In India, dense historic urban settlements were developed with the intention of provision of spaces for adequate engagement of the people. Public squares and streets became important places of interaction. ‘Historic core,’ espe-cially had public spaces meant for various socioeconomic groups. Ahmedabad city is a blend of a harmonious past and a vivacious present. Number of historical and architecturally important buildings were built during Muslim and Moghul rules. One of the first built structures within the walled city is the Bhadra fort, a citadel founded by sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 with a huge public square in front, developed for purpose of procession and gathering. This Bhadra precinct went through various layers of transformation in different eras and now have become vulner-able due to congestion and encroachment. Though, a need for intervention was felt to bring back the lost vitality of the Bhadra precinct, it was realized that a comprehensive approach would be the necessity. Conservation and sensitive development approach was taken to tackle this problem through pedestrianization of the Bhadra precinct, re-routing of traffic and restoration of Bhadra fort. Larger level traffic and parking issues were also considered be-yond the site. Alternative use of Bhadra fort as tourist information center was considered. Urban design guidelines were proposed for harmonious development in the surrounding area. This proposal was considered for funding under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JnNURM)and was implemented. Many issues were faced during implementation of Bhadra project due to contextualization of informal commercial, religious and other cultural activities. Political, social and administrative factors also played immense role in implementation of proposal. Now since Ahmedabad has achieved the status of World Heritage City through UNESCO certification further implementation of this project will be relatively easy due to envisaged strong political and administrative support.
This document discusses several case studies of urban heritage projects in India that demonstrate good practices in conservation and management. It highlights four key categories: 1) Developing institutional infrastructure like heritage cells within local governments; 2) Integrating heritage into urban planning frameworks like master plans; 3) Revitalizing heritage areas through urban renewal focused on economic regeneration and upgrading environments; and 4) Engaging communities through participatory mapping and awareness programs. Example projects described include conservation efforts in Ahmedabad and Hyderabad, heritage management planning in Jaipur, urban renewal initiatives in Pondicherry and Muziris, and community mapping in West Bengal. The document emphasizes the importance of recognizing heritage as an asset, integrating it into urban planning, and
C.A. Doxiadis was a Greek architect and town planner who is best known for designing the city of Islamabad, Pakistan's capital city. He graduated with architectural engineering and doctoral degrees from universities in Athens and Berlin. Doxiadis planned Islamabad according to hierarchical and sustainable principles - the city has extensive green spaces integrated throughout and a transportation network that separates vehicles, public transit, bicycles and pedestrians to reduce congestion. The master plan for Islamabad and the surrounding region was based on Doxiadis' concept of a "Dynametropolis", allowing the areas to dynamically expand over time.
Urban conservation techniques and strategies mainly followed in the INDIA.This is done for my friends in B.ARCH(VIIth semester) JNAFAU & JNTUK.
University.
Varanasi is an ancient city located in Uttar Pradesh on the banks of the Ganges River. It has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and cool winters. The city has experienced significant growth over time, from its traditional core established by the 2nd century BC to expansion during the British colonial period and contemporary development. Varanasi is renowned for its religious importance to Hindus and 84 ghats along the Ganges where religious ceremonies are performed. The city also has a rich cultural heritage seen in its arts, crafts, architecture and educational institutions like Banaras Hindu University.
This document is a thesis report submitted by Mokshika Balana for their B.Arch 10th semester at Guru Nanak Dev University. It discusses the proposed design of a Central Business District in Amritsar, Punjab. The objectives are to provide commercial, cultural and social activities in an accessible environment. The methodology includes a literature review on CBDs, case studies of existing CBDs, site analysis, and formulation of a design concept and proposal. Key aspects to be addressed include connectivity, safety, comfort and compatibility of land uses.
New delhiplanning by Sir Edvin Lutyens (planning & concept).Ar. Shri krishna
This document summarizes the architectural journey in India from the Mughal period to the British period when Sir Edwin Lutyens designed New Delhi. It describes key buildings from different Mughal rulers like Humayun's Tomb, Taj Mahal, and Red Fort, highlighting their architectural styles and elements. It then discusses the layout and buildings of Lutyens' New Delhi, including the Central Secretariat and Rashtrapati Bhavan. The document provides historical context on the transition from Mughal to British rule in India and the shaping of New Delhi as the capital city.
The Kashmere Gate ISBT in Delhi is the oldest and largest bus terminal in India, serving buses from Delhi and six surrounding states. Located in North Delhi near the Red Fort, the ISBT underwent renovations to become a modern, airport-like facility with amenities like an air conditioned waiting lounge, food court, and glass elevator. The redeveloped terminal provides state-of-the-art conveniences for passengers like WiFi, LCD screens, CCTV, and clean public facilities.
Urban Design-Literature study St. Marks Road, BangaloreAnsh Agarwal
Urban Planning
Literature study of St. Marks Road, Bangalore.
Includes:
1. Road Details
2. Survey Details & Analysis
3. Action Needed
4. Proposals
5. Action Made
6. Before & After Scenerio
7. Anatomy of Changes
This document discusses several case studies of urban heritage projects in India that demonstrate good practices in conservation and management. It highlights four key categories: 1) Developing institutional infrastructure like heritage cells within local governments; 2) Integrating heritage into urban planning frameworks like master plans; 3) Revitalizing heritage areas through urban renewal focused on economic regeneration and upgrading environments; and 4) Engaging communities through participatory mapping and awareness programs. Example projects described include conservation efforts in Ahmedabad and Hyderabad, heritage management planning in Jaipur, urban renewal initiatives in Pondicherry and Muziris, and community mapping in West Bengal. The document emphasizes the importance of recognizing heritage as an asset, integrating it into urban planning, and
C.A. Doxiadis was a Greek architect and town planner who is best known for designing the city of Islamabad, Pakistan's capital city. He graduated with architectural engineering and doctoral degrees from universities in Athens and Berlin. Doxiadis planned Islamabad according to hierarchical and sustainable principles - the city has extensive green spaces integrated throughout and a transportation network that separates vehicles, public transit, bicycles and pedestrians to reduce congestion. The master plan for Islamabad and the surrounding region was based on Doxiadis' concept of a "Dynametropolis", allowing the areas to dynamically expand over time.
Urban conservation techniques and strategies mainly followed in the INDIA.This is done for my friends in B.ARCH(VIIth semester) JNAFAU & JNTUK.
University.
Varanasi is an ancient city located in Uttar Pradesh on the banks of the Ganges River. It has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and cool winters. The city has experienced significant growth over time, from its traditional core established by the 2nd century BC to expansion during the British colonial period and contemporary development. Varanasi is renowned for its religious importance to Hindus and 84 ghats along the Ganges where religious ceremonies are performed. The city also has a rich cultural heritage seen in its arts, crafts, architecture and educational institutions like Banaras Hindu University.
This document is a thesis report submitted by Mokshika Balana for their B.Arch 10th semester at Guru Nanak Dev University. It discusses the proposed design of a Central Business District in Amritsar, Punjab. The objectives are to provide commercial, cultural and social activities in an accessible environment. The methodology includes a literature review on CBDs, case studies of existing CBDs, site analysis, and formulation of a design concept and proposal. Key aspects to be addressed include connectivity, safety, comfort and compatibility of land uses.
New delhiplanning by Sir Edvin Lutyens (planning & concept).Ar. Shri krishna
This document summarizes the architectural journey in India from the Mughal period to the British period when Sir Edwin Lutyens designed New Delhi. It describes key buildings from different Mughal rulers like Humayun's Tomb, Taj Mahal, and Red Fort, highlighting their architectural styles and elements. It then discusses the layout and buildings of Lutyens' New Delhi, including the Central Secretariat and Rashtrapati Bhavan. The document provides historical context on the transition from Mughal to British rule in India and the shaping of New Delhi as the capital city.
The Kashmere Gate ISBT in Delhi is the oldest and largest bus terminal in India, serving buses from Delhi and six surrounding states. Located in North Delhi near the Red Fort, the ISBT underwent renovations to become a modern, airport-like facility with amenities like an air conditioned waiting lounge, food court, and glass elevator. The redeveloped terminal provides state-of-the-art conveniences for passengers like WiFi, LCD screens, CCTV, and clean public facilities.
Urban Design-Literature study St. Marks Road, BangaloreAnsh Agarwal
Urban Planning
Literature study of St. Marks Road, Bangalore.
Includes:
1. Road Details
2. Survey Details & Analysis
3. Action Needed
4. Proposals
5. Action Made
6. Before & After Scenerio
7. Anatomy of Changes
This case study examines the City Centre Kolkata project, a commercial, cultural, and social hub in Kolkata, India designed by architect Charles Correa. The project aims to create a space that serves as a node for various activities. Located in Salt Lake City, it incorporates mixed uses on its 50,400 square meter site. Key aspects of the design include replicating conventional Indian shopping markets with an open, clustered layout, and connecting public spaces and diverse activities through built forms and linkages. Floor plans show the arrangement of functions across levels, while sections illustrate the integration of interior and exterior spaces.
Chandigarh is a planned city in India that serves as the capital of Punjab and Haryana. It was designed by Le Corbusier in the 1950s as a modernist experiment in urban planning. Some key points:
- Le Corbusier divided the city into sectors separated by roads in a grid pattern. Each sector was designed to be self-sufficient with amenities like schools and shops.
- The city has distinct zones for living, working, recreation and government functions. Major landmarks include the Capitol Complex, City Center and Leisure Valley park.
- Sustainable design principles were used like solar orientation of buildings, hierarchy of green spaces and separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic. However
Sawai Jai Singh II established the city of Jaipur in 1727, moving the capital from the congested hill town of Amber. Jaipur was planned according to Hindu texts on city planning, with a grid layout divided into nine wards by main streets oriented along the cardinal directions. This layout aligned with the site's geography, incorporating existing roads and a natural ridge line. The new capital strengthened the region's defenses and economy by its strategic location and planned design.
This document is a thesis submitted by Ramachandran A for a Master of Planning degree. It examines urban renewal of the Chetput Station Area in Chennai, India. The introduction provides background on rapid urbanization in India, the importance of urban renewal, and justification for focusing on Chetput Station Area. The literature review covers definitions and concepts of urban renewal. The thesis will analyze conditions in Chetput Station Area and propose recommendations to address issues like congestion, dilapidated buildings, and lack of open space through urban renewal.
