relation to distance from forest edges. The key findings were:
1) Edge distance was not significantly correlated with biomass, canopy height, or environmental variables.
2) Higher biomass plots were correlated with greater solar radiation and higher elevation, suggesting these factors better predict carbon storage.
3) Canopy height was also positively correlated with higher solar radiation levels.
So while edge effects did not strongly influence the measured variables, solar radiation appears to play a larger role in predicting carbon storage and canopy heights on Mount Jefferson.
Secondary forests in southeastern Wisconsin were found to have distinct plant compositions compared to primary forests. Herbaceous layers in secondary forests were dominated by lower quality species like white avens, goldenrod, and multiflora rose, rather than native species found in primary forests. Canopies of secondary forests contained ash, cherry, and box-elder trees rather than oak species present in primary forests. Native plant richness and floristic quality in secondary forests increased with proximity to primary forest edges, suggesting limited dispersal of native species into secondary forests from forest interiors over time.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document summarizes a research project to study the ecology and biodiversity of the Sabangau peat-swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objectives are to conduct surveys of different species groups like cats, primates, bats, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. It will also collect measures of forest structure, condition, productivity, regeneration processes and impacts of disturbance. Methods include comparing diversity between disturbed and undisturbed areas, monitoring permanent forest plots, and establishing plots to measure natural regeneration in different forest types. The fieldwork will be based at the Natural Laboratory for Peat-swamp Forest study site for one year from January 2010 to January 2011.
This study examines land cover change and fire patterns within the Bay of Jiquilisco Reserve mangrove forest region of El Salvador between 2001-2015. Satellite imagery analysis shows a decrease in forest cover and an increase in water cover within the Monte Cristo mangrove subset between 2002-2014. Few fires were detected in the region, though some occurred at the forest-agriculture interface, indicating fire may be used for deforestation. Overall fire patterns in El Salvador correlate with agricultural and wooded areas. Community management of the reserve lands may contribute to lower fire frequency within the mangroves compared to surrounding areas.
Potential Distribution and Conservation of Endangered Bird Anthus sokokensis ...AI Publications
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the potential distribution and conservation of the endangered Sokoke pipit bird in Ruvu-South Coastal Forest Reserve in Tanzania. 9 line transects were established in the forest with sample plots laid every 400m. A total of 201 disturbance events were recorded along the transects, with tree cutting being the most frequent. 28 Sokoke pipit birds were recorded distributed across 5 plots. The mean density of Sokoke pipit was estimated to be 0.02 birds/ha, with an overall population estimate of 611 individuals in the forest. Habitat degradation from tree loss, fire damage, and charcoal making were found to be threats. Conservation efforts including reducing defore
Do fine-scale factors shape the use of riparian galleries by carnivores in a ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Riparian galleries are key structural elements of Mediterranean landscapes and their importance for carnivores has been widely demonstrated. However, humanization of the landscape has led to their degradation with consequences not fully understood. In this study we assessed the response of mesocarnivores to the fine-scale variation in the quality of a riparian gallery (Vale do Cobrão stream, central Portugal), evaluated on the basis of the QBR index (‘Qualitat del Bosc de Ribera’ in spanish) and an adaptation of the same considering mesocarnivore ecological requirements. These were represented through four parameters that could influence habitat quality for these species, namely refuge (total riparian cover, cover structure), disturbance and food availability. For the latter we considered the known main food resources for Mediterranean mesocarnivores: small mammals, lagomorphs, insects and fruits. Mesocarnivore use was evaluated through camera-trapping and sign surveys. For both indexes a concordance was observed between quality variation and its use by carnivores, and we also found a positive correlation between both indexes. The adapted QBR, being more laborious but also more realistic, could serve as guidance for conservation practice at the local scale, benefiting both land managers environmentally concerned, conservation practitioners and carnivore populations inhabiting humanized landscapes. However, for spatially wider approaches the original QBR proved to be a good indicator for the presence of mesocarnivores, being useful in the development of restauration or conservation strategies, as well as for research and monitoring activities of carnivore guilds.
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexicoCSM _BGBD biodiversity
This study analyzed litter decomposition rates in different land uses in Mexico's Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve. Litter bags were placed in forest, agricultural, and pasture sites with varying levels of vegetation cover. After 6 months, the remaining litter weight and carbon/nitrogen content were measured. Pastures generally had the fastest decomposition rates, while maize crops were slowest. The site with the most vegetation cover (Lopez Mateos) saw slower decomposition than areas with less cover. Land use and litter quality influenced decomposition rates more than differences in vegetation cover alone. Further study is needed to understand the effects of microclimate and soil fauna on decomposition in this threatened protected area.
Environmental Changes and Effects on a Population of Smooth Newt Lissotriton ...IJEAB
The population of Lissotriton meridionalis in the area of “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park are monitored since 1995. From 2004 to 2005 in the area it was carried out a massive cutting of dead trees with evidence of alteration of the undergrowth. The study aims to verify, through the index of the population estimate, if the species has suffered changes in the size of the population following environmental changes. For the research were chosen three ponds in the wood and the data collection took place from the breeding season of 1995 – 1996 to 2014 – 2015, in each of the seasons was made an estimation of the population density. The data obtained are been compared in order to make assessments on the conservation status and persistence of the species in the site, also as a result of environmental changes suffered by “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park. The analysis of the population estimate, used in this work as an index of the conservation status of the species in the Park, confirms that, in the previous period and in the period following the die-off of trees and cutting plant health, we have substantially the same values of population size.
Forestry effects on stream invertebrate communitiesRodolfo Santos
Logging in the Pakuratahi stream catchment dramatically affected the stream invertebrate communities. At sites where the forest canopy was removed, taxa richness, water quality indicators (QMCI and MCI), and community evenness declined. Communities shifted from being dominated by mayflies to midges, snails, and worms. Most sites showed partial recovery within 3-6 years, though one site had not fully recovered after 8 years. Logging increased the amount of sand and silt in the stream beds at two sites. Nearby pasture streams did not experience similar changes, indicating the effects were due to forestry activities rather than other environmental factors.
Biomass accumulation and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Shorea robusta and...Gautam Mandal
1) The document discusses measuring the biomass and carbon storage potential of Shorea robusta (sal trees) and the invasive shrub Lantana camara in dry deciduous forests of Doon Valley, India.
2) It finds that the maximum sal tree biomass and carbon density was recorded from Thano forest, while the minimum was from Golatappar forest. The maximum shrub biomass and carbon density was from Rajpur Forest periphery.
3) Allometric equations using variables like tree diameter and height were used to accurately estimate non-destructively the above-ground biomass of the sal trees and shrubs across different study sites.
1. The study used GIS software to analyze changes in forest density and composition in eastern Washington's Tapash Collaborative Forest between 1949-2009.
2. Results showed the forest has become more fragmented over time, with vegetation patches decreasing in average size from 89.57 hectares to 41.61 hectares.
3. Younger forest structures with multiple canopy layers now dominate riparian areas, totaling approximately 1488.5 hectares, due to lack of wildfires.
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
A variable retention harvest is proposed for a 60-year-old forest stand on BLM land in Oregon's Salem District to create diverse early seral habitat while providing timber revenue. This method emulates natural disturbances and maintains structural diversity better than clearcutting. It would retain 25% of trees and debris to benefit species. The $1.2 million revenue would support local economies under the O&C Act. While some impacts like reduced carbon sequestration occur, the action complies with environmental laws and benefits both ecology and economy more than alternatives. Public acceptance may be increased through education on how variable retention differs from clearcutting.
1. Biomass refers to organic material from plants and includes plant matter, animal waste, and organic industrial and municipal wastes.
2. Major sources of biomass include woody biomass from forests, herbaceous biomass like grasses and energy crops, aquatic plants and algae, agricultural residues, animal waste, sewage, municipal solid waste, and industrial waste.
3. Pakistan has significant biomass resources including agricultural residues, animal manure, municipal solid waste, and sugarcane waste that can be used for biogas and electricity generation.
This document discusses a project to estimate biomass resources and potential for rural electrification through biogas in villages in West Bengal and Bihar, India. It provides background on rural electrification challenges and definitions. Data is presented on the status of rural electrification in the two states. The document then estimates potential biogas production and electricity generation for a village in West Bengal, Ramnagar, using available biomass resources like cow dung, agricultural waste, and human waste. It is estimated that each household in Ramnagar could receive electricity to power 5 light bulbs for 24 hours during certain months by using biogas generated from village resources.
Biomass can be converted into energy through thermo-chemical or bio-chemical processes. Thermo-chemical processes include combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction which use heat to convert biomass into gases, liquids and solids. Bio-chemical processes involve microorganisms breaking down biomass into fuels, including anaerobic digestion producing biogas and fermentation producing ethanol. These different conversion technologies allow biomass to be used for heat, power, transportation fuels, and chemical feedstocks depending on factors like feedstock availability and desired output.
