Management of Endometrioma- Current UpdateSujoy Dasgupta
Invited Lecture by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in the Webinar on "Update on Endometriosis" organized by AICC RCOG (All India Coordinating Committee of Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists) East Zone, held in December, 2021
This document discusses the anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall and various incision types used for gynecological surgeries and laparotomies. It outlines the boundaries and musculature of the abdominal wall, including the rectus sheath. It then describes the advantages and disadvantages of transverse (including Pfannenstiel, Kustner, Cherney, and Maylard), vertical (including midline and paramedian), and oblique (including gridiron and Rockey-Davis) incisions. It also briefly mentions incisions used for cesarean sections and laparotomy port sites. The document provides detailed information on incision placement and exposure for different gynecological procedures.
Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that negatively impacts quality of life. It becomes more common with age and in institutionalized populations. The main types are stress incontinence caused by physical activity, urge incontinence with a strong urge to urinate, and overflow incontinence from an overfull bladder. Causes include weakened pelvic floor muscles from childbirth, aging, and medical conditions. Evaluation involves testing for underlying causes and severity. Treatment options range from lifestyle changes to devices and surgery depending on the type and severity of incontinence.
This document discusses incontinence of urine, including the physiology of micturition, definitions of different types of incontinence, and methods for diagnosing and treating stress incontinence. It defines stress incontinence as the involuntary escape of urine with increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as during coughing or sneezing. Diagnostic tests include stress tests, cystourethrography, and urodynamics to differentiate between urethral hypermobility and intrinsic sphincter dysfunction as causes. Treatment options include pelvic floor exercises, pessaries, bladder neck slings or colposuspension surgery.
Management of Endometrioma- Current UpdateSujoy Dasgupta
Invited Lecture by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in the Webinar on "Update on Endometriosis" organized by AICC RCOG (All India Coordinating Committee of Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists) East Zone, held in December, 2021
This document discusses the anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall and various incision types used for gynecological surgeries and laparotomies. It outlines the boundaries and musculature of the abdominal wall, including the rectus sheath. It then describes the advantages and disadvantages of transverse (including Pfannenstiel, Kustner, Cherney, and Maylard), vertical (including midline and paramedian), and oblique (including gridiron and Rockey-Davis) incisions. It also briefly mentions incisions used for cesarean sections and laparotomy port sites. The document provides detailed information on incision placement and exposure for different gynecological procedures.
Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that negatively impacts quality of life. It becomes more common with age and in institutionalized populations. The main types are stress incontinence caused by physical activity, urge incontinence with a strong urge to urinate, and overflow incontinence from an overfull bladder. Causes include weakened pelvic floor muscles from childbirth, aging, and medical conditions. Evaluation involves testing for underlying causes and severity. Treatment options range from lifestyle changes to devices and surgery depending on the type and severity of incontinence.
This document discusses incontinence of urine, including the physiology of micturition, definitions of different types of incontinence, and methods for diagnosing and treating stress incontinence. It defines stress incontinence as the involuntary escape of urine with increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as during coughing or sneezing. Diagnostic tests include stress tests, cystourethrography, and urodynamics to differentiate between urethral hypermobility and intrinsic sphincter dysfunction as causes. Treatment options include pelvic floor exercises, pessaries, bladder neck slings or colposuspension surgery.
This document discusses urinary incontinence. It covers the epidemiology, types, causes, risk factors, evaluation, and treatment of urinary incontinence. Regarding treatment, it describes behavioral techniques like toileting assistance and pelvic muscle exercises. It also discusses pharmacological options for urge incontinence like anticholinergic agents and stress incontinence like alpha-adrenergic agonists. Surgical treatment is also an option but requires thorough evaluation first.
Stress urinary incontinence dr. kawita bapatKawita Bapat
This document discusses stress urinary incontinence (SUI), including its definition, prevalence, clinical testing, investigation, and classification systems. It then covers both conservative and surgical treatment options for SUI, with an emphasis on the various surgical procedures. Key points discussed include midurethral sling procedures being the current first-line surgical approach, with transobturator tapes preferred over retropubic or transvaginal needle suspensions. Factors in choosing the appropriate procedure include the presence of other pelvic organ prolapse and the severity of incontinence.
This document provides an overview of urinary incontinence. It defines urinary incontinence as the involuntary loss of urine that is objectively demonstrable and a social or hygienic problem. The document then discusses the epidemiology of urinary incontinence, risk factors, types of incontinence, diagnosis, and management. For management, it describes non-pharmacological therapies like lifestyle changes, pharmacological therapies for urgency and stress incontinence, and surgical options like sacral nerve stimulation, transurethral bulking agents, perineal slings, and artificial urinary sphincters. The overall document provides a comprehensive review of urinary incontinence.
Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that negatively impacts quality of life. It affects women more than men and its prevalence increases with age. There are several types of incontinence with different causes, such as stress incontinence caused by weak pelvic floor muscles, urge incontinence due to an overactive bladder, and overflow incontinence from bladder retention. Diagnosing the type requires considering symptoms, patient history, and urodynamic tests like cystometry and uroflowmetry to evaluate bladder pressures and urine flow. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but can include pelvic floor exercises, medication, or surgery.
Urinary incontinence is defined as involuntary or uncontrolled urine leakage from the bladder sufficient to cause a social or hygienic problem. It affects 25-30% of older women and 10-15% of older men living in the community. Urinary incontinence can be caused by various factors like delirium, infection, medications, and age-related changes in the urinary tract. It is managed through behavioral changes like scheduled voiding and pelvic floor exercises, pharmacological treatments like estrogen and anticholinergic drugs, and surgical options like lifting or bulking of the bladder or urethra. Nursing management involves encouraging regular voiding, providing patient education and support, and following up on treatment.
Urinary incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss of urine that can be objectively demonstrated and presents a social or hygienic problem. It affects 15-30% of people and is more common in females, the elderly, and can be caused by issues affecting the urethra or bladder such as pelvic fractures, tumors, or impaired mobility. There are four main types - stress incontinence from increased abdominal pressure, urge incontinence from uncontrolled bladder contractions, mixed incontinence with elements of both stress and urge, and overflow incontinence from bladder damage. Investigations include urine tests, imaging, and urodynamics to determine the cause and management involves both medical and surgical options depending on the
This document discusses urinary incontinence in females. It defines stress incontinence as the involuntary loss of urine during activities that increase abdominal pressure like coughing or sneezing. It notes that stress incontinence and detrusor instability are the most common causes. For stress incontinence, conservative treatments include pelvic floor exercises while surgical options aim to elevate and support the bladder neck. For detrusor instability, behavioral changes and medications are usually first-line management.
Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when one or more pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus, or rectum, descend from their normal positions due to weakness or damage in the muscles and tissues that support these organs. The document discusses the anatomy of pelvic floor support, factors that can contribute to prolapse, and how different types of prolapse such as cystocele, rectocele, and enterocele are evaluated and treated. Conservative treatments focus on lifestyle changes while surgical repairs aim to reconstruct the weakened pelvic floor tissues and fascia.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of genital prolapse. It begins by describing normal uterine and vaginal support structures. It then discusses the pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse, including neuromuscular dysfunction and weakness of supporting ligaments. Evaluation involves history, physical exam including staging systems, and sometimes additional tests. Treatment options include conservative approaches like pessaries or intravaginal devices, as well as surgical options.
Complications of mesh and should we use it ? - www.jinekoklojivegebelik.comjinekolojivegebelik.com
The document discusses the use of mesh in pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery, comparing synthetic and biological meshes. It summarizes various studies that have found complication rates ranging from 0-39% for synthetic meshes and 0-64% for biological meshes. While mesh may be preferable for recurrent or complex cases, there is no strong evidence currently to support its routine use in POP surgery. Further research through RCTs and pooled audits is still needed.
The document discusses several potential postpartum complications including postpartum hemorrhage, infection, urinary incontinence, prolapse, and mental health issues. Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality and can be life-threatening, with causes such as uterine atony, lacerations, and retained placenta. Other complications include infection, urinary incontinence, structural issues like prolapse, and mental health issues such as postpartum depression. Prevention, early assessment, and treatment are emphasized to manage complications.
This document provides an overview of abdominal anatomy terminology and structures. It discusses the internal coverings of the abdomen including the peritoneum and mesenteries. It then covers the blood supply and innervation of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Finally, it discusses some common congenital abnormalities that can occur in embryonic development of the gastrointestinal tract.
Gebelik Kolestazı -Cholestasis of Pregnancy - www.jinekolojivegebelik.comjinekolojivegebelik.com
1. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is characterized by pruritus and jaundice in the last trimester of pregnancy, and can recur in subsequent pregnancies.
2. Laboratory findings include elevated serum bile acids and liver enzymes. The condition can cause complications like preterm birth and fetal distress.
3. Treatment focuses on relieving pruritus through medications like cholestyramine, antihistamines, phenobarbital, and ursodeoxycholic acid. Delivery may be indicated if symptoms are severe or fetal well-being is compromised.
PCOS is a common hormonal disorder characterized by oligomenorrhea and hyperandrogenism. It can cause long term health risks like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and endometrial cancer. Management involves lifestyle changes like weight loss through diet and exercise to improve symptoms. Medications may be used to treat irregular periods, hirsutism, and help with ovulation induction and fertility. Screening for metabolic complications is recommended due to increased risk.
