Similar to Water Productivity and Profitability of Climate Resilient Rice-Based Cropping Systems in Water-Scarce Agro-ecosystems of Bulacan J.A. Valdez
Nutrition-sensitive Landscapes - Biodiversity as a win win in Barotse, ZambiaBioversity International
Similar to Water Productivity and Profitability of Climate Resilient Rice-Based Cropping Systems in Water-Scarce Agro-ecosystems of Bulacan J.A. Valdez (20)
2. Implementing Agency : Bulacan Agricultural State College (BASC)
San Ildefonso, Bulacan
Researcher : Dr. Josie A. Valdez
College Professor, BASC
Project Duration : 2014-2015
Project Cost : PhP 1 Million
Funding Agency : Department of Agriculture
Regional Field Office 3
3. RATIONALE
Major causes of increasing scarcity and decreasing
quality of fresh water and soil are:
- drought
-climate change
-influence of human activities
-population growth
- land use changes
4. Province of Bulacan
- 30,000 hectares will become water-scarce due to the absence of irrigation
in dry season and water availability per capita will be further decreased
need to bring in urgent measures for enhancing the water use
efficiency in the province for food production to achieve the target of
inclusive growth and food security.
food production can be increased substantially in water-scarce areas through
enhanced water use efficiency measures, adopting more resilient crops, and
appropriate farming systems and cultural management approaches.
5. OBJECTIVES
The study generally aims to evaluate climate
resilient rice-based cropping systems
through efficient utilization and
management of the available but limited
water resource in the water-scarce
agroecosystems of Bulacan such as rainfed,
upland and tail-end of irrigation systems.
6. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. determine yield, agronomic response and water use of crop
grown during the cropping season
2. evaluate water productivity of the different
cropping systems
3. determine soil fertility levels before and after the
cropping season
4. assess the profitability of the different cropping
systems
5. document the potentials and constraints of the
recommended best-bet cropping systems at
different water-scarce agroecosystems
7. Research Site: Water-scarce Agroecosystems
(1) tail-end of irrigation systems
(2) lowland rainfed
(3) upland rainfed
Agroecosystems - different design on cropping systems based on -
a. preferred major crops grown by the farmers,
b. access on irrigation water,
c. rainfall pattern, and
d. access to production inputs and market windows.
METHODOLOGY
8. Treatments: Climate Resilient Rice-Based Cropping
Systems
1. Irrigated Agroecosystem – Tail-end
Wet Season Dry Season
Transplanted Paddy (TP) Follow Farmers’ Practice, (FP)
Aerobic Rice Technology (ART) Direct Wet Seeded (DWS) Rice -
Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD)
using Pump Systems, PS
TP DWS- AWD using PS
TP Mungbean (Using residual
soil moisture, RSM)
9. Wet Season Dry Season
TP Farmers’ Practice
TP Vegetables (FP)
TP Mungbean using RSM
ART Mungbean using RSM
ART DWS-AWD using PS
ART Peanut using RSM
2. Lowland Rainfed Agroecosystem
10. Wet Season Dry Season
ART Vegetables
ART Cassava
ART Sweet Potato using RSM
ART Mungbean using RSM
3. Upland Rainfed Agroecosystem
11. Experimental Plots & Replication
Use the existing paddy field of the selected farmer
cooperators.
Treatments were replicated into 3 which are the same with the
number of farmer cooperators.