Long-term monitoring of diversity and structure of two stands of an Atlantic ...Écio Diniz
This study monitored the diversity and structure of tree communities in two stands (B and C) of an Atlantic tropical forest in southeast Brazil over several years. Stand B was surveyed in 2000, 2005 and 2011, while stand C was surveyed in 2001, 2006 and 2011. The stands differed in their structure, diversity, and species richness over time. The most abundant and important species for biomass accumulation were trees larger than 20 cm in diameter, indicating an advanced successional stage.
Biomass and Carbon Stock Assessment in Moist Deciduous Forests of Doon Valley...Dr. Mohommad Shahid
The study was conducted in the three forest ranges of Dehra Dun Forest Division of Doon Valley, Western Himalaya,
India. Biomass and carbon status in the moist deciduous forest were estimated using volumetric equations. A total of 150 quadrats
were laid in the study sites. The biomass ranged from 338.40 Mg ha-1 to 438.17 Mg ha-1 and carbon stocks from 169.20 Mg ha-1 to
219.08 Mg ha-1 in different study sites. The study concludes that moist deciduous forests of Doon Valley have the potential for
carbon sequestration. The study sites are also experiencing lot of anthropogenic pressures from the villages at the forest fringes.
Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Partitioning in Chato Afromontane Forest: Its Cl...IJEAB
The document summarizes a study that assessed carbon storage and climate change mitigation potential in the Chato Afromontane forest ecosystem in Ethiopia. The study measured carbon storage in various pools including aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, dead tree biomass, plant litter, and soil organic carbon. It found that carbon storage capacity varied between forest types, ranging from 107.12 Mg ha-1 for acacia plantations to 453.21 Mg ha-1 for intact natural forest. In total, the forest ecosystem stored nearly 6371.30 Gg of carbon in vegetation and soil to a depth of 60 cm. The document concludes that conserving this forest would significantly contribute to net carbon addition and regulation
Peat swamp forest degradation: A comparison between Indonesia and PeruCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation from the 2014 IUFRO World Congress of recent research in peat swamps in Indonesia and Peru on carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions from intact and converted wetland forests and associated land uses, ecosystem C dynamics modeling tools, and roles of tropical wetlands in climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.
This study examined edge effects on Mount Jefferson by analyzing environmental variables like solar radiation and elevation in relation to distance from forest edges. The key findings were:
1) Edge distance was not significantly correlated with biomass, canopy height, or environmental variables.
2) Higher biomass plots were correlated with greater solar radiation and higher elevation, suggesting these factors better predict carbon storage.
3) Canopy height was also positively correlated with higher solar radiation levels.
So while edge effects did not strongly influence the measured variables, solar radiation appears to play a larger role in predicting carbon storage and canopy heights on Mount Jefferson.
Secondary forests in southeastern Wisconsin were found to have distinct plant compositions compared to primary forests. Herbaceous layers in secondary forests were dominated by lower quality species like white avens, goldenrod, and multiflora rose, rather than native species found in primary forests. Canopies of secondary forests contained ash, cherry, and box-elder trees rather than oak species present in primary forests. Native plant richness and floristic quality in secondary forests increased with proximity to primary forest edges, suggesting limited dispersal of native species into secondary forests from forest interiors over time.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document summarizes a research project to study the ecology and biodiversity of the Sabangau peat-swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objectives are to conduct surveys of different species groups like cats, primates, bats, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. It will also collect measures of forest structure, condition, productivity, regeneration processes and impacts of disturbance. Methods include comparing diversity between disturbed and undisturbed areas, monitoring permanent forest plots, and establishing plots to measure natural regeneration in different forest types. The fieldwork will be based at the Natural Laboratory for Peat-swamp Forest study site for one year from January 2010 to January 2011.
This study examines land cover change and fire patterns within the Bay of Jiquilisco Reserve mangrove forest region of El Salvador between 2001-2015. Satellite imagery analysis shows a decrease in forest cover and an increase in water cover within the Monte Cristo mangrove subset between 2002-2014. Few fires were detected in the region, though some occurred at the forest-agriculture interface, indicating fire may be used for deforestation. Overall fire patterns in El Salvador correlate with agricultural and wooded areas. Community management of the reserve lands may contribute to lower fire frequency within the mangroves compared to surrounding areas.
Potential Distribution and Conservation of Endangered Bird Anthus sokokensis ...AI Publications
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the potential distribution and conservation of the endangered Sokoke pipit bird in Ruvu-South Coastal Forest Reserve in Tanzania. 9 line transects were established in the forest with sample plots laid every 400m. A total of 201 disturbance events were recorded along the transects, with tree cutting being the most frequent. 28 Sokoke pipit birds were recorded distributed across 5 plots. The mean density of Sokoke pipit was estimated to be 0.02 birds/ha, with an overall population estimate of 611 individuals in the forest. Habitat degradation from tree loss, fire damage, and charcoal making were found to be threats. Conservation efforts including reducing defore
Do fine-scale factors shape the use of riparian galleries by carnivores in a ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Riparian galleries are key structural elements of Mediterranean landscapes and their importance for carnivores has been widely demonstrated. However, humanization of the landscape has led to their degradation with consequences not fully understood. In this study we assessed the response of mesocarnivores to the fine-scale variation in the quality of a riparian gallery (Vale do Cobrão stream, central Portugal), evaluated on the basis of the QBR index (‘Qualitat del Bosc de Ribera’ in spanish) and an adaptation of the same considering mesocarnivore ecological requirements. These were represented through four parameters that could influence habitat quality for these species, namely refuge (total riparian cover, cover structure), disturbance and food availability. For the latter we considered the known main food resources for Mediterranean mesocarnivores: small mammals, lagomorphs, insects and fruits. Mesocarnivore use was evaluated through camera-trapping and sign surveys. For both indexes a concordance was observed between quality variation and its use by carnivores, and we also found a positive correlation between both indexes. The adapted QBR, being more laborious but also more realistic, could serve as guidance for conservation practice at the local scale, benefiting both land managers environmentally concerned, conservation practitioners and carnivore populations inhabiting humanized landscapes. However, for spatially wider approaches the original QBR proved to be a good indicator for the presence of mesocarnivores, being useful in the development of restauration or conservation strategies, as well as for research and monitoring activities of carnivore guilds.
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexicoCSM _BGBD biodiversity
This study analyzed litter decomposition rates in different land uses in Mexico's Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve. Litter bags were placed in forest, agricultural, and pasture sites with varying levels of vegetation cover. After 6 months, the remaining litter weight and carbon/nitrogen content were measured. Pastures generally had the fastest decomposition rates, while maize crops were slowest. The site with the most vegetation cover (Lopez Mateos) saw slower decomposition than areas with less cover. Land use and litter quality influenced decomposition rates more than differences in vegetation cover alone. Further study is needed to understand the effects of microclimate and soil fauna on decomposition in this threatened protected area.
Environmental Changes and Effects on a Population of Smooth Newt Lissotriton ...IJEAB
The population of Lissotriton meridionalis in the area of “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park are monitored since 1995. From 2004 to 2005 in the area it was carried out a massive cutting of dead trees with evidence of alteration of the undergrowth. The study aims to verify, through the index of the population estimate, if the species has suffered changes in the size of the population following environmental changes. For the research were chosen three ponds in the wood and the data collection took place from the breeding season of 1995 – 1996 to 2014 – 2015, in each of the seasons was made an estimation of the population density. The data obtained are been compared in order to make assessments on the conservation status and persistence of the species in the site, also as a result of environmental changes suffered by “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park. The analysis of the population estimate, used in this work as an index of the conservation status of the species in the Park, confirms that, in the previous period and in the period following the die-off of trees and cutting plant health, we have substantially the same values of population size.
Forestry effects on stream invertebrate communitiesRodolfo Santos
Logging in the Pakuratahi stream catchment dramatically affected the stream invertebrate communities. At sites where the forest canopy was removed, taxa richness, water quality indicators (QMCI and MCI), and community evenness declined. Communities shifted from being dominated by mayflies to midges, snails, and worms. Most sites showed partial recovery within 3-6 years, though one site had not fully recovered after 8 years. Logging increased the amount of sand and silt in the stream beds at two sites. Nearby pasture streams did not experience similar changes, indicating the effects were due to forestry activities rather than other environmental factors.
Biomass accumulation and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Shorea robusta and...Gautam Mandal
1) The document discusses measuring the biomass and carbon storage potential of Shorea robusta (sal trees) and the invasive shrub Lantana camara in dry deciduous forests of Doon Valley, India.
2) It finds that the maximum sal tree biomass and carbon density was recorded from Thano forest, while the minimum was from Golatappar forest. The maximum shrub biomass and carbon density was from Rajpur Forest periphery.