The document summarizes key information about the Pandit Nehru Bus Station (PNBS) in Vijayawada, India. Some key details include:
- PNBS is one of the largest and busiest bus terminals in India, handling over 1.5 lakh passengers daily.
- It is spread over an area of 28 acres with 62 platforms split between two terminals for arrivals and departures.
- In addition to bus services, the station area includes parking, shops, an air-conditioned waiting area, and other amenities.
- Future plans aim to expand capacity and infrastructure to accommodate the growing population in the Vijayawada region.
INTRODUCTION
COORDINATES - 23.22 ON 72.680 E ELEVATION - 265 feet (81 m)*
LOCATED 23 KM NORTH OF AHEMDABAD (FIN CAP. OF GUJARAT)
PLANNED IN 1960S BY, PRAKASH M APTE & H. K. MEWADA,
AFTER PARTITION OF BOMBAY * STATE : AHEMDABAD WAS MADE AS THE CAPTAL OFGUJARAT
AREA TOTAL 177KM2 ELEVATION : 8IM ( 266 FT)
POPULATION (2011)
TOTAL: 206,167 DENSITY : 1,200/KM2
CLIMATE*
TROPICAL WET AND DRY CLIMATE•
SUMMER MAXIMUM - 36 to 42 °C MINIMUM - 19 to 27 C
WINTER MAXIMUM - 29 C MINIMUM - 14°C
MONSOON: THE AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS AROUND 803.4 MM
LANGUAGES
GUJARATI, HINDI, AND ENGLISH• 54% GREEN COVER ON ITS LAND AREA
• THE CITY SITS ON THE BANKS OF THE SABARMATI RIVER, IN NORTH-CENTRALEAST GUJARAT
HISTORY
IN 1960, THE INDIAN STATE OF BOMBAY WAS SPLIT INTO TWO STATES, MAHARASHTRA AND GUJARAT LEAVING GUJARAT WITHOUT A CAPITAL CITY.
AT THE TIME AHMEDABAD WAS SELECTED TO BE THE FIRST CAPITAL OF THE NEWLY CREATED STATE.
• IT WAS LATER PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL CITY BE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE STATE.
• GANDHINAGAR GOT AN IDENTITY OF ITS OWN WHEN THE STATE OF MUMBAI WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO SEPARATE STATES OF GUJARAT AND MAHARASHTRA.
• IN THE BEGINNING, AHMEDABAD - A COMMERCIAL HUB OF GUJARAT WAS CHOSEN AS THE STATE CAPITAL AND IT WAS PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED ALONG THE LINE OF OTHER NEW STATE CAPITALS, PARTICULARLY CHANDIGARH
• THEREFORE TWO WELL-KNOWN INDIAN ARCHITECTS, H.K. MEWADA AND PRAKASH M. APTE (WHO WORKED AS BEGINNER FOR THE CHANDIGARH CITY) DESIGNED THE NEW STATE CAPITAL*
NAMED AFTER MAHATMA GANDHI THE FOUNDATION STONE OF THIS CITY WAS LAID ON 1965 AND IN 1971 THE CAPITAL WAS SHIFTED FROM AHMEDABAD TO GANDHINAGAR
PLANNING
• PLANNED AND IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1965-1970
• DETERMINATION TO MAKE GANDHINAGAR A PURELY INDIAN ENTERPRISE, PARTLY BECAUSE GUJARAT WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF GANDHI.
• TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A SEPARATE IDENTITY FOR THE NEW CITY THE SURROUNDING AREA OF ABOUT 39 VILLAGES WAS BROUGHT UNDER A PERIPHERY CONTROL ACT (AS IN CHANDIGARH)
• THE AREA LATER CONSTITUTED A SEPARATE ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT OF GANDHINAGAR.
• THE CITY WAS PLANNED FOR A POPULATION OF 150,000 BUT CAN ACCOMMODATE DOUBLE THAT POPULATION WITH INCREASE IN THE FLOOR SPACE RATIO FROM 1 TO 2 IN THE AREAS RESERVED FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT.
• THE RIVER BEING THE BORDER ON THE EAST, AND THE INDUSTRIAL AREA TO THE NORTH, THE MOST LOGICAL FUTURE PHYSICAL EXPANSION OF THE CITY WAS ENVISAGED TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST
This presentation covers the Urban Planning stages of Bhubaneswar, one of India's first modern cities along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh. This city, the current capital of the coastal state of Odisha, was planned the German architect and urban planner, Otto Konigsberger, who also happens to be the author of 'Manual of Tropical Housing and Building.'
Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan, was founded in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II. It has a population of over 3 million today. Jaipur is known as the "Pink City" due to its distinctive pink-colored buildings. It was planned according to the Shilpa Shastra, with a grid layout of nine blocks divided by wide thoroughfares, and included public squares and markets. This strategic town planning makes Jaipur one of the first planned cities in India.
The document provides information on regional and city planning for Varanasi, India. It discusses the following key points:
1. The importance and need for regional planning to promote balanced and equitable development, reduce disparities, and manage issues like migration.
2. Goals for Varanasi city planning include understanding sustainability concerns, assessing status by sector, and formulating strategies to develop Varanasi as a regional economic center.
3. An introduction to Varanasi district and city which describe the geography, infrastructure, demography, economy, and industries. Varanasi has a rich cultural heritage and is an important tourist and commercial center.
The document discusses the concepts and principles of neighborhood planning. It describes Clarence Perry's neighborhood unit model from the early 1900s which centered schools in neighborhoods and used arterial streets to define boundaries while prioritizing walkability. The purpose of neighborhood planning is to enable social interaction, share amenities, and ensure safety. Principles include limiting neighborhood size, using major roads as boundaries, internal street hierarchies, and dedicating 10% of land to open space. Southern Village in Chapel Hill, NC is provided as an example, being a 312-acre mixed-use development with housing, retail, offices, and civic spaces organized around a central green.
The Sabarmati Riverfront project in Ahmedabad, India aims to reclaim the river banks as public space and restore the city's relationship with the river. It involves reducing the river width, constructing walls to prevent erosion and flooding, and interceptor sewers to prevent waste from flowing into the river. The project also resettled over 11,000 families from the river banks and rehabilitated vendors and laundries displaced by the project. Work began in 2005 and includes developing promenades, gardens, markets and other public amenities along the 9km stretch of the river passing through the city.
Chennai the fourth largest metropolis in India. Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) extends over 1189 sq.km.and comprises of
Chennai Corporation,
16 Municipalities,
20 Town Panchayats and
214 villages covered in 10 Panchayats Unions
It encompasses the Chennai District (176 sq.km.), part of Thiruvallur District (637 sq.km.) and a part of Kancheepuram District (376 sq.km.).
The document provides information on the City Development Plan for Panaji City, Goa, India. It outlines key details about Goa such as population, population density, and per capita income. It then discusses the demographic characteristics of Panaji City including population projections, gender ratio, and floating population. The document also covers various aspects of infrastructure in Panaji City such as transportation links, land use, heritage areas, water and storm water management, sewerage, roads, tourism, and housing.
Download the Official Version of this Document from the UTTIPEC Website at the Link below: http://uttipec.nic.in/StreetGuidelines-R1-Feb2011-UTTPEC-DDA.pdf
Bhubaneswar was chosen as the capital of Odisha in 1948 to replace the congested city of Cuttack. The architect Dr. Otto Koenigsberger designed the new capital based on principles of neighborhood planning to reduce inequality. The plan divided the city into neighborhood units with amenities like schools and parks. It has since grown rapidly but maintained livability through stable growth and capitalizing on heritage, location, and strategic planning of institutions.
The document provides details about the Maharana Pratap Inter-state Bus Terminus (ISBT) located in Delhi, India. Some key details include:
- It was completed in 1973 and covers an area of 11 acres.
- It operates bus services between Delhi and 7 nearby states, handling inter-state transportation.
- The design focuses on segregating passenger movement from vehicle movement and different transportation modes for efficiency.
- The arrival and departure blocks are the main functional areas, with the former having 19 bus unloading platforms across 7 floors and the latter having loading platforms across two levels.
- Amenities like ticket counters, waiting areas, shops, and toilets
The capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. British architect Edwin Lutyens was tasked with planning and designing New Delhi. Lutyens designed an expansive garden city with wide avenues and classical buildings. Key elements of the design included the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Secretariat buildings, Parliament House, residential areas, and princely state palaces. However, the rapid growth of Old Delhi was not adequately planned for, leading to overcrowding and deterioration.
The motivation of this study is to explore about Transit Oriented Development (TOD), its parameters and principles. This dissertation includes case studies of areas that show the benefits of TOD and how it is making public transportation feasible near stations and thereby reducing traffic jam problems.
Heritage is valued globally and locally, for its value, impact, context and contribution it makes to a place and human settlements. Cities and settlements, with history and resources, remain valuable cultural resources. Such cities showcase a wide diversity in their morphology. Being products of different geographical contexts, specific historic times, characteristics and functions, such cities embody numerous “Systems” /“Sub-systems” with definite structures and hierarchies, performing their specific roles but operating together in an urban spatial entity. Planning, development and management of such cities have to be carried out with sensitivity, care and caution. The historic cities have to be viewed, both as source and repository of architectural and technical knowledge, for rediscovering, defining and describing the historicity of city and its heritage. Accordingly, history, geography, morphology and cultural components of Amritsar heritage need careful study and analysis before solutions for its preservation and conservation are put in place. Numerous development schemes are already in the process of implementation/in the pipeline. These schemes need study analysis and evaluation for their impact on valuable heritage. Considering the present political, economic and developmental scenario, Amritsar is witnessing a new resurgent era of enormous growth and development with lot of investment and people coming into the city. Real estate values are rising sharply resulting in rapid conversion of land uses and enormous development pressure on the city and its existing inadequate infrastructure. The pressure remains more pronounced within the walled city which houses large proportion of the valuable heritage. How these developmental pressures are rationalized /channelized for promoting the orderly growth and development of the city and its heritage, would hold the key to the future of the city as the home of all virtues, heartbeat of majha and repository of spiritual and national heritage.
Discovering Amritsar Heritage- Agenda for ActionJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper is an attempt to look at the religious capital of the state of Punjab in terms of its valuable built heritage and suggests options for preserving, conserving and promoting the same in order to make city international tourist destination
This case study examines the City Centre Kolkata project, a commercial, cultural, and social hub in Kolkata, India designed by architect Charles Correa. The project aims to create a space that serves as a node for various activities. Located in Salt Lake City, it incorporates mixed uses on its 50,400 square meter site. Key aspects of the design include replicating conventional Indian shopping markets with an open, clustered layout, and connecting public spaces and diverse activities through built forms and linkages. Floor plans show the arrangement of functions across levels, while sections illustrate the integration of interior and exterior spaces.