PCOS was first described in 1935 and affects 5-10% of women of reproductive age, making it the most common endocrine disorder. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. Patients often see multiple medical practitioners before receiving a correct diagnosis of PCOS due to its variable signs and symptoms. Women with PCOS are also at higher risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic complications. Lifestyle interventions including diet and exercise can help manage symptoms and reduce health risks associated with PCOS.
Case 1 involves a 17-year-old female with primary amenorrhea who has normal development and health history. Her physical exam and labs are normal except she is underweight. She likely has hypothalamic amenorrhea due to inadequate calorie and fat intake and should be evaluated for an eating disorder.
Case 2 is a 24-year-old woman with secondary amenorrhea and irregular periods. She is overweight with signs of PCOS like acne and hirsutism. Her labs show elevated testosterone and cystic ovaries on ultrasound consistent with a diagnosis of PCOS.
Case 3 is a 29-year-old with secondary amenorrhea and a history of spontaneous abortion and D&
2. Üriner inkontinans(Üİ): Sosyal ya da hijyenik açıdan sorun olan, istemsiz idrar kaçırma durumudur. Stress üriner inkontinans(SÜİ): Detrüsör kontraksiyonu veye mesanenin aşırı distansiyonu olmaksızın öksürme, aksırma, gülme gibi nedenlerle karın içi basınç artışına bağlı istemsiz idrar kaçırmadır. Urge inkontinans: Sık idrar yapma ve ani, güçlü bir işeme isteği ile birlikte idrar kaybı şikayetidir. Tanım
3. Prevalans * Elving ve ark. 30-59 yaş arası kadınlarda Üİ oranı % 26 *M. Işıkoğlu ve ark. Postmenapozal kadınlarda SÜİ %50 Premenapozal kadınlarda%21,6 15-64 yaş arası kadınlarda % 15-25
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7. İskelet destek: Kemik pelvis, pelvik yapılara destek sağlayan bir kafes oluşturur. Pelvik taban; önde symphysis pubis, arkada sakrum ve yanlarda spina ischiadica arasında kalmakta olup, ligamentöz desteğe sahiptir .
8. Pelvik diyafram: Pelvik organların ve endopelvik fasyanın hemen altında pelvik diyafram adı verilen ve abdominopelvik kavite içerikleri için primer destek görevi gören çizgili kas ve fasya tabakası yer almaktadır.
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10. Arcus tendineus Spina ischiadica ve symphysis pubisin alt kısmı arasında, pelvik fasyanın lineer yoğunlaşması olup baskın olarak m. obturatorius internus’tan gelişir ve anterior pelvik diyaframın geniş kısmı için muskülofasyal orijin sağlar.
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19. Alt Üriner Sistem Disfonksiyonunun Değerlendirilmesi: - Öykü - Geçmiş tıbbi öykü -Fizik muayene -Rutin Ürolojik inceleme -Boney testi -Pesser testi -Ürodinamik çalışmalar
23. SLİNG OPERASYONLARI Sling operasyonları; SÜİ’ın hem hipermobiliteden hem de intrensek sfinkter yetmezliğinden(İSY) kaynaklandığı durumlarda primer tedavi yöntemidir .
24. Sling operasyonlarının cerrahi amaçları; mesane boynu ve midüretraya elastik destek sağlamak, vagen duvarı ile alttaki dokulara güçlü bir hamak oluşturmaktır.
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26. Sling cerrahisi için pek çok teknik tanımlanmıştır. Teknikteki farklılıklar; cerrahi yaklaşımlar ve sling olarak kullanılan materyalden kaynaklanır
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28. Başarılı bir sling operasyonu için; * Cerrah vaginal ve retropubik anatomiye hakim olmalıdır. * Vaginal disseksiyon vaginal duvarın hemen altındaki beyaz parlak puboservikal fasyaya kadar olmalıdır. * Sling doğru pozisyonda oturtulmalıdır. * Fazla sıkı veya gevşek olmamalıdır.
29. M. rektus abdominus fasyası ile sling operasyonu tekniği -Sling materyali olarak m. rektus abdominis kasının fasyası kullanılır. -Midüretra bölgesinde vagen ön duvarına insizyon yapılır. -Vaginal duvar periüretral fasyadan keskince disseke edilir. -Her iki yanda sling için tünel hazırlanır. -Vagendeki insizyondan retropubik boşluğa geçilir. -Suprapubik bölgeden gönderilen klemp retropubik tünelden geçirilir. -Slingin uçları klemple yukarı taşınır. -Sling materyali periüretral dokuya suture edilir.
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33. Tension –Free Vaginal Tape (TVT) Operasyonu Bu teknik ilk olarak Ulf Ulmsten ve Peter Petros tarafından Üİ tedavisinde ayaktan uygulanabilecak yeni bir teknik olan ‘ intravaginal slingoplasti operasyonu’ olarak 1995’te bildirilmiştir.