3) Allometric equations using variables like tree diameter and height were used to accurately estimate non-destructively the above-ground biomass of the sal trees and shrubs across different study sites.
1. The study used GIS software to analyze changes in forest density and composition in eastern Washington's Tapash Collaborative Forest between 1949-2009.
2. Results showed the forest has become more fragmented over time, with vegetation patches decreasing in average size from 89.57 hectares to 41.61 hectares.
3. Younger forest structures with multiple canopy layers now dominate riparian areas, totaling approximately 1488.5 hectares, due to lack of wildfires.
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
A variable retention harvest is proposed for a 60-year-old forest stand on BLM land in Oregon's Salem District to create diverse early seral habitat while providing timber revenue. This method emulates natural disturbances and maintains structural diversity better than clearcutting. It would retain 25% of trees and debris to benefit species. The $1.2 million revenue would support local economies under the O&C Act. While some impacts like reduced carbon sequestration occur, the action complies with environmental laws and benefits both ecology and economy more than alternatives. Public acceptance may be increased through education on how variable retention differs from clearcutting.
1. Biomass refers to organic material from plants and includes plant matter, animal waste, and organic industrial and municipal wastes.
2. Major sources of biomass include woody biomass from forests, herbaceous biomass like grasses and energy crops, aquatic plants and algae, agricultural residues, animal waste, sewage, municipal solid waste, and industrial waste.
3. Pakistan has significant biomass resources including agricultural residues, animal manure, municipal solid waste, and sugarcane waste that can be used for biogas and electricity generation.
This document discusses a project to estimate biomass resources and potential for rural electrification through biogas in villages in West Bengal and Bihar, India. It provides background on rural electrification challenges and definitions. Data is presented on the status of rural electrification in the two states. The document then estimates potential biogas production and electricity generation for a village in West Bengal, Ramnagar, using available biomass resources like cow dung, agricultural waste, and human waste. It is estimated that each household in Ramnagar could receive electricity to power 5 light bulbs for 24 hours during certain months by using biogas generated from village resources.
Biomass can be converted into energy through thermo-chemical or bio-chemical processes. Thermo-chemical processes include combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction which use heat to convert biomass into gases, liquids and solids. Bio-chemical processes involve microorganisms breaking down biomass into fuels, including anaerobic digestion producing biogas and fermentation producing ethanol. These different conversion technologies allow biomass to be used for heat, power, transportation fuels, and chemical feedstocks depending on factors like feedstock availability and desired output.
This document discusses biomass conversion methods for energy utilization and biofuel generation. It describes various thermochemical and biochemical processes for converting biomass into energy sources like biogas, ethanol, and biodiesel. These include direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation. The key objectives of bioenergy programs are outlined as making bioenergy a major energy source through advanced renewable biomass production and efficient conversion into electricity, gas, liquid and solid fuels. Conditions for efficient combustion of biomass are also summarized.
Biomass refers to plant-based materials that can be used as an energy source. It is one of the oldest sources of energy known. Biomass energy is created from materials that are or once were living plants. Common types of biomass include wood, crop waste, and animal waste. Biomass can be burned directly to produce heat or can be processed to produce other forms of energy like electricity or liquid fuels. The document provides examples of how biomass is used to produce steam to power turbines and generate electricity, as well as how methane gas captured from the decomposition of organic waste can also be used as an energy source.
Mangrove Restoration Monitoring Plan FinalIan Kissoon
The monitoring plan outlines data collection strategies to evaluate the success of mangrove restoration efforts in Guyana. The plan aims to 1) verify that 11km of coastline has been replanted/protected by September 2012 and 2) determine factors influencing the success or failure of replanting sites. Data on seedling survival, plant growth, anthropogenic activities, soil type, topography, wave energy, salinity, and pH will be collected regularly at replanted and natural sites. Community rangers will monitor sites and record data to be analyzed and reported on annually to assess progress towards project goals and inform future restoration efforts.
WE1.L09.5 - ESTIMATION OF FOREST BIOMASS CHANGE FROM FUSION OF RADAR AND LIDA...grssieee
1. The document discusses the use of radar and lidar measurements from the proposed DESDynI mission to estimate various aspects of forest biomass and dynamics, including biomass change over time, disturbance from events like storms and fires, degradation from logging, and forest recovery.
2. Key requirements for the DESDynI mission include mapping biomass levels globally with errors less than 20% and mapping disturbance and regrowth at 100m resolution annually.
3. Case studies with lidar and radar data show the missions potential for directly measuring forest height changes and growth, as well as detecting small amounts of biomass loss and degradation from SAR imagery.
Contumacia , assenza e CEDU. Italian in absentia trials and (lack of) respect...Nicola Canestrini
La disciplina italiana sulla contumacia e assenza dell’imputato, nonostante la novella normativa del 2014, presenta rilevanti criticità in relazione ai precetti della CEDU.
Il difficile "mestiere" dell'avvocato. Lawyers tough job. Nicola Canestrini
This document discusses the Endangered Lawyers Project run by the Italian Criminal Lawyers Union. It notes that lawyers around the world are increasingly being persecuted for doing their job of defending clients. The project aims to monitor trials of lawyers facing threats, create an international network of lawyers to defend other lawyers, hold annual conferences on threatened lawyers, and involve journalists, universities, NGOs and civil society. The project coordinators are Giorgia Cigalla, Ezio Menzione and Nicola Canestrini, and their website is www.avvocatiminacciati.it. The document emphasizes the important role of lawyers in upholding the rule of law and democratic societies.
This document outlines the platform and positions of the Democans political party. It advocates for maintaining a strong national defense while promoting international cooperation. On criminal justice, it calls for longer prison sentences for serious crimes like murder and rape, while taking a hard stance against police brutality. The platform supports same-sex marriage and child support for divorces involving children. It also endorses universal healthcare for citizens and legal residents but not undocumented immigrants. On fiscal issues, the Democans do not want to raise or lower taxes and insist on legal immigration and English language requirements for citizenship.
The document summarizes the results of a survey about how many hours per month people talk on the phone. 35 people said they talk between 3-6 hours, 29 people talk 6-10 hours, 24 people talk 10-20 hours, and 12 people talk 20-25 hours. Tables show the frequency, relative frequency, and cumulative frequency of responses in each category. Charts further visualize the data breakdown by number of people and cumulative frequency.
Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases and liquids that supports plant life. It forms over thousands of years as rock particles are broken down by weathering and combined with decaying plant and animal matter. Soil provides nutrients and anchorage for plant roots while supporting a complex ecosystem of organisms. The Caribbean has various soil types including clay, silt, loam and problem soils like salty or acidic soils that require special treatment for agriculture. Guyana has coastal plains with fertile but acidic clay soils deposited by the Amazon River, while Jamaica has limestone soils, alluvial coastal soils and erosion-prone upland areas that support crops like bananas and coffee.
Pay per click; search engine optimisation (1)Sarah Kirkby
The document discusses pay per click (PPC) advertising and search engine optimization (SEO). It outlines some common issues with outsourcing SEO/PPC such as high costs, lack of trust in providers, and loss of website rankings. It also discusses challenges like time consumption, lack of control over user experience, and questionable traffic. The document then examines how a company called Student Beans has utilized SEO and PPC advertising to overcome some of these issues.
Ketika anda mengenal Foodtaxi, maka anda akan tahu bahwa potensi pemasaran makanan online kini semakin mudah. Jadilah mitra Foodtaxi maka segala permasalahan anda mengenai delivery bisa teratasi sekarang juga.
Flip chart berisi tentang analisis pasar online, layanan foodtaxi dan berbagai keuntungan bagi anda yang memiliki usaha dibidang makanan juga oleh-oleh.
As the role of IT adapts to meet the ever changing demands of business many organizations struggle to understand how they need to change. DBG has performed extensive research to identify a path forward for IT organizations, enabling them to re-establish themselves as strategic business partners.
Havas WW es una agencia creativa global presente en más de 100 países con 16.000 empleados. Su objetivo es contribuir eficazmente al negocio de sus clientes conectando marcas y personas a través de la creatividad, los medios y la innovación. La agencia ofrece todas las disciplinas de comunicación bajo un mismo techo y su enfoque único es Havas Village, que reúne a especialistas de diferentes áreas.
Diritto di difesa nei processi ai terroristi. Prospettive nazionali e soprana...Nicola Canestrini
Lo Stato di diritto può combattere il terrorismo senza rinnegare le proprie fondamenta? C’è possibilità di difesa effettiva nel processo ai terroristi? Quanto il processo ai terroristi cambia la nota società?
Can a democratic society effectively fight against terrorism in court without denying its own principles?