12. Data Gathered:
1. Water inputs (rainfall & irrigation)
2. Soil moisture content
3. Soil fertility levels , before & after cropping season
4. Agronomic data (tiller count, plant height, etc)
5. Grain yield & biomass
6. Penology (date of planting, flowering and harvest)
7. Cost and return of production
8. Farmers feedbacks
13. Data Analysis
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Comparison of treatment means -
Least Significant Difference (LSD)
Built-in functions under Excel Windows Program - to
compute, organize and plot collected data
14. Water Productivity
Water productivity – expressed as crop production per unit volume of water (Ali & Talukder,
2008)
WP – CY/VW
CY – crop yield, kilograms
VW – volume of water used, m-3
Water productivity (WP) is defined as the economic value of all crop production activities per
unit volume of available water supply within a command area (Burt, 2002)
WP= VTP/AWS(PhP m-3)
where: VTP - total production value in the
command area , (PhP)
AWS - available water supply in the command
area (m-3)
16. FARM NO. - NAME
OF FARMER –
COOPERATOR
LOCATION OF FARM Experimental
Area
Soil texture and
Land Description
Source of Water Cropping System
(Wet Season + Dry Season)
Date of
Planting
Date of
Harvesting
1. Reynato Torres Mataas na Parang,
San Ildefonso,
Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy loam Penaranda
Irrigation system
with water
impounding
Transplanted Rice + Farmer’s Practice –
NSIC Rc 10
Oct.19,2014 Jan.19,2015
2. Danilo G. Cruz Kalawitan, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Silt loam Penaranda
Irrigation system
Transplanted Rice + Farmer’s Practice –
NSIC Rc 23
Dec.11,2014 March.20, 2015
3. Juanito Silverio Mataas na Parang,
San Ildefonso,
Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Penaranda
Irrigation system
with water
impounding
Transplanted Rice + Farmer’s Practice –
NSIC Rc 23
Oct.26,2014 Jan.26,2015
4. Rodolfo Mariano Nabaong Garlang,
San Ildefonso,
Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy loam Irrigation system
with water
impounding
Aerobic Rice Technology (ART) + Direct
Wet Seeded Rice (DWS) , Alternate
Wetting Drying (AWD – NSIC Rc 23
Oct.10,2014 Jan.10,2015
5. Ruben Toledo Pulong Tamo, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy loam Angat Irrigation
system
Aerobic Rice Technology (ART) + Direct
Wet Seeded Rice (DWS) , Alternate
Wetting Drying (AWD) – NSIC Rc 23
Nov.26,2014 March.13,2015
6. Danilo Mempin Pulong Tamo, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy loam Angat Irrigation
system
Aerobic Rice Technology (ART) + Direct
Wet Seeded Rice (DWS) , Alternate
Wetting Drying (AWD) – NSIC Rc 23
Dec 15,2015 March.29,2015
7. Rosalinda
Vitalista
Pulong Tamo, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy loam Angat Irrigation
system
Transplanted +DWS Rice-AWD, pump
system, NSIC Rc 23
Dec 5,2015 March.14,2015
8 Elie Magisa Pulong Tamo, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy loam Angat Irrigation
system
Transplanted +DWS Rice-AWD, pump
system, NSIC Rc 23
Dec 15, 2015 March.29,2015
9. Gerbacio Valerio Pulong Tamo, San
Ildefoso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy loam Angat Irrigation
system
Transplanted +DWS Rice-AWD, pump
system, NSIC Rc 23
Nov 26,2014 March 14,2015
10. Rolando
Gatbunton
Mataas na Parang,
San Ildefonso,
Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy, clay loam Tail-end of
Penaranda
Irrigation system
Transplanted Rice + Mungbean (using
residual moisture, RSM)
Dec.7,2014 Feb 19, 2015
11. Zaldy
Concepcion
Mataas na Parang,
San Ildefonso,
Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy, clay loam Tail-end of
Penaranda
Irrigation system
Transplanted Rice + Mungbean (using
residual moisture, RSM
Nov.7,2014 Jan.24,15
12. Rodolfo Alba Mataas na Parang,
SIB
5000 m2 Sandy, clay loam Tail End of
Penaranda
Irrigation system
Transplanted Rice + Mungbean (using
residual moisture, RSM
Nov.10,2014 No harvest
Table 1. Profile of the Experimental Areas per Agroecosystem