Chandigarh is a planned city in India that serves as the capital of Punjab and Haryana. It was designed by Le Corbusier in the 1950s as a modernist experiment in urban planning. Some key points:
- Le Corbusier divided the city into sectors separated by roads in a grid pattern. Each sector was designed to be self-sufficient with amenities like schools and shops.
- The city has distinct zones for living, working, recreation and government functions. Major landmarks include the Capitol Complex, City Center and Leisure Valley park.
- Sustainable design principles were used like solar orientation of buildings, hierarchy of green spaces and separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic. However
Sawai Jai Singh II established the city of Jaipur in 1727, moving the capital from the congested hill town of Amber. Jaipur was planned according to Hindu texts on city planning, with a grid layout divided into nine wards by main streets oriented along the cardinal directions. This layout aligned with the site's geography, incorporating existing roads and a natural ridge line. The new capital strengthened the region's defenses and economy by its strategic location and planned design.
This document is a thesis submitted by Ramachandran A for a Master of Planning degree. It examines urban renewal of the Chetput Station Area in Chennai, India. The introduction provides background on rapid urbanization in India, the importance of urban renewal, and justification for focusing on Chetput Station Area. The literature review covers definitions and concepts of urban renewal. The thesis will analyze conditions in Chetput Station Area and propose recommendations to address issues like congestion, dilapidated buildings, and lack of open space through urban renewal.
The document summarizes key information about the Pandit Nehru Bus Station (PNBS) in Vijayawada, India. Some key details include:
- PNBS is one of the largest and busiest bus terminals in India, handling over 1.5 lakh passengers daily.
- It is spread over an area of 28 acres with 62 platforms split between two terminals for arrivals and departures.
- In addition to bus services, the station area includes parking, shops, an air-conditioned waiting area, and other amenities.
- Future plans aim to expand capacity and infrastructure to accommodate the growing population in the Vijayawada region.
INTRODUCTION
COORDINATES - 23.22 ON 72.680 E ELEVATION - 265 feet (81 m)*
LOCATED 23 KM NORTH OF AHEMDABAD (FIN CAP. OF GUJARAT)
PLANNED IN 1960S BY, PRAKASH M APTE & H. K. MEWADA,
AFTER PARTITION OF BOMBAY * STATE : AHEMDABAD WAS MADE AS THE CAPTAL OFGUJARAT
AREA TOTAL 177KM2 ELEVATION : 8IM ( 266 FT)
POPULATION (2011)
TOTAL: 206,167 DENSITY : 1,200/KM2
CLIMATE*
TROPICAL WET AND DRY CLIMATE•
SUMMER MAXIMUM - 36 to 42 °C MINIMUM - 19 to 27 C
WINTER MAXIMUM - 29 C MINIMUM - 14°C
MONSOON: THE AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS AROUND 803.4 MM
LANGUAGES
GUJARATI, HINDI, AND ENGLISH• 54% GREEN COVER ON ITS LAND AREA
• THE CITY SITS ON THE BANKS OF THE SABARMATI RIVER, IN NORTH-CENTRALEAST GUJARAT
HISTORY
IN 1960, THE INDIAN STATE OF BOMBAY WAS SPLIT INTO TWO STATES, MAHARASHTRA AND GUJARAT LEAVING GUJARAT WITHOUT A CAPITAL CITY.
AT THE TIME AHMEDABAD WAS SELECTED TO BE THE FIRST CAPITAL OF THE NEWLY CREATED STATE.
• IT WAS LATER PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL CITY BE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE STATE.
• GANDHINAGAR GOT AN IDENTITY OF ITS OWN WHEN THE STATE OF MUMBAI WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO SEPARATE STATES OF GUJARAT AND MAHARASHTRA.
• IN THE BEGINNING, AHMEDABAD - A COMMERCIAL HUB OF GUJARAT WAS CHOSEN AS THE STATE CAPITAL AND IT WAS PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED ALONG THE LINE OF OTHER NEW STATE CAPITALS, PARTICULARLY CHANDIGARH
• THEREFORE TWO WELL-KNOWN INDIAN ARCHITECTS, H.K. MEWADA AND PRAKASH M. APTE (WHO WORKED AS BEGINNER FOR THE CHANDIGARH CITY) DESIGNED THE NEW STATE CAPITAL*
NAMED AFTER MAHATMA GANDHI THE FOUNDATION STONE OF THIS CITY WAS LAID ON 1965 AND IN 1971 THE CAPITAL WAS SHIFTED FROM AHMEDABAD TO GANDHINAGAR
PLANNING
• PLANNED AND IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1965-1970
• DETERMINATION TO MAKE GANDHINAGAR A PURELY INDIAN ENTERPRISE, PARTLY BECAUSE GUJARAT WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF GANDHI.
• TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A SEPARATE IDENTITY FOR THE NEW CITY THE SURROUNDING AREA OF ABOUT 39 VILLAGES WAS BROUGHT UNDER A PERIPHERY CONTROL ACT (AS IN CHANDIGARH)
• THE AREA LATER CONSTITUTED A SEPARATE ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT OF GANDHINAGAR.
• THE CITY WAS PLANNED FOR A POPULATION OF 150,000 BUT CAN ACCOMMODATE DOUBLE THAT POPULATION WITH INCREASE IN THE FLOOR SPACE RATIO FROM 1 TO 2 IN THE AREAS RESERVED FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT.
• THE RIVER BEING THE BORDER ON THE EAST, AND THE INDUSTRIAL AREA TO THE NORTH, THE MOST LOGICAL FUTURE PHYSICAL EXPANSION OF THE CITY WAS ENVISAGED TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST
This presentation covers the Urban Planning stages of Bhubaneswar, one of India's first modern cities along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh. This city, the current capital of the coastal state of Odisha, was planned the German architect and urban planner, Otto Konigsberger, who also happens to be the author of 'Manual of Tropical Housing and Building.'
Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan, was founded in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II. It has a population of over 3 million today. Jaipur is known as the "Pink City" due to its distinctive pink-colored buildings. It was planned according to the Shilpa Shastra, with a grid layout of nine blocks divided by wide thoroughfares, and included public squares and markets. This strategic town planning makes Jaipur one of the first planned cities in India.
The document provides information on regional and city planning for Varanasi, India. It discusses the following key points:
1. The importance and need for regional planning to promote balanced and equitable development, reduce disparities, and manage issues like migration.
2. Goals for Varanasi city planning include understanding sustainability concerns, assessing status by sector, and formulating strategies to develop Varanasi as a regional economic center.
3. An introduction to Varanasi district and city which describe the geography, infrastructure, demography, economy, and industries. Varanasi has a rich cultural heritage and is an important tourist and commercial center.
The document discusses the concepts and principles of neighborhood planning. It describes Clarence Perry's neighborhood unit model from the early 1900s which centered schools in neighborhoods and used arterial streets to define boundaries while prioritizing walkability. The purpose of neighborhood planning is to enable social interaction, share amenities, and ensure safety. Principles include limiting neighborhood size, using major roads as boundaries, internal street hierarchies, and dedicating 10% of land to open space. Southern Village in Chapel Hill, NC is provided as an example, being a 312-acre mixed-use development with housing, retail, offices, and civic spaces organized around a central green.
The Sabarmati Riverfront project in Ahmedabad, India aims to reclaim the river banks as public space and restore the city's relationship with the river. It involves reducing the river width, constructing walls to prevent erosion and flooding, and interceptor sewers to prevent waste from flowing into the river. The project also resettled over 11,000 families from the river banks and rehabilitated vendors and laundries displaced by the project. Work began in 2005 and includes developing promenades, gardens, markets and other public amenities along the 9km stretch of the river passing through the city.
Chennai the fourth largest metropolis in India. Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) extends over 1189 sq.km.and comprises of
Chennai Corporation,
16 Municipalities,
20 Town Panchayats and
214 villages covered in 10 Panchayats Unions
It encompasses the Chennai District (176 sq.km.), part of Thiruvallur District (637 sq.km.) and a part of Kancheepuram District (376 sq.km.).
The document provides information on the City Development Plan for Panaji City, Goa, India. It outlines key details about Goa such as population, population density, and per capita income. It then discusses the demographic characteristics of Panaji City including population projections, gender ratio, and floating population. The document also covers various aspects of infrastructure in Panaji City such as transportation links, land use, heritage areas, water and storm water management, sewerage, roads, tourism, and housing.
Download the Official Version of this Document from the UTTIPEC Website at the Link below: http://uttipec.nic.in/StreetGuidelines-R1-Feb2011-UTTPEC-DDA.pdf
Bhubaneswar was chosen as the capital of Odisha in 1948 to replace the congested city of Cuttack. The architect Dr. Otto Koenigsberger designed the new capital based on principles of neighborhood planning to reduce inequality. The plan divided the city into neighborhood units with amenities like schools and parks. It has since grown rapidly but maintained livability through stable growth and capitalizing on heritage, location, and strategic planning of institutions.
The document provides details about the Maharana Pratap Inter-state Bus Terminus (ISBT) located in Delhi, India. Some key details include:
- It was completed in 1973 and covers an area of 11 acres.
- It operates bus services between Delhi and 7 nearby states, handling inter-state transportation.
- The design focuses on segregating passenger movement from vehicle movement and different transportation modes for efficiency.
- The arrival and departure blocks are the main functional areas, with the former having 19 bus unloading platforms across 7 floors and the latter having loading platforms across two levels.
- Amenities like ticket counters, waiting areas, shops, and toilets
The capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. British architect Edwin Lutyens was tasked with planning and designing New Delhi. Lutyens designed an expansive garden city with wide avenues and classical buildings. Key elements of the design included the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Secretariat buildings, Parliament House, residential areas, and princely state palaces. However, the rapid growth of Old Delhi was not adequately planned for, leading to overcrowding and deterioration.
The motivation of this study is to explore about Transit Oriented Development (TOD), its parameters and principles. This dissertation includes case studies of areas that show the benefits of TOD and how it is making public transportation feasible near stations and thereby reducing traffic jam problems.