Nicki Minaj's image and style has changed dramatically over her career. She started with minimal makeup and modest clothing but gained recognition with her debut single "Bedrock". Her style became more sexualized with heavy makeup and revealing clothing afterwards. She found success marketing herself as a sex symbol similar to Lil' Kim. Later, her outfits became even more outrageous to attract attention and promote her album. Recently, her style has become more sophisticated and simplistic, reflecting her maturity as an artist and the maturation of her target audience.
This document discusses the significance of mangrove forests. Some key points:
- Mangroves occur in tropical regions and cover around 17-20 million hectares globally. They act as coastal stabilizers, providing shelter and barriers against erosion.
- Mangroves support high levels of biodiversity, including over 250 mammal species, and provide resources to humans like fuel, building materials, and traditional medicines.
- Mangroves play an important role in mitigating issues like sea level rise from global warming and stabilizing coastal communities. Their roots also trap sediments and help build land over long periods.
- While difficult to value financially, mangroves provide important ecological, economic, and cultural benefits. Their
Trees Lose Their Leaves Later in Agroforestry SystemsIJEAB
In Brazilianagroforestry systems (AFS), Cordia oncocalyx trees, a native species of Caatinga, lose their leaves late in relation to the trees of the same species occurring in secondary forest. Our hypothesis is that, due to environmental features, the trees of the AFS maintain better water status. This work aims to present environmental humidity (rainfall, soil moisture and air relative humidity) and trees (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration) data to explain the late loss of leaves in anagrosilvopastoral system (AGP) in the Brazilian semiarid region compared to a secondary forest (SF).Meteorological data were obtained from two weather stations installed in the AGP and SF areas. The physiological traits were measured using an infrared gas analyzer. There was a correlation between physiological processes (transpiration and stomatal conductance) and soil water content in plants of AGP, but not in SF, showing some independence of the plants of this system to variations in soil moisture. This indicates that AGP plants may have developed the physiological and anatomical features that enable to them to keep photosynthesis even when climatic conditions are more severe. Although the most inhospitable environmental conditions in the AGP system, the lower density of plants, and therefore less competition for water, favoring photosynthesis longer, causing the leaves to fall later.
This document discusses carbon sequestration through the growth of Acacia mangium trees planted in coal mining reclamation areas in Indonesia. It presents results from measuring the biomass accumulation and developing allometric equations for A. mangium stands of different ages. The key findings are:
1) Younger A. mangium stands in mined areas had lower volume, basal area, and mean annual increment compared to older stands in non-mined areas, likely due to degraded soil in mined areas.
2) Allometric equations were developed relating diameter at breast height to stem volume and biomass of different components. Stem biomass accounted for 67% of total biomass on average.
3
ESTIMATION OF CARBON STOCKS IN ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS IN MUTHUPET MANGROVE, SOU...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study estimating carbon stocks in the above ground biomass of mangrove forests in Muthupet, India. Mangroves play an important role in carbon sequestration and storage. The study area contains extensive mangrove habitat dominated by Avicennia marina trees. Samples of leaves, stems, and roots were collected from different mangrove species and marsh plants to estimate moisture content, dry weight, organic matter, and organic carbon content. Satellite imagery from 1999 and 2007 was used to map land cover including mangroves, mudflats, and salt pans. The carbon stocks in above ground biomass of mangroves and marsh plants were calculated to understand their role in climate change mitigation
Above ground biomass and carbon stock estimation of Arroceros Forest Park "Th...Innspub Net
In an area where urbanization is rapidly growing, carbon is slowly sequestered which clogs the ozone layer. With forest biomass, carbon is easily sequestered and stored by trees. This research focuses on the potential carbon storage of the Arroceros Forest Park, one of the last lungs of the metropolis located in the heart of the National Capital Region, Manila, Philippines. Trees with ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were inventoried, from two (2) hectare area of site. These trees were used in the estimation of the biomass and carbon stock. The Power-Fit Equation from Banaticla (insert year), = 0.342 (DBH (exp (0.73))) was used in the study. Results showed that Swietenia macrophylla dominated the park. Species with highest contribution of biomass and carbon is the Swietenia macrophylla with value of 149.55t/ha. The carbon formed from this was 45%, and estimated carbon stock present is 30.59Ct/ha. Total aboveground biomass and carbon stock in the forest park is estimated at 640.21t/ha, and 130.95Ct/ha, respectively. Provided the carbon stock estimate, this could give more importance to Arroceros Forest Park in carbon sequestration. Site must be protected and enhanced to promote the important role of green spaces in Metro Manila.
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
Participation of Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth in plant communities of the...EdytaSierka
Sierka E., Kopczyńska S. (2014). Participation of Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth in plant communities of the Bytomka river valley in terms of its biomass use in power industry. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 2(2): 1-8., 2014
The paper presents an attempt of assessing the potential use of Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth. as a renewable source of energy raw materials. Abandonment of human management is often followed by a decrease in species richness in semi-natural grasslands, mainly due to the increased dominance of clonal grasses as Calamagrostis epigejos which were formerly repressed by management. The biomass resources of this and accompanying species, i.e. from Solidago genus and others e.g. Cirsium rivulare, Deschampsia caespitosa, Moilinia coerulea and Filipendula ulmaria, was evaluated in the green wastelands of the Bytomka River valley (Upper Silesia, Poland). It was found that approx. 1.2 tha-1 of dry matter can be obtained from approx. 30% of the average share of Calamagrostis epigejos in plant communities of unmowed meadows. This is 10 times less than in the case of Miscanthus giganteus, non-native cultivated grass. Increase in Calamagrostis epigejos biomass reduces biomass of Solidago sp. (-0.522176, p< 0.05) and other species (-0.465806, p< 0.05). The calorific value of Calamagrostis epigejos biomass is approx. 15.91 MJkg-1, which is comparable to the calorific value of coal and close to, inter alia, of Miscanthus sacchariflorus (19 MJkg-1) as an energy crop. Abandonment of human management is often followed by a decrease in species richness in semi-natural grasslands, mainly due to the increased dominance of clonal grasses which were formerly repressed by management. Presented research is preliminary and therefore, it is necessary to investigate the reaction of Calamagrostis epigejos to regular mowing and export of biomass on the studied areas.
- The document analyzes growth patterns of black spruce trees in a central Maine peat bog to understand relationships between tree growth, climate, and distance from the bog edge.
- Tree cores were collected from black spruce trees along three transects at increasing distances from the bog edge. Tree and stand characteristics, growth rates, and influence of climate factors like temperature and precipitation were analyzed.
- Preliminary results suggest that tree growth rates increased with distance from the bog edge likely due to higher nutrient availability further from the bog. Climate accounted for only small variations in growth, with temperature having a greater influence than precipitation.
This study investigated how different levels of canopy cover influence understory vegetation in Mazumbai Forest Reserve in Tanzania. The researcher recorded vegetation data in plots under three canopy cover levels: 0-33%, 33-67%, and 67-100%. It was predicted that plots under 33-67% canopy would have the greatest diversity and coverage, while those under 67-100% canopy would have the least. The results found that plots under 0-33% canopy had the most species variety, while those under 33-67% canopy had the least. There were no significant differences in grass, herb, or shrub coverage between canopy levels. Tree coverage was significantly different, with the most trees under 67-100% canopy and the few
Forests cover a third of our planet's land.
They provide raw materials, maintain biodiversity, protect land and water resources, and play a role in climate change mitigation.
Forests are heavily exploited, but important efforts are being made to use and manage them more sustainably.
What is the current state of the world's forests?
Mangroves are coastal forests found in tropical and subtropical regions that provide important ecological benefits. They act as buffers between land and sea, protecting coastlines from erosion and storms. Mangroves are rich ecosystems that are home to diverse plant and animal life. However, around half of the world's mangroves have been lost, mainly due to conversion to shrimp farms and other coastal development. The document outlines the types of mangroves found in India and their importance, and suggests actions to better protect and restore these critical coastal ecosystems.
Estimation of Long-Term Above-Ground Biomass, Carbon Stocks and Carbon Dioxid...AI Publications
Tropical forests play an important role of storing significant quantities of carbon, both, aboveground and belowground. However, deforestation activities for various purposes, among them, agriculture and settlement, have continued to remove unknown quantities of biomass and carbon stocks across tropical forests of Africa. This study was conducted to estimate aboveground tree biomass (AGB), carbon stocks (AGCS) and carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) among three vegetation cover types (wooded land, bushland and grassland) found in Mapfungautsi forest and to quantify the long-term estimated total AGB, AGCS and CO2 e lost due to deforestation activities in the forest (between the year 2000 and 2020). Data collection was conducted using remote sensing imagery, field measurements and an allometric equation. A total of 22 plots, each measuring 50m x50m were established across the three vegetation cover types where tree height, diameter at breast height, number of stems/ha and regeneration were measured. The collected data was analysed using EViews Version 10 software. Wooded land generally had the highest values across all the four tree growth variables followed by bushland and grassland. The average estimated AGB stored were 50.78t/ha, 14.7t/ha and 8.2 t/ha for wooded land, bushland and grassland respectively. From the 10632ha cleared over 20 years, losses amounting to an estimated mean total AGB, AGCS and CO2 e of 387669.53t, 182205.09t and 668692.69t respectively were observed. We conclude that quantifying and raising awareness about the lost AGB, AGCS and CO2 e among stakeholders will lead to the implementation of remedial action to replenish the lost biomass and carbon stocks.