•Irrigated Agroecosystem (Tail-End of Irrigation System )
17. FARM NO.- NAME OF
FARMER COOPERATOR
LOCATION OF FARM Experimental
Area
Soil characteristics Source of Water Cropping System
(Wet Season + Dry Season)
Date of Planting Date of
Harvesting
13. Nemencio
Concepcion
Mataas na Parang, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed with dug
well
Transplanted Rice + Farmer’s Practice – NSIC
Rc -23
Nov.9,2014 Feb.23,2015
14. Rodrigo Garcia Mataas na Parang, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed with dug
well
Transplanted Rice + Farmer’s Practice – NSIC
Rc 23
Nov.3,2014 Feb.8,2015
15. Renil Pahati Mataas na Parang, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed with SFR Rice + Farmer’s Practice – NSIC Rc 23 Nov.16,2014 Feb.27,2015
16. Julius Laos Mataas na Parang, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
2000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed with SFR Transplanted Rice + Vegetable (Pepper Oct. 18, 2014 Dec. 29, 2014
17. Josefina Concepcion Mataas na Parang, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
2000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed with dug
well
Transplanted Rice + Vegetable (Bitter Gourd) Dec 13, ,2014 Feb. 11, 2015
18. Fujie Vijandre Pinaod, San Ildefonso,
Bulacan
5000 m2 Silt loam Rainfed with SFR &
Dug Well
Transplanted Rice + Vegetable (Bitter Gourd) Nov.13,2014 Jan 20. 2015
19. Fidelito Enriquez Pinaod, San Ildefonso,
Bulacan
2000 m2 Sandy loam Rainfed Transplanted Rice + Mungbean using RSM Dec 10, 2014 No harvest
20. Antonio Verayo Pinaod, San Ildefonso,
Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy loam Rainfed with Deep
Well
Transplanted Rice + Mungbean using RSM Nov 14,2014 Feb 16,2015
21. Rolando Angeles Mataas na Parang, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loams Rainfed Transplanted Rice + Mungbean using RSM Feb 9,2014 No harvest
due to lack of
water
22. Apolinario Placido Pinaod, San Ildlefonso,
Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loams Rainfed ART + Mungbean using RSM Dec.10,2014 No harvest
due to lack of
water
23. Glenn Pahati Pinaod, San Ildefonso,
Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed ART + Mungbean using RSM Oct 3, 2014 Dec 27, 2014
24. Ramon Dela Cruz Mataas na Parang, San
Ildefonso, Bulalcan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed ART + Mungbean using RSM Dec 14, 2014 No harvest
due to lack of
water
25. Florencio Estares Mataas Na Parang, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed ART + DWS rice –AWD, PS, NSIC Rc 23 Nov 16, 2014 No harvest
due to lack of
water
26. Pribado Pahati Mataas na Parang, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed with SFR ART + DWS rice –AWD, PS, NSIC Rc 23 Oct 26, 2014 Jan.27, 2014
27. Moises Valino Santa Catalina Bata, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Silt loam Rainfed with small
farm reservoir
ART + DWS rice –AWD, PS, NSIC Rc 23 Dec.14,2014 No harvest
due to lack of
water
28. Narciso Baltazar Mataas na Parang, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed ART + Peanut using RSM Dec.8,2014 Feb.2,2015
29. Daiseree Baltazar Mataas na Parang, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed ART + Peanut using RSM Dec.8,2014 Feb.2,2015
30 . Ramon dela Cruz Mataas na Parang, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed ART + Peanut using RSM Dec.14,2014 Feb. 13, 2015
•Lowland Rainfed Agroecosystem
18. FARM N0.- NAME OF
FARMER
COOPERATOR
FARM LOCATION Experimental
Area
Soil texture Source of Water Cropping System
(Wet Season + Dry
Season)
Date of Planting Date of Harvesting
31. Jandel Pablo Mataas na Parang,
San Ildefonso,
Bulacan
2000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed with Dug Well ART + Vegetable (Pepper) Dec.02,2014 Feb. 20, 2015
32. Orlando Aguilar Mataas na Parang,
San Ildefonso, Bulacan
2000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed with SFR ART + Vegetable (Pepper Dec.18,2014 Feb.2,2015