Heritage is valued globally and locally, for its value, impact, context and contribution it makes to a place and human settlements. Cities and settlements, with history and resources, remain valuable cultural resources. Such cities showcase a wide diversity in their morphology. Being products of different geographical contexts, specific historic times, characteristics and functions, such cities embody numerous “Systems” /“Sub-systems” with definite structures and hierarchies, performing their specific roles but operating together in an urban spatial entity. Planning, development and management of such cities have to be carried out with sensitivity, care and caution. The historic cities have to be viewed, both as source and repository of architectural and technical knowledge, for rediscovering, defining and describing the historicity of city and its heritage. Accordingly, history, geography, morphology and cultural components of Amritsar heritage need careful study and analysis before solutions for its preservation and conservation are put in place. Numerous development schemes are already in the process of implementation/in the pipeline. These schemes need study analysis and evaluation for their impact on valuable heritage. Considering the present political, economic and developmental scenario, Amritsar is witnessing a new resurgent era of enormous growth and development with lot of investment and people coming into the city. Real estate values are rising sharply resulting in rapid conversion of land uses and enormous development pressure on the city and its existing inadequate infrastructure. The pressure remains more pronounced within the walled city which houses large proportion of the valuable heritage. How these developmental pressures are rationalized /channelized for promoting the orderly growth and development of the city and its heritage, would hold the key to the future of the city as the home of all virtues, heartbeat of majha and repository of spiritual and national heritage.
Discovering Amritsar Heritage- Agenda for ActionJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper is an attempt to look at the religious capital of the state of Punjab in terms of its valuable built heritage and suggests options for preserving, conserving and promoting the same in order to make city international tourist destination
Amritsar- A City of Myths and Reality - Copy.docJIT KUMAR GUPTA
India with one of the longest histories of human habitation and civilization spanning over a period of 5000 years has been fortunate to inherit enormous wealth of built heritage. If India has inherited enormous wealth of built heritage, State of Punjab in general and Amritsar city in particular has also followed the footprints of the great nation and state. With history spanning over 433 years, Amritsar has emerged as the premier city of the state of Punjab and is known as its economic capital. Presence of Golden Temple and Jallianwala Bagh has given a unique place to this dynamic and vibrant city of Amritsar in the history of the state and the nation. Growing from a small village, Guru ka Chak/Chak Guru Ram Das, Amritsar has emerged as the focal point of Sikh faith and is rightly called Sifti da Ghar (The Home of all virtues). During its journey of last 433 years, Amritsar is known, as not only its economic but also religious and political capital of the state of Punjab. City of Golden Temple, also symbolizes the spiritual heritage of the people of Punjab. Paper looks at the enormous cultural, religion and humane virtues City of Amritsar holds, challenges faced by it in growth and development and options which can be leveraged to make growth of Amritsar rational, realistic, sustainable and inclusive.
Among historic cities, Amritsar remains both unique, exclusive, vibrant and hospitable. Known as the religious , political, economic, social capital of the state of Punjab, Amritsar finds place in all the spheres of human operations. Known as a Khandani City, with wonderful cuisine, rich social fabric and culture, Amritsar has always given best to its inhabitants and the visitors. Despite numerous positivity, Amritsar remains in crisis ie crisis of invasion from outside, crisis of politics, crisis of religion and crisis of unplanned development. Despite numerous crises, city has stood the test of time , never ever losing its vibrance, creativity, vigour and hospitality. Growing from a small village, Guru ka Chak/Chak Guru Ram Das, Amritsar has emerged as the focal point of Sikh faith .It is rightly called Sifti da Ghar (The Home of all virtues). During its journey of more than four centuries, Amritsar has emerges as the premier city of the state. Known as City of Golden Temple, Amritsar symbolizes the spiritual heritage of the people of Punjab. Presence of Golden Temple and Jallianwala Bagh has given a unique place to this dynamic and vibrant city in the history of the state and the nation. Housing enormous wealth of heritage ,created over the years, Walled city remains the most vibrant space besides being the heartbeat of the city. Being a historic and cultural city, geography, morphology and cultural components of Amritsar needs detailed study and analysis before solutions for its preservation and conservation are put in place. Witnessing a new resurgent era of enormous growth and development, city is facing rapid conversion of land uses and enormous development pressure on inadequate infrastructure. Pressure is more pronounced within the walled city which houses most of the valuable heritage. Rationalizing the developmental pressures, promoting orderly development and maintaining culture and urban fabric , would be hold key to the future of the city and its position in the state and nation- as the home of all virtues, heartbeat of majha and repository of spiritual and national heritage
Cities are always in transition and a by-product of the events that occur from time
to time. Structures are testimonies to historic events and contexts amidst which they
thrive. So is the industrial archaeology [1] of Mumbai that includes the mills, workers
housing, docks, railways that had been born out of a trading and manufacturing
necessity. The historicity of the sites; that once formed a greater part of the urban
economics are today being looked upon as liabilities and replaced as incongruous
developments in response to high rising real estate values.
The Industrial assets of Mumbai, which once formed the city’s economic legacy
and dotted the city scape, conforms to being a valuable heritage and is on the verge of
being altogether obliterated. Hence, the remnants, attain the highest heritage value,
that of Rarity, and so must be conserved with utmost efforts. While, most Industrial
heritage assets have fallen prey to overwhelming development strategies and lost
forever, the rare remnants need to be protected with great responsibility and sustained
approach.
An Imageability of Heritage core in Walled city of Jammu | Ar. Lokakshi Gando...Archiloop India Foundation
Archiloop India Foundation | August 2, 2020
"Lokakshi Gandotra, specialized in Sustainable Architecture, After Graduating from Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, and completing Masters in Sustainable Architecture from Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, She have achieved the post of Inspector (Architect) in Border Security Force, Ministry Of Home Affairs, India and currently serving the nation incorporating her learnings in the Architectural works and have keen interest in research projects i.e. heritage of historic cities and the way the cities can be sustainable for survival and existence of future generations."
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Summarizing Urban Form Urban forms in History Urban forms of a few Indian citiesSomesh Siddharth
This document discusses urban morphology and the urban forms of various Indian cities. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand urban forms through examples. It then discusses the effective factors in the formation of urban form, including the economy, society, and nature. The document also discusses elements that define a city's figure, such as entrances/exits, solid/void spaces, skylines, and silhouettes. Specific case studies of the urban forms of Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, and Bangalore are provided, outlining the historical development and characteristics of the fabric in different areas of each city.
Identification of Potential Heritage Zones in Mysore CityIJMER
The conservation of Heritage Buildings and Areas are important components of heritage
regulations. In order to develop heritage regulations, identification of heritage zones are vital for
developing zone-specific regulations for planning, conserving, managing and controlling the heritage
areas, It serves as an effective tool in Zoning Regulations of the City. Though, Zoning Regulations are
monument-centric, which limited to only identified few monuments, Areas of Special Control and
heritage zones have not been spelt out in Zoning Regulations. In the absence identification of heritage
zones, heritage regulations are not comprehensive in nature. Therefore, there is a need for identifying
heritage zones. In this paper an attempt has been made to identify the potential heritage zones for the
City of Mysore for conservation and management of heritage areas
Conservation planning in France &Urban conservation of AhmedabadMIRAL SONI
The document summarizes conservation planning efforts in Le Marais district of Paris, France and the walled city of Ahmedabad, India. For Le Marais, the conservation plan focused on demolitions, restorations, retrofitting structures, and guidelines for finishes. In Ahmedabad, the municipal corporation took initiatives to conserve deteriorating heritage buildings and traditional social fabric. A comprehensive conservation plan was developed that included restoration, awareness programs, and tools to incentivize conservation. The Ahmedabad initiative has served as a model for inner city revitalization in India.
1) The document discusses Jane Jacobs' theory of what generates diversity in cities. She identified four main factors: mixed land uses, small city blocks, old buildings, and density of residents from different social classes.
2) It then analyzes Precinct 16 in Putrajaya, Malaysia based on these factors. It finds that the large distance between building blocks makes the precinct less diverse.
3) To improve diversity, it recommends using landscaping like gardens and trees to better connect buildings. This could promote more interaction and a denser concentration of people to engage in diverse activities.
Mud-Brick High-Rise Buildings Architectural Linkages for Thermal Comfort in H...drboon
1. The document discusses the traditional mud-brick architecture of Shibam City in Yemen, specifically the multi-story high-rise buildings. It describes how the buildings are closely packed together and rise up to 8 stories tall, with interconnected streets and passages to provide shade and ventilation.
2. It analyzes the planning and architectural linkages that helped sustain the city's identity over generations by providing thermal comfort and social integration. The layout formed a unique urban setting.
3. It investigates how modern changes pose challenges to reestablishing this architectural identity and tradition. Guidelines are needed for sustainable development that maintains the city's qualitative values and historical linkages in its planning and design.
This document analyzes the spatial structure and issues facing the historic city center of Sharjah, UAE using space syntax methodology. It finds that the historic center was originally highly integrated and connected to the waterfront, but modern development has pulled the city inland and segregated the historic core. This has led to problems like traffic, environmental degradation, and the center becoming unattractive. The analysis identifies solutions like reconnecting the historic core to the waterfront and promoting active land uses to revitalize the area and preserve the cultural heritage.
The historical background of Ahmedabad traces the evolution of the walled city from its founding in 1411 by Sultan Ahmed Shah to present day. Factors influencing its development include its location along trade routes and proximity to an existing commercial settlement. The city's economy was commerce-oriented with an indigenous mercantile elite shaping the urban fabric. Originally planned according to Hindu canons, the walled city developed around its citadel, gates, Friday mosque and ceremonial avenue, with a grid of seventeen major roads forming the transportation network within gardens and tree-lined streets.
The document summarizes the site analysis for a proposed socio-cultural center in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. It describes the site's context within the heritage town, surrounding land uses, and movement patterns. Micro site analysis reveals opportunities for the center, such as a time gap between afternoon and evening when the site is unused, and rich cultural elements like diverse food and art activities. Challenges include lack of public space utilization and overshadowing of the site by nearby high rises. The analysis informs the design of the center to better engage the community and celebrate Johor Bahru's multicultural identity.
Urban conservation provides cultural and economic benefits. Culturally, it preserves historic architecture, streetscapes, and sites that give cities a unique identity and sense of place. Economically, conserving urban heritage increases income opportunities from tourism as well as making cities more livable and competitive. Improving conservation and management of historic assets in cities generates civic pride while attracting investment and spending from tourists, thereby boosting local economies.