Relationship Between Sampling Area, Sampling Size Vs...Jessica Deakin
This document discusses the importance of order in the public realm and how planning, zoning, transects, and urbanism theories help shape our environment. It mentions several authors who have discussed problems with urban design and provided solutions to make the public realm a better place. The document argues that by improving order and the urban framework, cities could become more cohesive in design.
Mangrove ecology and species distribution along the Gorai Creek of Mumbai coa...AI Publications
The extensive mangrove forest of Gorai Creek, Mumbai coast, has recently seen substantial deterioration. The results of a study on mangrove diversity conducted in Gorai Creek on the Mumbai coast from June 2017 to May 2018 are presented here. During the course of the study, twelve species of mangroves from five families and eight genera were identified in each of the three study locations along the creek. Avicennia marina accounted for 13.44% of the Gorai creek marshes, confirming its predominance. Sonneratia alba, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Kandelia candel, and Acanthus ilicifolius are among the mangrove species found in the estuarine embayment, with other species strewn around. A diverse range of species, including endangered migratory birds and herpetofauna, can be found in these mangrove environments. Mangroves have been observed to have narrowed in density with time, and it is critical to begin conservation efforts as speedily as humanly possible.
This document summarizes a study examining how selection structures species abundance distributions in an estuarine fish community. The study analyzed 30 years of monthly fish sampling data from the Bristol Channel in the UK. The key findings were:
1) Biomass was concentrated in larger bodied species in guilds occupying habitats with structure (hard-benthic and soft-benthic), which provide protection from predators. However, biomass was not concentrated in larger bodied species in open habitat guilds (pelagic and proximo-benthic) where safety in numbers is important.
2) Guilds differed in the degree to which species associate in groups, with strongly schooling species most common in pel
1) The biomass and productivity of natural forests in the Central Himalaya is examined, focusing on chir pine forests. Chir pine tree biomass increases with age, reaching 1939 kg per tree at 128 years of age.
2) Biomass and net primary productivity values are provided for various forest types in the Central Himalayan region between 300-3200m in elevation. Late successional forests like sal and oak forests have higher biomass (>400 t/ha) than early successional chir pine forests (~200 t/ha).
3) Energy is transferred inefficiently through ecosystems, with only about 1% of original solar energy captured by plants remaining stored in top carnivores.
Mangroves provide important ecological functions as transitional zones, nurseries, and carbon sinks. However, they face threats from human activities like deforestation, development, and climate change impacts such as rising sea levels and temperatures. Mangroves help protect coastlines and support fisheries but over 20% have been lost in recent decades. While rising CO2 and temperatures may enhance mangrove growth, the current rapid rate of change leaves less time for adaptation and migration with the loss of coastal areas to development. Management is needed to balance human uses of mangroves with conservation to maintain their critical ecosystem services.
This research article examines the impact of salinity on above ground biomass and stored carbon in the mangrove species Excoecaria agallocha in India's Sundarbans region over five years. It finds that biomass and carbon content vary significantly between the low-salinity western sector and high-salinity central sector, with higher values in the central sector due to greater stem biomass. While salinity impedes growth, Excoecaria agallocha thrives in a wide salinity range and tolerates the high salinity environment in the central Sundarbans region.
11.[29 39]mitigating climate change effects using eco-friendly wood preservat...Alexander Decker
1) The study assessed the effects of locally developed eco-friendly wood preservatives (neem oil, mahogany oil, and shea butter oil) on resistance of Obeche wood to termite attack.
2) 240 wood samples were treated with the preservatives and placed at 3 termite mound sites for 24 weeks. Untreated samples served as controls.
3) Results showed all treated samples significantly resisted termite attack compared to controls. Neem oil treated samples showed the highest resistance with the least furrow length and weight loss.
Similar to Tree species composition and above ground tree biomass estimation (20)
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Earth Day How has technology changed our life?
Thinkers/Inquiry • How has our ability to think and inquire helped to advance technology?
Vocabulary • Nature Deficit Disorder~ A condition that some people maintain is a spreading affliction especially affecting youth but also their adult counterparts, characterized by an excessive lack of familiarity with the outdoors and the natural world. • Precautionary Principle~ The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the introduction of a new technology is largely avoided, until a full understanding of its impact on health, environment and other areas is available.
What is technology? • Brainstorm a list of technology that you use everyday that your parents or grandparents did not have. • Compare your list with a partner.
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Tree species composition and above ground tree biomass estimation
1. TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION AND ABOVE-GROUND
TREE BIOMASS ESTIMATION OF SALENDA BRIDGE
MANGROVE PATCH May 30, 2014
TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION AND ABOVE-GROUND
TREE BIOMASS OF SALENDA BRIDGE MANGROVE
PATCH, ILALA, DAR-ES-SALAAM REGION
Tanzania
Mrumba E. John
i Mrumba E. John
2014
2. ABSTRACT
Mangrove tree species composition and above ground tree biomass estimation of Salenda bridge
mangrove patch study was done at Salenda bridge area, Ilala District in Dar es Salaam region. The
study was aimed at assessing mangrove tree species composition and above-ground tree biomass
estimation of Salenda Bridge mangrove patch. The specific objectives of the study were to
identify and determine tree species composition, above-ground biomass and carbon stock tree
estimation. Stratified sampling was employed, the area was stratified into two strata; the left and
right hand sides of the river, equal sample size were taken where by a random sampling was
engaged to allocate the first plot in each stratified area while the other plots were obtained by
systematic sampling. Circular plot of 5m diameter (19.63 m 2 ≈ 1.963 × 10 -3 ha) was employed
and hence 12 plots with the total area of 235.62 m 2 ≈ 2.356 × 10 -2 ha were established. The
recoded data were species name, diameter at breast height in centimetres, height in metres, and
frequency. Data analysis was done by using Microsoft excel, Percentage composition
determination was obtained by taking the number of individual species in a sample size multiplied
by 100% and then divided by overall individuals’ species of the sample area. Above ground tree
biomass obtained as the product of wood density, volume of a trunk and Biomass expansion factor
(1.0). Results showed that only a single mangrove tree species (Avicinnia marina-family
Avicinniaceae) was identified with estimated above-ground tree biomass and carbon stock of
458.3t/ha and 221.67t/ha respectively. This is a proof from different literatures that there have
never been possible to find all the 68 mangrove species growing in one area. This study concludes
that, Salenda bridge mangrove patch has well developed mangrove forests and relatively high
management conservation and protection. In addition the study recommends that, in order to
enhance the level of biomass and subsequent carbon storage of mangrove forests at Salenda bridge
mangrove patch, efforts to protect and restore the forests will be worthwhile to all stakeholders,
including the Government and international institutions, NGO’s and local community. Moreover,
this study calls for more studies on tree species diversity, focused on studying mangrove
ecosystem dynamic change and tree species distribution in terms of spatial arrangement.