33. Peter Ponce Mataas na Parang,
San Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed with SFR ART + Vegetable (Pepper Dec.18,2014 Feb.2,2015
34. Belinda Alba Mataas na Parang,
San Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed ART + Cassava Oct.26,2014 No harvest due to
the problem on the
planting material
35. Oswe Regalado Alagao, San Ildefonso,
Bulacan
5000 m2 Loam Rainfed ART + Cassava Nov.12,2014 May 24, 2015
36. Cresencio
Ocampo
Buhol na Mangga, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy loam Rainfed ART + Cassava Dec.26,2014 No harvest due to
the problem on the
planting material
37. Petronilo
Catacutan
Pinaod, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Silty clay loams Rainfed with SFR ART + Sweetpotato Nov.9,2015 Feb. 9. 2015
38. Ryan Aquino Bohol na Mangga, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Clay loam Rainfed with
supplemental
irrigation – pump from
river
ART + Sweetpotato Nov. 12,2014 Feb. 25, 2015
39. Freddie Herrera Bohol na Mangga, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Clay loam Rainfed with
supplemental
irrigation – pump from
river
ART + Sweetpotato Nov.12,2014 Feb. 25, 2015
40 . Ramon
Catacutan
PInaod, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Silty clay loam Rainfed with SFR ART + Mungbean NoV.17,2014 Feb.2,2015
41. Orlando Aguilar Mataas na Parang,
San Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed ART + Mungbean Oct.14,2014 No harvest
42. Peter Ponce Mataas na parang,
San Ildefonso, Bulacan
5000 m2 Sandy clay loam Rainfed ART + Mungbean Oct.1,2014 No harvest
Upland Rainfed
Agroecosystem
21. 0.0
10000.0
20000.0
30000.0
40000.0
50000.0
60000.0
70000.0
80000.0
90000.0
100000.0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Mungbean
Rice
Vegetable
Ric
Peanut
Cassava
Tail-end of IS Lowland Rainfed Upland Rainfed
EXPERIMENTAL FARM NUMBER
Volume
of
Water
Used,
cubic
meters
per
hectare
Figure 2. Calculated Volume of Water Used in the 42 Experimental Areas, San Ildefonso,
Bulacan, Dry-Season Cropping, 2014-2015
Rice
Mungbea
n
Pepper
Mungbean
Sweetpotato
22. AGROECOSYSTEM/CROPPING
SYSTEM
AVE. PLANT
HEIGHT AT
HARVEST
(cm)
AVE. NO. OF
PRODUCTIVE
TILLER AT
HARVEST
AVE.
STRAW
WEIGHT,
gm
AVE.
WEIGHT
OF 1000
GRAINS,
gm
AVE. YIELD,
tons/ha
IRRIGATED (Tail-End)
AGROECOSYSTEM, IAE
IAE1 = TP + FP 104.5a 6.55a 1.62a 1.56a 2.477a
IAE2 = ART + DWS- AWD 95.8a 7.32a 1.11ab 1.52a 2.430a
IAE3=TP+DWS-AWD, PS 92.53a 7.11a 1.34ab 1.77a 2.222a
LOWLAND RAINFED
AGROECOSYSTEM, LRAE
LRAE1 = TP+FP 100.49a 6.44a 1.17ab 1.38a 2.010a
LRAE5 = ART + DWS-AWD, PS 40.35a 4.65a 0.33b 0.27a 0.666b
Table 3. Growth and Yield Components of Rice at Different Cropping Systems in the
Tail-end of Irrigation System and Lowland Rainfed Agroecosystems of
San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Dry season, 2014-2015.
23. AGROECOSYSTEM
AVE.
PLANT
HEIGHT AT
HARVEST,
cm
AVE.
BRANCH
COUNT, 60
DAE
AVE. NO.
OF PODS
PER PLANT
AVE. YIELD,
kg/ha
IRRIGATED AGROECOSYSTEM, IAE
IAE4 –TP + mungbean 44.96 3.33 9.10 301.61
LOWLAND RAINFED
AGROECOSYSTEM, LRAE
LRAE3 = TP+ mungbean 12.26 1.77 5.00 0.00
LRAE4= ART + mungbean 19.48 1.77 4.22a 110.08
UPLAND RAINFED
AGROECOSYSTEM, URAE
URAE4 = ART + Mungbean 13.26 1.77 1.66 199.03
Table 4. Growth and Yield Components of Mungbean at Different Cropping Systems in
the Tail-end of Irrigation System, Lowland and Upland Rainfed Agroecosystem
of San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Dry season, 2014-2015.
24. AGROECOSYSTEM AVE. INITIAL
PLANT
HEIGHT, cm
AVE. MAX.
PLANT
HEIGHT, cm
AVE. YIELD,
kg/ha
LOWLAND RAINFED
AGROECOSYSTEM, LRAE
LRAE2 = TP + Vegetable
(Ampalaya)
14.96 94.61 8,000
UPLAND RAINFED
AGROECOSYSTEM, URAE
URAE1= ART + Vegetable
(Pepper)
15.50 79.78 1,778
Table 5. Growth and Yield Components of Vegetables at a Cropping System
in the Lowland and Upland Rainfed Agroecosystems of San Ildefonso,
Bulacan, Dry-sesason, 2014-2015.
25. AGROECOSYSTEM AVE. PLANT
HEIGHT AT
HARVEST, cm
AVE. BRANCH
COUNT AT
HAR VEST
AVE. NO.