Madurai is an important city in Tamil Nadu known as the "Athens of the East" and "Temple City". It was originally the capital of the Pandyan Kingdom and has a long history dating back to the 3rd century BC. The city developed around the Meenakshi Temple complex located at its center, following the traditional Indian town planning system of concentric streets leading to the temple. Over time the city boundaries expanded through different periods of rule. The historic core still maintains the traditional street pattern and settlement hierarchy centered around the temple.
It documents the restoration of existing ruins of tutu imam palace at dak bungalow patna. It showcase the development and impact of culture society on down fall of a monumental structure.
Conservation of the Urban Heritage to Conserve the Sense of Place, a Case Stu...drboon
The sense of place can only be achieved if the urban heritage is still intact and preserved whilst accommodating for new development. In the past Misurata city center where the traditional areas and historical significance are located did not have any positive consideration and appreciation from government which, were destroyed to build a new commercial buildings within business district area of city center. This paper intends to highlight on urban heritage "historical significance & activity pattern" that still survive in the city center of Misurata and reflects the sense of place. The study adapted the visual survey field method for data collection and this approach adopted techniques namely photograph and diagrams or maps. The results of the study indicate that there are some urban areas and buildings with historical or traditional significance and conducive sense of belonging and identity that must be renewed, restored, reused and conserved; for instance the marketplace, Allfah Square and the old city center.
The document provides details about the planned city of Chandigarh, India. It discusses how Chandigarh was designed by Le Corbusier as the new capital of Punjab after its division. Key aspects of the city plan included dividing the city into sectors for residential areas, separating roads for different types of vehicles, and including open green spaces. The document outlines the history and development of Chandigarh and describes some of its iconic buildings designed by Le Corbusier. It also notes both positive impacts of the planned design as well as problems faced as the population increased.
An entry to the 14th International Planning History Society Conference 2010, “Urban Transformation: Controversies, Contrasts and Challenges”, Istanbul/Turkey.
Similar to Revitalization Strategy for Historic Core of Ahmedabad (20)
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
Revitalization Strategy for Historic Core of AhmedabadIEREK Press
In India, dense historic urban settlements were developed with the intention of provision of spaces for adequate engagement of the people. Public squares and streets became important places of interaction. ‘Historic core,’ especially had public spaces meant for various socioeconomic groups. Ahmedabad city is a blend of a harmonious past and a vivacious present. Number of historical and architecturally important buildings were built during Muslim and Moghul rules. One of the first built structures within the walled city is the Bhadra fort, a citadel founded by sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 with a huge public square in front, developed for purpose of procession and gathering. This Bhadra precinct went through various layers of transformation in different eras and now have become vulnerable due to congestion and encroachment. Though, a need for intervention was felt to bring back the lost vitality of the Bhadra precinct, it was realized that a comprehensive approach would be the necessity. Conservation and sensitive development approach was taken to tackle this problem through pedestrianization of the Bhadra precinct, rerouting of traffic and restoration of Bhadra fort. Larger level traffic and parking issues were also considered be-yond the site. Alternative use of Bhadra fort as tourist information center was considered. Urban design guidelines were proposed for harmonious development in the surrounding area. This proposal was considered for funding under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JnNURM)and was implemented. Many issues were faced during implementation of Bhadra project due to contextualization of informal commercial, religious and other cultural activities. Political, social and administrative factors also played immense role in implementation of proposal. Now since Ahmedabad has achieved the status of World Heritage City through UNESCO certification further implementation of this project will be relatively easy due to envisaged strong political and administrative support.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing theQuality of Urb...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
The Sinkhole Occurrence Risk Mitigation in Urban Areas for the Historic Salt ...IEREK Press
The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the Wieliczka salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with geotechnical analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.
In Search of a Tool to Support Planning Inside Large Cities: the SustaIn-LED ...IEREK Press
The aim of the present study is to investigate the linkages between local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability inside urban areas. Can innovation affect the improvement of the quality of life inside urban areas? This research question comes from the consideration that usually innovation and growth in general are considered sources of conflict in affecting the livability of large cities. The objective of the paper is to design a model — the “SustaIn-Led” - to connect levels of environmental sustainability, quality of life, and economic development inside metropolitan areas, taking into account also innovation processes, activated by the innovation policies and by the knowledge economy. The study takes in consideration the 53 largest United States metropolitan areas with a population over 1 million, with a time series from the years 2000 through 2015.This has been done because of a two-fold reason: (1) the US among high-income countries is the one with the highest number of universities, patents, and citations; (2) several studies have shown that innovation occurs in large cities. The first part of the present study has carried out the identification of the variables to represent and significantly explain the phenomena – local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability – linked to the design of the SustaIn-LED model. Environmental sustainability in urban areas in this paper is represented by means of the Air Quality Index (AQI),while the number of workers synthetically quantifies local economic development. Correlation and multiple regression analyses are conducted in order to examine the relationship between the three main indicators. The multiple regressions for the year 2015 produced a low p-value, indicating that the predictors are significant in the regression analysis. Similar results of p-value are shown in all the years from 2000 to 2013. For 2015, the results showed that part of the variance in the measure of total workers of the metropolitan areas could be predicted by measures of innovation and air quality. Higher R2values have been registered for the years from 2000 through2013.The development of the SustaIn-LED model could be utilized in urban regeneration processes to help in the design of new urban planning policies inside large cities by means of a better comprehension of environmental and economic implications caused by the implementation of innovation policies.
Estimation of Coating Materials Contribution to the TVOCsEmissions of Wood Fl...IEREK Press
Based on the increasing concern about the exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor finishing materials, industrial companies are called to meet the growing demand for more sustainable products. Recently, most designers and consumers have more environmental considerations while selecting the finishing materials. These considerations are related to the VOCs content of the finishing material itself regardless of its coating layers. Nowadays, interior wood coatings are commonly applied to large surfaces (ceilings, walls, floors) and many types of furnishing, leading to a high loading factor (surface-to-volume ratio). These coatings might contribute significantly to the VOCs emissions due to repeatedly and periodically use during maintenance, remodeling, and renovation of interior spaces. The aim of this study is to estimate the wood coating materials contribution to the TVOCs emissions of wood product in the indoor environment to shed light on the importance of comprehensive analysis of wood material with all treatment coatings. So, a small interior space with controlled temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange rate was simulated using IA-Quest program to investigate the influence of three wood coating materials; stain, wax, and varnish which were applied to an area of natural hardwood Oak floor. The TVOCs emission data resulted from the different coated wood floor was compared with VOCs emissions caused by the natural wood floor to find out the coating material contribution in TVOCs emissions of a wood flooring material
Sustainable Park Landscaping as an Approach for theDevelopment of the Built E...IEREK Press
Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.
Load Shifting Assessment of Residential Heat Pump System in JapanIEREK Press
With the economic growth and increasing requirement of indoor thermal comfort, the load of building sector presents a greater variability. This paper aims at analyzing the energy consumption characteristics and influencing factors of the residential heat pump system. Firstly, we selected residential households as investigated objective in Kitakyushu, Japan, and compared the energy saving performances of heat supply systems between heat pump and natural gas boiler. The results were based on real measured residential load during winter period, and calculated the cost saving performance of residential heat pump system compared with traditional natural gas boiler. We also did a survey of residential occupation behavior for the 12 selected residential customers. The result indicated that there was low relationship between power consumption and occupation hours, and the number of family members had a significant impact on the power consumption. The results indicate that residential heat pump system presented promising energy saving and cost reduction potential
A Model Proposed for the Prediction of Future Sustainable Residence Specifica...IEREK Press
In Egypt, people are unable to determine the qualities of appropriate residence that achieves quality and occupant satisfaction, and contributes to sustainability of residential conglomerations. In general, developing countries lack housing information which can be used to enhance quality of residence. Also, the methods of assessing and identifying the appropriate criteria for future residence quality remain traditional ones that cannot address the multiple, conflicting, overlapping aspects to reach a good decision. This calls for using the Analytical Network Process (ANP), an effective tool for specifying the relative importance of all factors impacting a specific issue for making an appropriate residential decision. In addition, this method provides results for the decision element impacts network within the decision structure; thus contributing to more understanding of the mechanisms and requirements of residence selection. The proposed decision structure comprises a two-level network: main clusters, main elements, and sub-elements included in the demographic characteristics group, the residence criteria group, the demand parameters group, the supply parameters group, the residence specifications group, and the alternatives group which representing, in total, the decision and specifying the percentage needed for each housing level. Results of the model showed complete capacity in smoothly addressing complexities and overlapping in the decision structure. The decision structure showed that 52% chose luxury residence, 28% chose middle-class residence, and 19.5% chose the economic residence. Mechanisms of decision making were analyzed; particularly in terms of relationship to demographic characteristics and residence specifications. Also, the importance and impact of demand / supply parameters in reaching decision were analyzed
Development of an Open-Source Water Consumption Meter for HousingIEREK Press
This article reports on the project "Design and development of water and gas P.L. measurement devices in the housing: an approach to sustainable consumption in Mexico", prepared at the Metropolitan Autonomous University in the Department of the Environment, whose objective was to develop a device to measure water consumption in the housing, which allows users to know their spending and can make decisions in favor of efficiency through the reduction of water use in household activities. The meter is made up of open source, programmable or reconfigurable software, which receives the signal from a water flow sensor and a casing designed to contain the hardware and facilitate the user's installation. Both the hardware and the casing can be purchased, downloaded, manufactured and assembled at home (Do It Yourself). As specific results were obtained: hardware programming and housing design and as a final result: the assembly of the functional prototype with which measurements of water consumption were made in a housing in Mexico. With this work we conclude that through the development of new accessible and common measurement technologies for the users of a house, it will be possible to promote efficiency in the use of natural resources in cities, increasing availability and promoting a more sustainable urban development.