ii
4. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………… ii
CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................. 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..1
1.1 Background Information of mangrove forests………………………………………... 1
1.1.2 Global composition of mangrove forests………………………………………….... 2
1.1.3 Mangrove forests in Tanzania………………………………………………………. 2
CHAPTER TWO..................................................................................................................6
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………...... 4
2.1 Over view of mangrove forests……………………………………………………….. 4
2.2 Composition structure of mangrove forests…………………………………………....4
2.3 Role of mangrove forest’s biomass in carbon cycle……………………………….......5
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................. 9
3.0 MATERIAL AND METHOD…………………………………………………………7
3.1 Description of the Study area……………………………………………………….....7
3.1.1 Location……………………………………………………………………………...7
3.1.2 Climate……………………………………………………………………………….7
3.1.3 Soil and vegetation type……………………………………………………………...7
3.1.4 Population and Human economic activities………………………………………...8
3.2 Materials…………………………………………………………………………….. 8
3.3 Methods…………………………………………………………………………….. 9
iv
5. 3.3.1 Sampling techniques……………………………………………………………… 9
3.3.2 Data collection.......................................................................................................... 10
3.3.3 Data analysis……………………………………………………………………… 11
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................ 14
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………… 12
4.1 Tree species composition of Salenda Bridge patch………………............................. 12
4.2 Tree species percentage composition of Salenda bridge mangrove patch……............15
4.3 Above-ground biomass and carbon stock of Salenda bridge mangrove patch…….... 16
CHAPTER FIVE.............................................................................................................. 24
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………………………….. 22
5.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………… 22
5.2 Recommendation………………………………………………………………….... 22
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………… 24
LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………………………… 25
v
6. LIST OF TABLES
Table1: Mangrove Tree Species of Tanzania............................................................................3
Table 2: Botanical description of Avicinnia marina...............................................................16
Table 3: Average vegetation characteristics of Salenda bridge mangrove patch............. 17
Table 4: Tree parameter variation of Salenda Bridge mangrove patch.............................19
Table 5a: Above-ground biomass, carbon stock and basal area of Salenda bridge.......... 22
Table 5b: Basal area, biomass and carbon stock per DBH class......................................... 22
vi
7. LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES
Plate 1: Mangrove tree species of Salenda Bridge patch....................................................3
Plate 2: Leaves morphology of Avicinnia marina.............................................................15
Figure 1: DBH class of Salenda bridge mangrove patch………………………………..18
Figure 2: Tree parameter’s frequency variation of Salenda bridge mangrove patch........ 20
Figure 3a: Variation of mangrove tree species biomass, frequency and parameters…... 20
Figure 3b: Variation of tree species carbon stock, frequency and tree parameters…...... 21
Figure 4: DBH class percentage biomass of Salenda bridge mangrove patch…………. 23
vii
8. LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS
CABG Above-ground carbon stock per individual specie
viii
cm Centimetres
CPLOT Carbon stock per single plot
D Distance
DBH Diameter of a tree at a breast height (d)
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
fc Frequency of tree species diameter class
ff Form factor
fi Frequencies of individual tree species
FTI Forestry Training Institute
g Basal area
g/cm3 SI units of wood density
h Height of trees
ha Hectares
m Meters
m2 Square meters
PS Plot size
R Radius of a circular plot
REDD+ Reducing Emission from Deforestation and forest Degradation
Si Sampling intensity
t/ha Tones per hectares (SI Unit of carbon stock)
TA Total forest area
V Volume of tree species biomass
π Pi, 3.14
9. CHAPTER ONE
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information of mangrove forests
Mangroves are defined as an association of halophytic trees, shrubs and other plants
growing in brackish to saline tidal waters of tropical and subtropical coastlines (Mitsch
and Gosselink 2007). Mangroves are generally restricted to the tidal zone. As such,
mangroves in fringe areas will be inundated by practically all high tides, while those at
the higher topographic boundaries may be flooded only during the highest of tides
(spring tides) or during storm surges. Mangroves are typically found along tropical and
subtropical coastlines between about 250 N and 250 S (Kauffman et al, 2012).
The term Species composition refers to the contribution of each plant species to the
vegetation. Botanical composition is another term to describe species composition
species. It is generally expressed as percent, so that all specie component add up to 100%
also can be expressed on either individual species basic or by specie group that are
defined to the objectives of the inventory or monitoring program (Rangelands west,
2013).
According to ecological studies, Biomass can be defined as the amount of living matter
in a given habitat expressed either as weight of organism per unit volume of habitat
(Wikipedia foundation, 2013). It is the total quantity or weight of organism in a given
area or volume (Dictionary.com, 2013).
Trees and shrubs make the bulk of above ground biomass in a forest, with the total
biomass of a stand varying markedly depending on the climate and soil and, in the case
of mangrove vegetation, the frequency and duration of tidal inundation. The age of the
forest and its constituent trees is also a factor. In relatively young forests the carbon store
builds over time as the trees and forest growth. The relationship between the size of trees
and their biomass is not linear meaning that as the diameter and height of the tree
10. increases its biomass increases in a disproportionally greater way. A typical mangrove
tree may increase in dry biomass by greater than 5 times with every doubling of its trunk
diameter of which about half is carbon (German Development Cooperation, 2011).
1.1.2 Global composition of mangrove forests
Globally, there are at least 68 mangrove-obligate species. The centre of diversity of
mangroves is the Indo-Pacific region where Giesen et al. (2007) listed 52 plant species
that occurred only in mangroves and 268 species that can be found in mangroves and
other wet environments. In contrast, the Americas have only about 10 mangrove species
(Mitch and Gosselink 2007). Mangroves vary greatly in structure and function, largely as
a result of topography, substrate, latitude and hydrology (Saenger and Snedaker 1993).
Dominants in mature mangroves may range from trees with trunk diameters >1 m to
shrub-like stands <1 m in height. Aboveground biomass may range from >500 Mg/ha in
riverine and fringe mangroves of the Indo-Pacific region to about 8 Mg/ha for dwarf
mangroves (Kauffman and Cole 2010, Kauffman et al. 2011).
2
1.1.3 Mangrove forests in Tanzania
In Tanzania mangrove forest occur on the sheltered shores of deltas, alongside river
estuaries, and in creeks where there is an abundance of fine-grained sediment (silt and
clay) in the upper part of the inter-tidal zone. The establishment of mangrove vegetation
is governed to some extent by the degree of exposure to strong winds. The largest
continuous mangrove areas are to be found on the coast of Tanga district in the north, the
delta of the Rufiji River in Kilwa and Lind districts, and in Mtwara, where the Ruvuma
River forms an estuary close to the Mozambique border. Thus, the mangrove forests
stretch along coastal districts from Tanga to Mtwara and cover an area of 79,937 ha.
Mangroves are also well represented on the coasts of the main islands, Zanzibar, Pemba,
and Mafia. On Pemba mangrove cover an area of 12,146 ha, while on Zanzibar there are
6,073 ha under mangroves (Silvicultural management of mangrove forest, FTI
Olmotonyi, 2013).
11. Table1: Mangrove Tree Species of Tanzania
Tree species Family Local name
Avicennia marina Verbenaceae Mchu
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Rhizophoraceae Msinzi or muia
Ceriops tagal Rhizophoraceae Mkandaa
Heritiera littoralis Sterculiaceae Msikundazi or mkungu
Lumnitzera racemosa Combretaceae Kikandaa or mkandaa dume
Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophoraceae Mkoko
Sonneratia alba Sonneratiaceae Mililana
Xylocarpus granatum Meliaceae Mkomafi
Xylocarpus molluccensis M e l iaceae (none)
In Ilala district mangrove forests have been distributed along Msimbazi River as well as
an Indian Ocean shore particularly at Salenda bridge area, mangrove forests have been
developed.
Plate 1: Mangrove tree species of Salenda Bridge patch
3
12. CHAPTER TWO
4
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Over view of mangrove forests
Mangroves are coastal forests found in sheltered estuaries and along river banks and
lagoons in 124 tropical and subtropical countries and areas, mainly growing on soft
substrates (FAO 2007). They are distributed in the inter-tidal region between the sea and
land between approximately 30° N and 30° S latitude (Giri et. al.,2010) Their global
distribution is believed to be delimited by major ocean currents and the 20° C isotherm
of sea water in winter and are typically distributed from mean sea level to highest spring
tide (Alongi, 2009). The current estimate of mangrove forests of the world is less than
half of what it once was (Spalding et al., 1997; Spiers, 1999) and much of what remains
is in a degraded condition (Giri et. al.,2010).
2.2 Composition structure of mangrove forests
The structure of a mangrove forest at any point in time is a function of its succession
stage, species composition, zonation, propagate dispersal, growth and survival. These are
all influenced by a number of biotic factors such as propagation variables, broadcast
predation, herbivore, human interference and inter-specific competition. Additionally,
abiotic factors are also influential including storm damage, rainfall, tidal influence,
freshwater input, temperature, sedimentation rate, nutrient availability and light (Krauss
et al. 2008). To analyse all of the above components and relate them to mangrove forest
structure, and each other, is a complicated exercise in ecological modelling but attempts
have been made (Schaeffer-Novelli et al. 2005, Twilley & Rivera-Monroy, 2005).
Mangrove forest ecosystems fulfil a number of important functions and provide a wide
range of Services; they are among some of the most productive and biologically
important ecosystems of the world because they provide important and unique ecosystem
goods and services to human society and coastal and marine systems (FAO, 2007). The
forests help stabilize shorelines and reduce the devastating impact of natural disasters
13. such as tsunamis and hurricanes. They also provide breeding and nursing grounds for
marine and pelagic species, and food, medicine, fuel and building materials for local
communities (Giri et al. 2010). Mangroves, including associated soils, could sequester
approximately 22.8 million metric tons of carbon each year. Covering only 0.1% of the
earth’s continental surface, the forests account for 11% of the total input of terrestrial
carbon into the ocean (Jennerjahn & Ittekot, 2002) and 10% of the terrestrial dissolved
organic carbon (DOC) exported to the ocean (Dittmar et al., 2006). The rapid
disappearance and degradation of mangroves could have negative consequences for
transfer of materials into the marine systems and influence the atmospheric composition
and climate. Mangroves support the conservation of biological diversity by providing
habitats, spawning grounds, nurseries and nutrients for a number of animals. These
include several endangered species and range from reptiles (e.g. crocodiles, iguanas and
snakes) and amphibians to mammals (tigers – including the famous Panthera tigris
tigris, the Royal Bengal tiger – deer, otters, manatees and dolphins) and birds (herons,
egrets, pelicans and eagles). A wide range of commercial and non-commercial fish and
shellfish also depends on these coastal forests. Mangrove organic productivity (Odum
and Heald,1972) has been suggested to support near shore fisheries production (Lee,
1999).Mangrove ecosystems are also used for aquaculture, both as open-water estuarine
marine culture (e.g. oysters and mussels) and as pond culture (mainly for shrimps).