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35. Sling materyali adeziv yapısından dolayı kaymaz. Doku reaksiyonu, tape’nin uzunluğu boyunca longitudinal kollagen depozisyonuna neden olur. Kollagen skar, puboüretral ligamente destek sağlar. Bu artifisiyel destek SÜİ oluşumunu engeller.
36. TVT; prolen(polypropylene) mesh tape ve ona birleşik iki paslanmaz iğneden oluşur. İntroducer aracın vagenden pubik bölgeye yerleştirilmesine yardımcı olur.
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40. Ulmsten ve ark.’nın 4 yıllık takiplerini içeren çalışmasında; operasyonun başarı oranı % 91 olarak bildirilmiş ve uzun dönemde bariz bir komplikasyona rastlanmamıştır.
41. Mickey M. Karram ve ark; 4 yıl boyunca yaptıkları 350 TVT olgusunun retrospektif incelemesinde * İntraoperatif komplikasyonlar; Mesane perforasyonu 17 (%4.9) Aşırı kanama 3 (%0.9) *Postoperatif komplikasyonlar Miksiyon problemi 17 (%4.9) Üretral erezyon 3 (%0,9) Hematom 6 (%1.7) Sinir zedelenmesi 3 (%0.9) Antikolinerjik tedavi gereksinimi 42 (%12) Rekürren İYE 38 (%10.9) Düzelme veya kür oranını % 82
42. C.R.Rardin ve ark. TVT yapılan 245 olguda Primer SÜİ olan hastalarda kür oranı % 87 Rekürren SÜİ olan hastalarda kür oranı%85 Primer SÜİ ile karşılaştırıldığında rekürren SÜİ olan hastalarda da oldukça efektif bir tedavi seçeneğidir.
43. IVS Tunneller - IVS tunneller kiti atravmatik künt bir uca sahiptir. - Kanatlı bir tutaç kısım içerir. - Multiflament örgülü polyprophylen mesh tape yüzey yapısı nedeni ile kaymaz. - Özel aralıkları sayesinde minimal akut inflamasyon oluşturarak destek fibröz dokunun oluşması için ortam sağlar.
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45. Operasyon Tekniği - Vagen ön duvarına, midüretral bölgeden,1.5 cm’lik midline insizyon yapılır - Bilateral yaklaşık 2 cm genişlikte paraüretral lateral cepler disseke edilir. - IVS Tunneller kiti symphysis pubise teğet olacak şekilde ilerletilerek endopelvik fasya perfore edilmek suretiyle hemen pubik kemik sınırından,önce rektus fasyası ardından da ciltaltı dokuları geçilerek cilde ulaşılır. - Mesh midüretral bölgeye yerleştirilerek uçları cilt üzerinden kesilir. - Sistoskopik kontrol yapılır. - Vagen mukozası 3/0 vicryl ile suture edilir.
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47. Transobturator askı Perineal bir yaklaşım kullanılarak gergisiz bant askının iki obturator delik arasına yerleştirilmesidir.
50. Pubouretral ligaman & TOT askı Pubouretral ligamanın doğal pozisyonu TOT askı
51. Literatür TVT TOT Olgu sayısı 31 30 Ort.op.süresi (min) 26.5 ± 7 14.8 ± 4 (p<0.001) Mesane yaralanması 3 0 (p>0.05) Postop üriner retansiyon 8 4 (p>0.05) Objektif kür oranları Kür %83.9 %90 (p>0.05) İyileşme %9.6 %3.3 (p>0.05) Başarısız %6.5 %6.7 (p>0.05) Subjektif kür oranları Çok memnun %64.5 %60 (p>0.05) Memnun %32.3 %26.7 (p>0.05) Memnun değil %3.2 %13.3 (p>0.05) * deTayrac etal, A prospective randomized trail comparing tension-free vaginal tape and transobturator suburethral tape for surgical treatment of stres urinary incontinence, Am J Obs Gynecol (2004) 190, 602-8
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53. Komplikasyonlar - İdrar retansiyonu - Detrüsör instabilitesi - Slingin dikkatsiz malpozisyonu -Yara enfeksiyonu - Slinge ve sling suturlerine bağlı ağrı - Mesane perforasyonu - Slingin üretrayı erezyonu
54. 90 TOT 83 TVT De Tayrac va ark(2004) 88 IVS Tuneller 6-12 Petros ve ark (1999) 82 TVT M.M.Karram ve ark(2003) 91 L/S Burch 12-24 Hannah ve ark(1996) 89 Burch 93 Sling(Rektus fasyası/F. Lata) 10-12 Marinkovic ve ark(1998) Başarı(%) Metod Başarı(%) Metod Takip süresi(ay)
55. Sling operasyonları; -Minimal invaziv -Etkin -Başarı oranı yüksek -Kolay uygulanabilir Üi tedavisinde, özellikle de Tip III SÜİ’ta ‘gold standart’ olarak kabul edilmektedir.