Multi-Scale Assessment of Urban Gardens as Constructed Habitats for Biodivers...IEREK Press
Biodiversity in arid urban environments depends upon habitat formation that balances both bioclimatic and biophysical environment needs. There is the potential for urban gardens to establish symbiotic ecosystem services from microhabitat formation that collectively form an assemblage of ecological patches to connect a diverse range of flora and fauna, and establish community driven nursery and seed collection initiatives. This study of urban garden habitats situated within a new urban district of Jeddah Saudi. The analysis concentrates on the ability of garden spatial formations to construct a heterogeneous spatial morphology of sub-patch within the larger urban landscape patch. Patch and subpatch formations are examined based on the criteria of (I) assemblage of the spatial habitat (characterized by shape and spatial organization); (II) integration of spatial, functional and vegetation plantation patterns; (III) connectivity. Findings reveal that garden layout is structured by the integration and layering of plant types to generate cool understory habitat with seedling establishment, and water conservation. Designed layout of the garden as a spatial pattern is augmented with a range of microclimate mediators to dim solar exposure within the plantation habitat. A strong heterogeneity in plant formations and combinations is seen to dominant the garden formations.
Architectural Education for Sustainable Urban RegenerationIEREK Press
Urban regeneration is one of the important agendas of Turkey as a developing country. Rapid urbanization problems have been causing vital social and economic problems together with physical and spatial ones especially in big cities of Turkey. Thus, national and local governments handled urban regeneration as a practical method for solution of these problems. However, they unfortunately don’t implement urban regeneration according to its real requirements. Instead, this multi-dimensional and complex process is seen as a pull down and built up operation. Considering this situation and being in awareness of the responsibilities of architects throughout urban regeneration process, the authors think that urban regeneration should be discussed in the scope of architectural education. This paper presents the purpose, the process and the products of an undergraduate architectural design studio that was undertaken at Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Architecture. The architectural and urban design projects of the students of which aim was to offer a livable and sustainable mixed used living environments are discussed together with their conceptual backgrounds. Putting stress on the differences between theory and practice, the conclusion introduces a critical evaluation of urban regeneration and sustainable housing concepts in Turkey.
Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, IranIEREK Press
The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies in terms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential short comings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
Lessons Learned from the First Passivhaus Building in QatarIEREK Press
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2. Sharma / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD
public interaction. Historic core may be defined as the neighborhood or environs of a place or a group of buildings
that share or partly contain common physical, social, cultural activities. Most Indian towns and cities with a long
history, have areas of strong architectural character, which are not formed. These in fact are the result of centuries
of growth over which new elements are constantly juxtaposed with older ones. Old buildings and older areas of
the city are the assets as they represent history of the communities, embodying their tradition, heritage, and culture
through architecture and urban form (INTACH, 2015).
Table 1. Nomenclature
AMC Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
ASI Archaeological Survey of India
CEPT Center for Environmental Planning and Technology
GDCR Gujarat Development Control Regulations
JnNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
SEWA Self-Employed Women’s Association
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
1.1. Need for revitalization of historic core
Historic urban settlements is undergoing rapid changes and decline due to the pressures of urbanization. The
historic core has become vulnerable over the period due these pressures. Decay of historic core often occurs within
the context due to extreme density, overcrowding, and encroachments. Conversion of public square into smaller
space leads to loss of engagement of people. There has always been a debate whether in any urban project, planning
can be done taking historic developments into account. The protection and revitalization of historic center is a vital
issue today as its existence is threatened by changing urban fabric. It is intimate and human in scale, often rich
in diverse cultural, religious and social activities, they provide the variety in life’s background needed to match
the diversity of society and that, by doing, so they gain value and acquire additional human dimensions (Urbis
Limited, 2001). Buildings with architectural significance and traditional values surrounding historic core are also
considered for their preservation and conservation. Preservation of these heritage structures requires maintenance
and is necessary to maintain the building precinct or artifact in its present state to prevent and retard deterioration.
Conserving the unprotected historic core and architectural heritage surrounding the site ensures the survival of
sense of place and character in a globalizing environment (UNESCO, 2013). It offers the opportunity not only to
conserve the past, but also to define the future. Thus, the conservation and revitalization of historic urban center
seek to retain the part of the urban environment whose character is important to national and local heritage.
2. Ahmedabad old city and the site
2.1. History
Ahmedabad is the seventh largest city of India and the largest city located in the state of Gujarat. The city is a
blend of a harmonious past and a vivacious present. The city owing to its rapid industrialization, is also referred
to as the ‘Manchester of the East’. In spite of high industrial growth, it has retained its past glory as of imposing
architectural monuments built in Hindu and Islamic styles. The city’s, prosperous and eventful past and present is
embodied in its rich kaleidoscope of history, art and culture, rich architecture and imposing monuments. The river
Sabarmati divides Ahmedabad into two physically distinct eastern and western regions. The eastern bank of the
river constitutes the old city, which includes the central area of Bhadra (Ahmedabadonline, 2008).
The walled city of Ahmedabad was founded in 1411 A.D. by sultan Ahmed Shah. The city is fairly, semi-circular,
which is similar to many naturally grown cities on a river bank, core in the centre and radiating streets connecting
the centre to the edge. The city enclosed by a strong fort wall, has a mixed pattern of activities and street layout.
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The walled city of Ahmedabad has all the historic characteristics with many historic buildings like fort, fort walls,
gates, temples, mosques, and pols with its traditional houses.
Figure 1. Map showing a walled city of Ahmedabad and heritage monuments within Bhadra Fort precincts
Stroll in the walled city takes one down the memory lane, making one aware of the city’s glorious past. It is
now packed with bazaars, the clustered and barricaded pol system of shanty buildings (traditional housing of
Ahmedabad old city) with numerous places of worship. Most dominant, elements of the city are located on the
eastern bank of the river. These elements are the royal quarters, the maidan (the square), and the mosque complex
that originate from the river and follow the main street, now called Gandhi Road — ‘Bazaar street’ (shopping
street). The square in front of the Bhadra fort used to be identified as ‘Maidan-e-Shahi’ (Royal plaza). The British
East India Company took over the city in 1818 (Ahmedabad, 2007). Ahmedabad grew rapidly, becoming an
important center of trade and textile manufacturing. Structures like Karanj police station, police booth and bank
got built during the British rule in India. These structures were located inside the Bhadra square within disturbed
historic context. Further, the construction of new architecturally significant buildings during the modern era in
west Ahmedabad led to a decline in visitors to the fort precinct. Lack of adequate guidelines relating to formal and
informal commercial activity zones in the old city has led to increasing encroachments by informal commercial
activities, endangering the structure and spatial qualities of the monuments (Burgess, 1900).
2.2. Bhadra fort and its importance
Ahmedabad blends harmoniously as an ancient heritage city with a vibrant present. Number of historical and
architecturally important building exists even today were built during the Muslim and Moghul rule. One of the
first built structures within the walled city is the Bhadra fort, a citadel founded by sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411.
Bhadra fort served as the centre of royal government of the city during the Moghul rule. The area between Bhadra
fort to Teen Darwaza was known as Maidan-e- Shahi henceforth mentioned as Bhadra square. It was designed as
a processional space containing the main market place for the city. Spread over an astounding 43 acres of land, the
fort precinct houses many palatial buildings. The Bhadra fort and gate are under the protection of ASI, while Azam
Khan palace is owned by the Government of Gujarat. The fort gets its name from the Bhadra Kali temple being
located within the fort precinct, a temple built during the Maratha rule, a heritage structure in its own right. The
planning concept evolved around the central area of Bhadra. The Bhadra fort makes an axis with Teen darwaza
(triple arched gateway). On the south side of the axis is the main complex of Jami Mosque with the King’s, and the
Queen’s Tombs. Further south, and somewhat east of this complex’s spatial sense, the area is the main wholesale
and retail trade centre of the town. Presently, it is the busiest part of the town and congestion, overcrowding and
chaotic traffic conditions.
– Heritage monuments in Bhadra fort precinct
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4. Sharma / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD
Ahmedabad is endowed with a rich architectural heritage that is vital to the local identity and continuity of the
place (AMC & AUDA, 2018). The heritage potential of the walled city is immense in most of the aspects like
economically, culturally, socially and aesthetically for the city and to the state of Gujarat in a larger context.
UNESCO in 2018, declared Ahmedabad walled city as a world heritage site. Hence, protection, and revitalization
of historic centre, an ancient environment becomes a vital issue today as its existence is endangered. Since, past
few decades, the old city has undergone significant changes. The original form of several structures has been
altered to a large extent significantly. Today, the old city area has become a major commercial centre for the
entire Ahmedabad city. The area is congested due to heavy traffic of two & three Wheeler and lack of parking
facilities. Several monuments of heritage significance are located within and in close proximity to the Bhadra fort
precinct. The famous Teen Darwaza, another major tourist attraction in Ahmedabad, lies at the eastern end of the
fort. Initially, it served as an entrance to the Royal Plaza in the fort precinct. Ahmed Shah’s, Mosque situated
southwest of Bhadra Fort was built in 1414 and is amongst the city’s earliest mosques (AUDA, AMC & CEPT,
2006). The Azam Khan Sarai located adjacent to the Bhadra Fort, was built in 1637-38. The main street of the
Bhadra chowk, now called Gandhi Road is a ‘Bazaar Street’. The bazaar street is the major commercial area
having a series of shops and are now encroached by daily job seekers and therefore required intervention in the
form of redevelopment of the historic core.
Figure 2. Existing site (Source: Author)
Bhadra Precinct is believed to be the origin point of the city characterized by several pols, historical build-
ings/structures, marketplaces, cultural centers, religious places, etc. (Vastu Shilpa Foundation, 2015). Many
important buildings and structures like Bhadra fort, Teen Darwaza, Bhadra Kali temple etc. are located in this
area. Famous market places like Manek chowk, Fernandez bridge book bazaar, etc. are also found in this area.
Also, city-level transport terminals like Lal Darwaza bus stop and important buildings like City Civil court, Pre-
mabhai hall etc. also form a section of this part of the old city. For a long period of time, these structures were
neglected and hence were in a state of disrepair with Bhadra palace, it’s precinct, city wall and its gates in dilapi-
dated condition. This urban heritage constitutes a living context, a technology, and a morphology, which required
to be restored and adapted to meet the needs of the day (AUDA, AMC & CEPT, 2006). The Bhadra precinct
displays new structures that have been added haphazardly with no respect to historic context. Lack of maintenance
has led to collapses in the structure. All these factors, including the inadequate infrastructure, under utilization and
existing incompatible uses here have culminated in the precinct becoming inaccessible despite being one of the
most significant symbolic heritage monuments Ahmedabad has to offer.
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With the consequent shift in population to the suburbs, the symbolic and functional value of Bhadra fort precinct
as the heart of the city diminished over time, while the construction of new architecturally, significant buildings
during the modern era in west Ahmedabad led to a decline in importance of the fort precinct. Hence, a strong need
was felt to conserve this segment of the city, an area of immense heritage value (Vastu Shilpa Foundation, 2015).