2.3 Role of mangrove forest’s biomass in carbon cycle
Mangroves play an important role in the global carbon cycle and it has been estimated
that a loss of 35% of the world’s mangroves over the last two decades (Valiela et al.
2001 in UNEPWCMC 2006) has resulted in the release of large quantities of stored
carbon, further aggravating the global warming phenomenon. Ecosystems that can no
longer provide their full ecosystem goods and services have a social and economic
“cost” to humanity, which can be felt even in areas far away from the degraded
ecosystem (UNEPWCMC 2006).
According to German Development Cooperation (2011), Above ground biomass (AGB)
figures of more than 600 t / ha have been recorded in mangrove forests, but they are
5
14. generally between 150 and 350 t / ha in well developed tropical mangroves (Alongi
2009).
6
15. CHAPTER THREE
7
3.0 MATERIAL AND METHOD
3.1 Description of the Study area
The study was proficient at the Salenda Bridge patch. It is situated in the eastern coast of
Ilala district particularly in Dar-es-salaam City, It is a small portion area of about 500 m2
(≈0.05 ha) occupation. The area is openly seen as one pass along the main road from
Coco beach via Posta road.
3.1.1 Location
The area is located at latitude 60 51’ 41” S and 390 07’ 02” (Collins maps, 2013) situated
along the Indian Ocean shore to the main road from Msasani via Kivukoni road.
3.1.2 Climate
Salenda bridge is located close to the equator and the warm Indian Ocean particularly in
Ilala, the area experiences generally tropical climatic conditions, typified by hot and
humid; the mean annual temperature is 260C, 96% in the morning and 67% afternoon
humidity weather throughout much of the year. It has a tropical wet and dry climate,
with two different rainy seasons. Annual rainfall is approximately to be 1,100 mm, and
in a normal year there are two distinct rainy seasons: "the long rains", which fall during
April and May, and "the short rains", which fall during October and November
(Wikipedia foundation, BBC Weather, 2013).
3.1.3 Soil and vegetation type
The area is swamp and characterized with sand and mud clay soil type. It is well
typically covered with dense mangrove species to form a patch of mangrove forest.
16. 3.1.4 Population and Human economic activities
Ilala has a total population of 1,220,611 (National Bureau of statistics, 2013) and their
main economic activities are such as commercial, industrial and informal sector as well
as agriculture and fishing.
8
3.2 Materials
The following materials were used during data collection:-
Tape measure, Blumeleiss, Calliper and compass were used to measure distance
between plots and plot’s radius, height, diameter (DBH) and transect angle
within a transect line each respectively
Recording material: Shit of papers and Pen; purposeful for keeping records
during primary data collection in the field
Library materials which includes various books and internet sources were used to
capture secondary data
17. 9
3.3 Methods
3.3.1 Sampling techniques
Stratified sampling was employed; since the area of the patch has been alienated by
Msimbazi River, therefore in order to include all individual tree species in measurement
the area was stratified into two strata; the left and right hand sides of the river, equal
sample size were taken where by a random sampling was engaged to allocate the first
plot in each stratified area respectively followed by systematic sampling plots.
Circular plot, 5 m diameter was employed, 12 plots were established. Along the transect
line, each plot was separated by distance of 6.5 m from one plot to another. 19.63 m 2
(1.963 × 10 -3 ha) and 235.62 m 2 (2.356 × 10 -2 ha) Sampling unit and total sample size
was covered each respectively. 117.81 m 2 (1.1781 × 10 -2 ha) was covered in each strata.
Plot interval distance, Sample plot size, number of plots and total sample size were
calculated as follows:-
Plot interval distance (D) = √(Area of the forest / Number of sample plot)
Sample plot size: Circular Area of a plot = πR2; where R = radius of a circular
plot
Total sample size = Sample plot size × Number of sample plot
Number of plot: n = TA × Si
PS × 100%
Where: TA = Total forest area; Si = sampling intensity, 50%; PS = plot size (πR2)
18. 10
3.3.2 Data collection
3.3.2.1 Primary Data
Sampling procedures
In the field, individual tree species per plots were observed, counted and
recorded; for the sake of identifying tree species composition as well as their
percentage composition constituted by each mangrove tree species
Tree species parameter measurement: merchantable height and diameter (DBH)
of a tree species in each plot were measured by using Blumeleiss and Calliper
each respectively and recorded
Both height and diameter measurement were required specifically for above-ground
Biomass and carbon stock estimation
Data entry and Recording, A shit form titled “ecological survey summary” was
used to capture data in the field as shown in appendix 1
3.3.2.2 Secondary data
From various sources including library and internets; secondary data were detained.
19. 11
3.3.3 Data analysis
With aid of Microsoft excel; statistically, data were analysed and results were presented
in form of charts which includes figures and tables.
Tree species percentage composition: was calculated as follows:-
Percentage composition = Number of individual specie in a sample size × 100%
Overall individuals’ species of the sample area
Tree species Above-ground Biomass and Carbon stock tree estimation: the following
calculations were required to compute both biomass and carbon stock:-
Basal area (g): g = πd2/40,000; where d = diameter at breast height (cm), π = 3.14
Volume (V): V = ffgh; where ff = form factor, h = height (m)
Above ground tree Biomass = Wood density × Volume of a trunk × BEF; where
BEF = biomass expansion factor, wood density = 0.61 g/cm3 for Avicinnia
marina, (Bibliotheca Alexandria-EOL Ar, tropical mangrove forests, 2013)
Carbon stock of an individual species: CABG = Biomass × 0.5 (Bhishma P.S,
2010); where CABG = Above-ground carbon stock per individual species, 0.5 =
conversion factor
Carbon stock per single plot: CPLOT =Σ CABG; where Σ CABG = summation of CABG
20. CHAPTER FOUR
12
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Tree species identification
Giesen et al. (2007) reported that, there are at least 68 mangrove-obligate species
globally still it is not possible to find all the mangrove species in one area. This proves as
to why there are only about 10 mangrove species in America (Mitch and Gosselink
2007). In Tanzania it is believed that there are not less than eight mangrove species
(Table 1). The findings from this study confirm that it is not possible to get all the
mangrove species in one area since the results shows that, only a single species of
mangrove (Avicinnia marina) was identified to be growing and colonizing the study
area. The species (Avicinnia marina), (Plate 2) belongs to the family Avicinniaceae
(Table 2). It is a common spreading tree, usually found on the higher levels of swamps.
It is willow like in general appearance and has light yellowish green foliage. Vertically
pointed pneumatophores arise in great abundance from the long, spreading, horizontal
roots. The bark is smooth and greenish yellow when young, and variegated green and
reddish in the older trees. The trunks are used for making small dug-out canoes, and the
tree is generally used for building carts, for chow and canoe fittings and masts, for
furniture such as bedsteads and chairs, and for fitting such as handles. It is also used
extensively as fuel for lime burning (Silvicultural management of mangrove forest, FTI
Olmotonyi, 2013).
22. Table 2: Botanical description of Avicinnia marina
14
Plot
number
Specie name Family
Habitat Description
1-12 Avicennia marina Avicinniaceae -Coastal zone
areas
-Found on the
high levels of
swamps
-It willow-like in
general
appearance and
has a light
yellowish green
foliage
-Vertically
pointed
pneumatophores
arise from
abundance from
long, spreading,
horizontal roots
-The bark is
smooth and
greenish yellow
when young and
variegated green
and reddish in
the older trees
23. 4.2 Tree species percentage determination
In this study, the findings shows that, 100% of the entire Salenda Bridge mangrove
forest patch was determined to be Avicinnia marina with average number of 10 trees per
plot, for mature tree stand; diameter range from 12-24cm (figure 1) with height ranging
from 4m to 8m high (table 3). Avicinnia marina is highly distributed in the patch in view
of fact that the patch geographically is located near the Indian Ocean as well as
environmental factors which includes soil type particularly on nutrients availability, rate
of regeneration, plant adaptability and ecological factors which favours the distribution
and growth of the mangrove tree species. (Valiela et al. 2001 in UNEPWCMC 2006)
reported that, mangroves play an important role in the global carbon cycle and it has
been estimated that a loss of 35% of the world’s mangroves over the last two decades
has resulted in the release of large quantities of stored carbon, further aggravating the
global warming phenomenon.