OF PODS
PER PLANT
AVE.
YIELD,
kg/ha.
LOWLAND RAINFED
AGROECOSYSTEM, LRAE
LRAE6 = ART + Peanut 33.33 6.55 23.55 1,222.5
Table 6. Growth and Yield Components of Peanut in Lowland Rainfed Agroecosystem
of San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Dry season, 2014-2015.
26. AGROECOSYSTEM AVE.
PLANT
HEIGHT AT
HARVEST,
cm
AVE.
BRANCH
COUNT AT
HAR VEST
AVE. NO.
OF TUBERS
PER PLANT
AVE.
YIELD,
tons/ha.
UPLAND RAINFED
AGROECOSYSTEM, URAE
URAE2= ART + Cassava 180.33 4.33 14.66 9.42
Table 7. Growth and Yield Components of Cassava in an Upland Rainfed
Agroecosystem of San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Dry season, 2014-2015.
27. AGROECOSYSTEMON AVE. VINE
LENGHT AT
HARVEST,
cm
AVE.
BRANCH
COUNT AT
HAR VEST
AVE. NO. OF
TUBERS PER
PLANT
AVE. YIELD,
tons/ha.
UPLAND RAINFED
AGROECOSYSTEM, URAE
URAE3 = ART +
Sweetpotato
104.16 3.10 3.80 6.43
Table 8. Growth and Yield Components of Sweetpotato in an
Upland Rainfed Agroecosystems of San Ildefonso, Bulacan,
Dry season, 2014-2015.
31. AGROECOSYSTEM FARM NUMBER
IRRIGATED
AGROECOSYSTEM, IAE F1 F2 F3
BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER
IAE1 = TP + FP HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM
IAE2 = ART + DWS- AWD LOW HIGH LOW LOW HIGH HIGH
IAE3- TP+DWS-AWD, PS HIGH LOW LOW HIGH LOW LOW
IAE4 –TP + mungbean LOW HIGH LOW MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM
LOWLAND RAINFED
AGROECOSYSTEM, LRAE
LRAE1 = TP+FP LOW HIGH HIGH LOW MEDIUM LOW
LRAE2 = TP + Vegetables MEDIUM HIGH HIGH LOW MEDIUM LOW
LRAE3 = TP+ mungbean MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM HIGH
LRAE4= ART + mungbean LOW LOW LOW HIGH MEDIUM LOW
LRAE5 = ART + DWS-AWD,
PS
HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH
LRAE6 = ART + Peanut HIGH MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH
UPLAND RAINFED
AGROECOSYSTEM, URAE
URAE1= ART + Vegetables HIGH MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM LOW LOW
URAE2= ART + Cassava LOW MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM HIGH LOW
URAE3 = ART + Sweetpotato LOW MEDIUM LOW HIGH LOW LOW
URAE4 = ART + Mungbean LOW MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM
Table 4. Soil Nutrient Analysis (Before and After Cropping Season,
San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Dry Season, 2014-2015
NITROGEN
32. AGROECOSYSTEM FARM NUMBER
IRRIGATED
AGROECOSYSTEM, IAE F1
F2
F3
BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER
IAE1 = TP + FP LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW MEDIUM
IAE2 = ART + DWS- AWD LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW LOW MEDIUM
IAE3- TP+DWS-AWD, PS LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW HIGH
IAE4 –TP + mungbean LOW LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM
LOWLAND RAINFED
AGROECOSYSTEM, LRAE
LRAE1 = TP+FP LOW MEDIUM LOW LOW LOW MEDIUM
LRAE2 = TP + Vegetables LOW MEDIUM LOW LOW LOW MEDIUM
LRAE3 = TP+ mungbean LOW LOW LOW MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM
LRAE4= ART + mungbean LOW MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM
LRAE5 = ART + DWS-AWD,
PS
LOW HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM
LRAE6 = ART + Peanut MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM
UPLAND RAINFED
AGROECOSYSTEM, URAE
URAE1= ART + Vegetables LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW MEDIUM
URAE2= ART + Cassava LOW LOW LOW LOW HIGH MEDIUM
URAE3 = ART + Sweetpotato LOW LOW LOW MEDIUM LOW LOW
URAE4 = ART + Mungbean LOW LOW MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW
PHOSPHOROUS