Figure 3. Photograph showing procession at Bhadra Plaza - During British time (Source: AMC Archives)
Figure 4. Photograph of Bhadra plaza - existing situation (Source: Authors)
2.3. Issues in the present context
Old city of Ahmedabad is undergoing major transformation in terms of use as well as built form. The intensity of
use of the commercial areas located in the old city is increasing with people coming to these areas. The heritage
structures suffer from poor maintenance due to the lack of public awareness and respect for heritage precincts. The
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6. Sharma / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD
structures are also impacted by traffic congestion, pollution, haphazard growth of the city and it’s surroundings and
encroachments by vendors. Lack of adequate guidelines relating to formal and informal commercial activities in
the old city has led to increasing encroachments in the fort precinct thereby endangering the structure and spatial
quality.
Bhadra fort precinct also faced several problems which are as listed below:
– Traffic and transportation
Old city being the cultural and economic heart of the city has been subjected to tremendous pressure, due to
changes in the land use from simple to complex and mixed uses and to more intensive uses. Residential units are
being transformed into commercial units that attract more people and eventually increase in number of vehicles.
Additionally, the traditional and informal shopping in the city center generates a very large volume of localized
pedestrian movement (Bharti, 2014). This issue leads to problems like traffic congestion and haphazard parking.
Vehicular traffic has predominantly increased through the years, blocking the visibility and accessibility of heritage
buildings. The public transportation exists around the old city but transportation inside the fort area is a complex
issue. The use of the local buses is limited because of inefficient route planning, overcrowding, frequency or
availability, high travel time and poor maintenance of buses. Concentration of economic activities in the walled
city attracts a large volume of traffic from all over Ahmedabad.
– Hierarchy of road network and vehicular movement pattern
The walled city has grown along the banks of river Sabarmati, similar to many naturally grown cities with a com-
mercial hub in the middle and streets radiating from hub to the edge, with dead-end street at residential areas. The
road stretch from Bhadra fort towards Kalupur railway station acts as a spine for vehicular movement. This road
resides most of the major architectural heritage monuments and has major commercial activities. This combina-
tion creates increased vehicular traffic. Less availability of carriageway for vehicular traffic has further lead to
overcrowding and traffic jams.
Figure 5. Existing vehicular movement around the site (Source: Authors)
– Haphazard parking along Bhadra precinct
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7. Sharma / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD
The growing intensity of commercial land-use is attracting a large number of people every day. Lack of adequate
parking space has lead to regular traffic jams in this area. All along this growth, a constant check for planning
and development of these older sections of the city is largely required. Lack of this arrangement of constructive
development towards providing organized parking, has created chaos in the old city. The area has few pay and park
facilities and on-street demarcated parking.
– Informal activities
Presence of the informal sector at critical locations in Bhadra precinct invites several problems. It causes traffic
congestion, reduces the carriage way width and takes away pedestrian walkways. Street vending has been existent
in the old city. The number of hawkers has increased manifold in the recent years. Always crowded and congested,
the competition for space in this old city area has only intensified over the years (Oriard, 2014).
– Pollution
Air pollution from vehicular exhaust is increasing causing irreparable damage to the heritage resources. The air
pollution has increased at an alarming rate due to increase in vehicular traffic and inadequate public transport.
– Loss of visual character
The visual character and aesthetic ambiance of the heritage buildings or precincts is largely engulfed by intense
commercial activity, signboards etc. This issue is coupled with actual physical encroachments around these historic
precincts (AUDA, AMC & CEPT, 2006).
3. Strategy for revitalization of historic core
3.1. Current scenario
The once abundant economic opportunities in the fort precinct got exhausted over time with the break-down in its
conventional political system, while the migration of the city’s influential population from the old city to its newer
parts led to significantly decreased the maintenance and lack of civic amenities. A culmination of resultant factors
such as weakened urban infrastructure, poverty, and lack of access to the power elite who formulate policies for the
urban region has led to the Bhadra Fort Precinct being reduced to its current state of disuse and dilapidation and the
loss of its status as the heart of Ahmedabad. Despite its present dilapidated condition, the grandeur of the precinct
can still be perceived in the existing structure (Nayak, 2003). Though in decay and in the need of critical repairs,
the Bhadra fort precinct reflects a past glory that calls for urgent conservation and rehabilitation. The entire fort
precinct is under ASI’s (Archeological Survey of India) control. Areas assigned to the state offices are now lying in
disuse, while new structures have been added haphazardly without much respect for the historic context. All these
factors have culminated in this historically extremely significant monument becoming inaccessible to tourists and
locals alike due to its distinctly inadequate infrastructure and incompatible uses. The principal issues identified as
critical and need to be duly addressed while carrying out a comprehensive and sustainable revitalization of Bhadra
fort precinct was:
– Loss of status as the heart of Ahmedabad
– Dilapidated structures, damaged masonry and structural damage of buildings
– Illegal encroachments which are harmful to the physical and spatial character of the precinct
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8. Sharma / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD
Figure 6. Existing structures within Bhadra precinct (Source: Authors)
3.2. Proposal on the revitalization of Bhadra Precinct
A strong need was felt to conserve this segment of the city area of immense heritage value. An attempt for re-
structuring and revitalizing to conserve this area was proposed. The proposed pedestrianization of Bhadra chowk
& restoration and re-use plan aims to arrest critical issues by putting forth improvement strategies, overall revi-
talization plan of Bhadra square. The area between Bhadra fort to Teen Darwaza (Triple arched gateway) is now
proposed to be pedestrianized for people to move around comfortably and leisurely with covered walkway. The
Bhadra Plaza is enhanced by adding on various landscape and design elements. The idea is to activate the Bhadra
area in the day and at night so that it acts as a city level public ‘place’. The hawkers’ zone is re-organized to
avoid crowding of this place. Restoration of old heritage buildings is proposed keeping the traditional setting of
open space and streetscape. Urban design guidelines, architectural controls and conservation guidelines are part
of the proposal. The proposal also recommends the restoration of buildings of heritage value around Bhadra fort
including Bhadrakali Temple, City civil court.
Looking at the intense use and the character of this part of the old city, the proposal was divided into following
parts:
Revitalization:
– Pedestrianization of street (Bhadra Fort precincts & Bhadra Plaza to Teen Darwaja (Triple arched gateway))
– Identification of tourist nodes and corridors along the street for heritage importance (like Azam khan sarai,
Bhadrakali Temple, Bhadra tower, Shah Qutub’s Masjid, Tomb of Ahmed Shah, Queen’s Tomb)
– To reduce encroachments around Bhadra plaza to Teen Darwaja
– Traffic studies (including parking), analysis and identifying problem areas; and
– Up-gradation of required infrastructure along fort precincts and plaza
Urban design guidelines:
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– Urban design guidelines and Architectural controls for surrounding structures
Restoration:
– Restoration of Bhadra fort
– Conservation and Adaptive reuse of Azam khan Sarai
The proposal arrest these issues critically and is an attempt to improve the situation qualitatively by conserving
the heritage structures that are one of the rare examples worldwide in history. Realizing the tremendous potential
presented by the Fort Precinct in becoming a revitalized symbol that reinstates grandeur and power that the city of
Ahmedabad exuded in the past, the reuse functions of the precinct are based on capitalizing on the spatial structure
of the precinct that offers places of various scales and quality enabling its reuse as a place for citizens where
cultural and recreational activities are carried out and restoring the function of the precinct as the central space for
the city. Conservation and sensitive development is the approach to the problem of such historic areas.
3.2.1. Revitalization of Bhadra precinct
Pedestrianization of Bhadra precinct:
An effort to pedestrianize this street and making it walkable, safe and comfortable, for the pedestrians was taken
up as a component under this project. Widening of sidewalks, improvements to intersections, street-scaping was
identified interventions to improve the pedestrianization of the area. The aim was to provide public access to the
Bhadra area — heart of the city and enhancing link to streets.
Figure 7. Proposal for Bhadra plaza (Source: Vastu Shilpa Foundation)
Additionally, upgrading and coordinating physical elements such as signage, lighting, landscaping, pavement,
food kiosks, public toilets and street furniture was proposed to make the whole area pleasant to walk through.
The proposal attempts to reorganize the activities in hawking spaces, to define the spatial quality and bring forth
the old grandeur that walled city and its historic precincts is renowned for. ‘No vehicle zone’ aims to make the
streets more community friendly and reduce pollution was proposed. The implementation of street improvements
contributed to historic core rejuvenation as an appealing, vibrant, and economically-vital community. The aim
was to improve the pedestrian circulation system by reducing congestion, improving safety, and providing better
pedestrian access to transit nodes and open spaces. This idea was proposed to create social and diverse cultural
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10. Sharma / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD
spaces with many opportunities for people to interact. Multi-level parking facility was proposed nearby to prevent
the vehicular access entering the plaza and providing people a true pedestrianized plaza. A good connectivity to city
level transport nodes was proposed to encourage visitors and tourists. Thought on the provision of battery operated
buses on identified route and connecting to city level transport nodes located adjacent to these areas. This idea
would help in encouraging people to use public transport for coming to the old city and not bringing their vehicles.
This event in turn, will cause reduction in demand of parking space and provide freedom from excessive noise, air
pollution, and traffic grime. The overall thought to pedestrianize this street was to develop it as a good pedestrian
street created by closing the commercial street to vehicular traffic, permanently or over certain hours each day.
Retaining and conservation include both tangible and intangible heritage structures of unique architectural, cultural
and historical value in Bhadra Precinct. A multi-angular approach with a modest plan is designed by conserving
these buildings without hampering the facades but giving a face-lift by providing the temporary encampment and
covering the buildings (heights in the limits of the urban guidelines) without compromising the livelihood of the
street vendors.