Table 3: Average tree vegetation characteristics of Salenda Bridge
15
Characteristics
Range
Overall average
Height 4-8m 6m
The tallest height
6-8m 7m
Small height
4-6m 5m
Diameter
12-24cm 18cm
Large
20-24cm 22cm
Small 12-19cm 15.5cm
24. Figure 1: DBH characteristics of Salenda Bridge
30
25
20
15
10
5
4.3 Tree species above-ground biomass and carbon stock
(Kauffman and Cole 2010, Kauffman et al. 2011) reported that, above ground biomass
may range from >500 Mg/ha in riverine and fringe mangroves of the Indo-Pacific region
to about 8 Mg/ha for dwarf mangroves. German Development Cooperation (2011)
reported that, above ground biomass (AGB) figures of more than 600t/ha has been
recorded in mangrove forests. Elsewhere (Alongi, 2009) reported that, above ground
biomass are generally between 150 and 350t/ha in well developed tropical mangroves. In
this study, the findings confer the information that; the total biomass and carbon stock of
Salenda bridge mangrove patch were 22.9tonnes and 11.8tonnes respectively. The study
findings revealed that, tree species above ground biomass and carbon stock, per sample
area as well as per hectare were 11t, 5.32t, 458.3t/ha and 221.67t/ha respectively which
reflect that, Salenda Bridge area has well developed mangrove forests. According to
(German Development Cooperation, 2011), the relationship between the size of trees and
16
0
11-14 cm 14-17 cm 17-20 cm 20-23 cm 23-26 cm
Frequency
DBH class
25. their biomass is not linear meaning that as the diameter and height of the tree increases
its biomass increases in a disproportionally greater way. A typical mangrove tree may
increase in dry biomass by greater than 5 times with every doubling of its trunk diameter
of which about half is carbon (German Development Cooperation, 2011). In this study,
the measured tree species parameters in a study area, detailed that most of tree
parameters have variation in terms of number and growth parameters due to age,
nutrients and light demand competition, genetically, geographical location, soil type
factors and degree of disturbance of a particular locality where by a tree species has been
gown. The tree parameters variations have an influence on biomass quantity and carbon
storage of tree species. The estimated biomass (figure 3a) and carbon stock (figure 3b)
vary considerably as tree parameter increases in magnitude (quantity), according to the
study results, frequency per sample plot of trees and basal area were ranged from 11 to
30 trees (Table 4) and 0.02 to 0.05m2 (Table 5b) respectively.
Table 4: Tree parameters variation of Salenda Bridge
DBH class (cm) DBH (cm) Mean height (m) Number of trees
11-14 12.5
4.5 27
14-17 15.5
5 28
17-20 18.5
5.5 16
20-23 21.5
6.5 30
23-26 24.5 7.5 11
17
N =112
26. Figure 2: Tree parameter’s frequency variation of Salenda Bridge
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
30
25
20
15
10
5
Figure 3a: Tree species biomass variation, frequency and parameters of Salenda Bridge
18
0
1 2 3 4 5
Tree parameter
Dbh (cm)
Mean height (m)
Frequency
0
1 2 3 4 5
DBH
Height
Frequency
Biomass in tone
27. 30
25
20
15
10
5
Figure 3b: Tree species carbon stock variation, frequency and parameters of Salenda
Bridge
Table 5a, 5b and 5c depicts field data result findings of estimated basal area, biomass
and carbon stock per DBH class, sample area, forest area and hectare in the study area.
19
0
1 2 3 4 5
DBH
Height
Frequency
Carbon stock in tone
28. Table 5a: Above-ground biomass, carbon stock and basal area of Salenda Bridge
Table 5b: Basal area, biomass and carbon stock per DBH class of Salenda Bridge
20
Measured
quantity
Estimated value/
sample area
Estimate value/ forest area Estimated
value/ ha
Basal area
0.16m2
0.3m2
6.67m2
Biomass
11tonnes
22.9 tonnes 458.3tonnes
Carbon stock 5.32tonnes 11.8tonnes 221.67tonnes
Basal area/ DBH class
Biomass/ DBH class
Carbon stock/ DBH class
0.03m2
0.9tonne 0.45tonnes
0.03m2
1.6tonnes 0.81tonnes
0.02m2
1.4tonnes 0.72tonnes
0.05m2
4.3tonnes 0.16tonnes
0.02m2
2.4tonnes 1.19tonnes
Total 0.16m2 11tonnes 5.32tonnes
29. The research domino effect showed that, at Salenda bridge mangrove patch the DBH
class under range of 20-23cm was relatively highly in biomass percentage composition,
about 41% compared to others in view of the fact that, has large total basal area,
frequency, n=30 and average height of 6.5m. Though stand trees with large diameter
have greater significant on biomass and carbon storage as depicted in figure 4, DBH
class of 23-26 have high basal area, biomass percent (22%) and relatively small number
of trees, n= 11 compared to the rest due to the large size of the diameter, height and age.
According to German Development Cooperation (2011), older forests have higher
biomass and greater diversity. Dealing out for trees to grow to the maximum size is the
most excellent way to maximize tree species biomass (Development Cooperation, 2011).
22%
Figure 4: Tree species DBH class’ percentage above-ground biomass of Salenda Bridge
21
9%
15%
14%
41%
11-14 cm
14-17 cm
17-20 cm
20-23 cm
23-26 cm
30. CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
22
5.1 Conclusion
The study findings discovered that, at Salenda Bridge mangrove patch has realistically
good quality mangrove tree species composition and above-ground biomass which
reflect that, the patch has relatively high management conservation and protection from
the mangrove authorities particularly in Ilala and Kinondoni districts. The ending results
of this study seal the knowledge gap existed before concerned about the potentials of
Salenda bridge mangrove patch on environmental conservation particularly on climate
change; carbon sequestrations mitigation, soil conservation as well as ecological benefits
particularly on ecosystem sustainability of the mangrove community of the Salenda
bridge mangrove patch by enlightening the facts about mangrove tree species
composition and above-ground biomass estimation. Elsewhere proves that, it is
impossible to find all the 68 mangrove species in one area.
The schoolwork showed that, the acknowledged tree species composed and characterises
the entire mangrove patch at Salenda Bridge vicinity; 100% was merely Avicinnia
marina with height and diameter characteristics arrayed 4-8m and 12-24cm respectively.
The total number of mangrove tree species, above ground biomass and carbon stock for
Avicinnia marina mangrove tree species were estimated to be 4753trees/ha, 458.3t/ha
and 221.67t/ha respectively which reflect that, Salenda Bridge has well developed
mangrove forests. In relation to carbon storage, this information reflects that, the
mangrove patch particularly at Salenda Bridge, stores high amount of carbon from the
atmosphere which has been exposed by various industrial activities. Regardless that,
mangrove patch at Salenda Bridge provides socio-economic benefits but also
environmental conservation and protection, and elsewhere ensure ecosystem
sustainability.
31. 23
5.2 Recommendations
5.21 Forests protection and restoration
In order to enhance the level of biomass and subsequent carbon storage of mangrove
forests at Salenda bridge mangrove patch, efforts to protect and restore the forests will be
worthwhile for all stakeholders including the Government and international institutions,
NGO’s and local community. The protection and restoration of the forests is significant
for climate mitigation strategies and will confer considerable economic benefits to
Salenda bridge mangrove patch, nationally and internationally.
5.22 Researcher’s support, good coordination and working environment
Government, institutions, company, projects, program and other organizations should
ensure support, good coordination and working environment with research institutions
and scholars (researchers). They should provide the necessary working tool includes
instruments and financial requirements for the researchers.
5.23 Study on mangrove ecosystem dynamic change and distribution
Further study should be done on tree species diversity by other scholars, additional
emphasizes should be focused on studying mangrove ecosystem dynamic change and
tree species distribution in terms of spatial arrangement, being studying those two
parameters will determine the associated threats facing mangrove forests community at
Salenda bridge patch as well as to assess how spatially do the mangrove tree species are
arranged? Do they crump? Or evenly as well as randomly distributed? By studying the
mangrove tree species distribution will offer a good means for supervision of the
mangrove forests patch at Salenda Bridge principally on conservation purpose as well as
protection and absolutely to guarantee mangrove forests ecosystem sustainability.
32. 24
REFERENCES
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Biomass expansion factor standard value for tropical mangrove forests-IPCC (2006)
Biomass & Species composition, <http://www.wikipedia,
(Retrieved May 10, 2013)
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33. 25
APPENDICES
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Data collection form
Ecological survey summary
Plot
no.
Species name
Tree specie’s characteristics ( parameters)
DBH(cm)
>11cm
Height(m)
>3m
fi DBH-class(cm) Mean height(m) fc