Figure 8. Proposed vehicular movement for pedestrianization of Bhadra plaza (Source: Authors)
Figure 9. View of proposal for Bhadra plaza from the fort
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Figure 10. Actual execution of proposal
– Infrastructure up-gradation & Facilities augmentation
The streetscape and heritage conservation have been the concerns while designing this area. Pavements to provide
along the entire length of the road, dotted with few trees and to provide informal hawking spaces along the road
which leads to Teen Darwaza. Ample amount of regularized parking lot was also designed for the contentedly of the
visitors. An attempt to hold the existing inner-city character while the proficient design transfers the heritage zone
to a realistic contemporary built-up to conserve the character of the fort area was approached. The pedestrianization
path from Bhadra to Teen Darwaza deals with providing formal ‘stalls’ located and provided for hawkers/ informal
activities for shopping along the footpath on the walkway, which act as a screen and lends a unique character to the
street. The facade adds a screening effect to the old shopping street and the old shopping building. The demarcation
of allocated spaces for hawkers would clear the arcades and provide free and uninterrupted pedestrian movement
all along the shop edge. The design dealt with an organization of informal activities and traffic resolution. The
mix of many small businesses and street vendors will still be a preferable form of commercial activity in the inner
city and continue a traditional way of conducting business with a contemporary design. This idea will legalize the
vendor market and allocate place for every vendor to continue with the livelihood lawfully. Active sidewalks that
is directly linked with adjacent commercial uses at the ground floor help animate the street. The street includes
various public spaces of a scale where pedestrians can move comfortably and where informal activities can take
place and can reinforce a vibrant street life in the old city (Centre for Responsible Citizenship and Sustainability,
2005).
3.2.2. Urban design guidelines
No adequate means of conservation can be devised without carefully considered plans of control for the main-
tenance and existence of buildings of historic and architectural values situated in human settlement areas. The
controls ought not to be excessively restrictive but to be responsive to the physical, social and economic needs of
the area and should stimulate conservation rather than stifle new development. It must consider the needs, conve-
nience and natural aspirations of the people living on the site. The main objective was to preserve through ages an
active historical heritage with its forms and original materials with adaptation and interventions without any ten-
dencies to falsify. This idea was to preserve and protect against the damage of all kinds either done with intentions,
negligence, or unawareness. As per the general development control regulations [GDCR (Gujarat Development
Control Regulation) (section 17.20)] of Ahmedabad, no development or redevelopment or change of use or engi-
neering operations or additions, alterations, repairs, renovations including painting, replacement of special features
or demolition of the whole or part thereof or plastering of heritage buildings and heritage precincts and pols shall
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be allowed except with the written permission of the competent authority. Only the competent authority on the
advice of the heritage conservation committee would prepare list of heritage buildings and precincts to modify
3.2.3. Restoration
The conservation of historical buildings that are neglected endangered, and which require immediate attention is
one of the key strategy tried to achieve in this proposal. The focus area of the project includes the stretch from
gates of Bhadra fort to the gates of Teen Darwaza. This fact also includes the restoration and revitalization of the
heritage structures by the side of this proposed street avenue.
Figure 11. Monuments considered for restoration
The precinct can also be conceived as a Tourist Center with facilities that allow tourists to explore the intricacies
of life in the city, state, and the region. It could also become a starting point for all heritage activities in the city
and the walking tours. Renewing and restoring the masonry which has suffered considerable damage due to lack
of maintenance is also taken up as part of the project. Restoration shall include strengthening the structure of the
fort precinct including Azam Khan’s Sarai to prevent further damage to the structure. Azam Khan’s Sarai could be
remodeled as a Sarai again by providing for all tourism-related needs, facilities for cultural events, food and ethnic
markets and could be developed as an important exhibition center.
Figure 12. Proposed nature of use of space
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Various new structures have been added haphazardly in the fort precinct without any sensitivity to the existing
heritage context. Removal of these incongruous structures to retrieve valuable spaces is also taken up as a part of
the project. Comprehensive landscape design, to enhance spaces in the structures with due consideration of their
scale and architectural qualities and use was planned to revitalize the structures which currently lie redundant or
occupied by incongruous structures. Considering the prominence of Ahmedabad as a UNESCO world heritage site
and one of the most attractive tourist destinations, the process of revitalizing the Bhadra Fort Precinct necessarily
needs to account for many visitors to the city each year. Revitalizing the precinct hence has a proposal of the
addition of adequate tourism infrastructure such as a tourist information center, signage and enhancing existing
amenities to adequately cater to the estimated tourist influx. Since the precinct with its variety of spaces — open
and enclosed, offers numerous opportunities for the reuse of the sarai. An important son et Lumiere was planned
around the fort and bastions to showcase the various phases of city’s history. The revitalized Precinct could be
endowed with attributes that promote this place in becoming a major place for the celebration of public festivals
and fairs. Revitalization plan will arrest the issues critically and improve the situation qualitatively by conserving
the heritage structures that are one of the rare examples worldwide in history.
4. Implementation of proposal
As mentioned above, the proposal has two major components with various sub-components which are as follows:
Component 1 — Restoration of Bhadra fort and Azam khan Sarai
Sub-components
– Renewing and strengthening of the structures
– Reuse of existing structures by the provision of tourist spaces
– Retrieval of invaluable spaces by the removal of incongruous structures
– Comprehensive landscape design
– Son Et Lumiere
Component 2 — Revitalization of Bhadra square
Sub-components
– Pedestrianization of the square
– Re-routing traffic to relieve traffic congestion
– Protecting character of walled city
– Providing hawking zones
– Solving parking issues
– Revised planning and development of existing bus terminal to accommodate parking and informal activities
Currently, the project was implemented on a site through support from urban local body (AMC — Ahmedabad
Municipal Corporation) and funding from central government and state government. To implement the project
without disturbing the norms and guidelines of protected monuments of ASI, partnership was made between ASI
and urban local body (AMC) with necessary guidance of National Monument Authority, Government of India. Due
to funding under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM), implementation of the project
went on smooth. Implementation of project was done in phase wise manner. Apart from planning and development
of bus terminal and implementation of parking plan along with provision of parking facilities, the rest of the project
is implemented on the site.
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4.1. Role of various factors during implementation
The project has many stakeholders and hence, various organizations were involved either directly or indirectly in
the development of the project. Further, many political, social and administrative factors played important role
in implementation of the project. These factors still have influential role in maintenance and current status of the
project. Due to various reasons like the need to address additional space for hawkers within or in nearby areas,
the implementation of the project has stopped. This issue is due to shortages of funding from JnNURM mission
under Government of India. However, with UNESCO announcing Ahmedabad walled city as a world heritage site,
smooth further implementation of the project is envisaged.
Following is the list of organizations involved directly or indirectly in the project:
Organizations directly involved:
– Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
– Archeological Survey or India (ASI)
– National Monument Authority, Government of India
– Consultants (CEPT University, Vastu Shilpa Foundation)
Organizations indirectly involved:
– Bhadra Kali temple authority
– Bank of India
– Premabhai Hall Trust
– City Civil Court — Bhadra
– Bhadra vendor Association
– Self Employed Women Association (SEWA)
– Bhadra Taxi Stand Association
– Karanj Police Station- Bhadra
Both types of organizations played an important role in the development of the project. Role of organizations indi-
rectly involved was also as important in the implementation of the project. Delay was faced due to the involvement
of multiple stakeholders in the project. Differences in opinion within stakeholders had an adverse influence the
project.
4.2. Issues faced during implementation
Site being the historic core of the walled city and since multiple stakeholders were involved in the project, many
issues were faced during implementation of the project. Space constraints, several activities in this hyper active
area slowed the pace of implementation of the project. The project is linked to the city and its life in many
ways. The old city also had a concentration of informal shops. There is no demarcated hawking space and hence
the informal sector spread through the old city There are 80 to 100 (as per primary survey by the author) types
of specialized markets such as clothes, general retail, utensils, vegetable/fruits/grain, hardware, shoes, jewelry,
female accessories, stationary, etc; which is majorly used by the lower and middle income residents of the city.
This hustling and bustling crowd has a footfall of an average 1 to 1.5 lakh (as per primary survey by author)
visitors and tradesman etc.to and fro from Lal Darwaja bus station to Teen Darwaja. Since this footfall couldn’t
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be restricted, it created a hindrance in the development of the project. Lack of public awareness was another
issue that prolonged the project time. Since people were not sufficiently aware about the project, resistance from
their side was felt during implementation and hence, there was lack of co-operation from their end. Bhadra plaza
being the core of the city, is an important premise for holding all celebrations on huge scale for all religions alike.
Around 300 – 400 thousand people gather in this area during these festivals. Hence, the work stopped during
these festivals which resulted in delayed implementation of the project. Development of 22,000 square meter plaza
area with multistory parking and better transportation was planned that could impact this place socially, culturally
and economically. Even though the plaza has been built, funds from central government stopped that stopped the
development of multi-storeyed parking and bus terminal. Further, as per the new street vendor policy, licenses
was given to existing hawkers and street vendors. Due to delay in implementation of the project the number of
hawkers increased two-folds. However, these were unregistered hawkers. Bhadra vendor association as well as
Self Employed Women Association were against decreasing the number of hawkers since it will affect livelihood
of many hawkers. This mismanagement lead to unorganized hawking spaces. Further, incomplete development
led to many problems like over-crowding, unregulated use of space, mismanagement in associations, etc created
doubts on design and execution of projects.
5. Conclusion
Bhadra Precinct is a renowned historic core. The identity of the square as a historic core, needs to be re-established
to sustain its importance within the city. Revitalization and re-development of Bhadra square was taken up to
regain the losing identity of this historic core. However, the objective of any project cannot be achieved unless the
project is implemented on site. After Ahmedabad old city being declared as a world heritage site by UNESCO,
it is expected that the envisaged project can be implemented to regain its identity as historic core of the city with
strong public participation and political patronage.
6. References
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nline.in/Profile/
4. AUDA, AMC, & CEPT. (2006). Ahmedabad Comprehensive Development Plan. Ahmedabad: AMC,
AUDA.
5. Bharti, M. (2014, May 13). Integrating Vendors in City Planning. Retrieved May 01, 2018, from https://por
tfolio.cept.ac.in/archive/integrating-street-vendors-in-city-planning/
6. Burgess, J. (1900). The Muhammadan Architecture of Ahmedabad. New Delhi: ASI.
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pa.org/app/
activity.php
8. INTACH. (2015). Urban heritage in Indian cities. In NIUA (Ed.), . New Delhi: NIUA.
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cultural heritage #530(530).
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11. Oriard, L. (2014). Integrating street vendors in Ahmedabad, India - the case of Bhadra Plaza. In and others
(Ed.), Integratingstreet vendors in Ahmedabad, India - the case of Bhadra Plaza.
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.murdoch.edu.au/ISTP/casestudies/Case Studies Asia/heritage/heritage.html
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