The sense of place can only be achieved if the urban heritage is still intact and preserved whilst accommodating for new development. In the past Misurata city center where the traditional areas and historical significance are located did not have any positive consideration and appreciation from government which, were destroyed to build a new commercial buildings within business district area of city center. This paper intends to highlight on urban heritage "historical significance & activity pattern" that still survive in the city center of Misurata and reflects the sense of place. The study adapted the visual survey field method for data collection and this approach adopted techniques namely photograph and diagrams or maps. The results of the study indicate that there are some urban areas and buildings with historical or traditional significance and conducive sense of belonging and identity that must be renewed, restored, reused and conserved; for instance the marketplace, Allfah Square and the old city center.
Urban conservation techniques and strategies mainly followed in the INDIA.This is done for my friends in B.ARCH(VIIth semester) JNAFAU & JNTUK.
University.
Urban heritage conservation , India under the subject of urban planning and techniques in town and country planning with international and national level contribution , its need and case of heritage walk of Ahmadabad city.
-Definitions related to Urban Conservation
-Important of Heritage conservation
-Conservation Elements
-Conservation at International Level
-Conservation at National Level
-Constitution Obligation
-Acts for Conservation
-Need of Urban Heritage Conservation
-Heritage walk of Ahmedabad City
Conservation is not just a result of few years but work and dedication of centuries. With every good, there certainly follows bad but focusing on the positives and addressing the bad is what drives us to the future; in this case the future for our past.
Urban conservation techniques and strategies mainly followed in the INDIA.This is done for my friends in B.ARCH(VIIth semester) JNAFAU & JNTUK.
University.
Urban heritage conservation , India under the subject of urban planning and techniques in town and country planning with international and national level contribution , its need and case of heritage walk of Ahmadabad city.
-Definitions related to Urban Conservation
-Important of Heritage conservation
-Conservation Elements
-Conservation at International Level
-Conservation at National Level
-Constitution Obligation
-Acts for Conservation
-Need of Urban Heritage Conservation
-Heritage walk of Ahmedabad City
Conservation is not just a result of few years but work and dedication of centuries. With every good, there certainly follows bad but focusing on the positives and addressing the bad is what drives us to the future; in this case the future for our past.
CAMILLO SITTE
He was an Austrian architect, born Vienna in 1843
Camillo Sitte was the son of the architect Franz Sitte(1808–79) and the father of the architect Siegfried Sitte (1876–1945).
He was an art historian and architect whose writings, according to Eliel Saarinen, were familiar to German-speaking architects of the late 19th century.
He was also an painter and urban theorist whose work influenced urban planning and land use regulation.
Sitte traveled extensively in Western Europe, seeking to identify the factors that made certain towns feel warm and welcoming.
Sitte saw architecture was a process and product of culture.
BOOKS BY SITTE-
1. City Planning According to Artistic Principles, 1889
2. The Birth of Modern City Planning. Dover Publications, 2006.
Local policies and strategies designed to deal with urban decline, decay or transformation are termed as urban renewal.
It is a comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change’
With the decision and authority of a governing municipality, rearranging land use, function and ownership features of a socially, economically or structurally decayed part of a certain city .
such as slum zones or brown fields, for the purpose of obtaining a desired, well organized neighbourhood.
Development control rules,
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act,
Land acquisition act,
Village planning: Necessity and principles,
Rural developments- Growth
centre approach, Area Development approach, Integrated rural development
approach.
This presentation covers the Urban Planning stages of Bhubaneswar, one of India's first modern cities along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh. This city, the current capital of the coastal state of Odisha, was planned the German architect and urban planner, Otto Konigsberger, who also happens to be the author of 'Manual of Tropical Housing and Building.'
Architectural conservation_laws and practices_authenticityJoarder Hafiz Ullah
“Antiquity”
BNBC:
Definitions of Conservation
General Guidelines for Heritage Buildings and Sites
Promote cultural continuity
Integrate development with conservation
Outstanding Universal Value
Authenticity
Aspects of Authenticity
The motivation of this study is to explore about Transit Oriented Development (TOD), its parameters and principles. This dissertation includes case studies of areas that show the benefits of TOD and how it is making public transportation feasible near stations and thereby reducing traffic jam problems.
A Report on Urban Redevelopment which covers Introduction, Indicators of Redevelopment(Construction, Rehabilitation & Relocation), Local Study(Bangladesh), International Study of Redevelopment, Preservation aspect, and most important part of Redevelopment i.e. Methodology.
Conservation Techniques of Architectural Heritage and Private Property Legal ...IEREK Press
Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a majorobstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measure to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.
CAMILLO SITTE
He was an Austrian architect, born Vienna in 1843
Camillo Sitte was the son of the architect Franz Sitte(1808–79) and the father of the architect Siegfried Sitte (1876–1945).
He was an art historian and architect whose writings, according to Eliel Saarinen, were familiar to German-speaking architects of the late 19th century.
He was also an painter and urban theorist whose work influenced urban planning and land use regulation.
Sitte traveled extensively in Western Europe, seeking to identify the factors that made certain towns feel warm and welcoming.
Sitte saw architecture was a process and product of culture.
BOOKS BY SITTE-
1. City Planning According to Artistic Principles, 1889
2. The Birth of Modern City Planning. Dover Publications, 2006.
Local policies and strategies designed to deal with urban decline, decay or transformation are termed as urban renewal.
It is a comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change’
With the decision and authority of a governing municipality, rearranging land use, function and ownership features of a socially, economically or structurally decayed part of a certain city .
such as slum zones or brown fields, for the purpose of obtaining a desired, well organized neighbourhood.
Development control rules,
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act,
Land acquisition act,
Village planning: Necessity and principles,
Rural developments- Growth
centre approach, Area Development approach, Integrated rural development
approach.
This presentation covers the Urban Planning stages of Bhubaneswar, one of India's first modern cities along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh. This city, the current capital of the coastal state of Odisha, was planned the German architect and urban planner, Otto Konigsberger, who also happens to be the author of 'Manual of Tropical Housing and Building.'
Architectural conservation_laws and practices_authenticityJoarder Hafiz Ullah
“Antiquity”
BNBC:
Definitions of Conservation
General Guidelines for Heritage Buildings and Sites
Promote cultural continuity
Integrate development with conservation
Outstanding Universal Value
Authenticity
Aspects of Authenticity
The motivation of this study is to explore about Transit Oriented Development (TOD), its parameters and principles. This dissertation includes case studies of areas that show the benefits of TOD and how it is making public transportation feasible near stations and thereby reducing traffic jam problems.
A Report on Urban Redevelopment which covers Introduction, Indicators of Redevelopment(Construction, Rehabilitation & Relocation), Local Study(Bangladesh), International Study of Redevelopment, Preservation aspect, and most important part of Redevelopment i.e. Methodology.
Conservation Techniques of Architectural Heritage and Private Property Legal ...IEREK Press
Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a majorobstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measure to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.
The Study of Safavi Northern Chahar-Bagh Street of Shiraz, Iran; from the Sta...Dorna Eshrati
The historical urban landscape is a new approach towards the historical city as the product
of human interaction with micro ecosystem over the passage of time that has recently gained a special
position in urban conservation. This paper begins with raising the question that how this approach can
be used to solve the challenges of conservation and development of historical cities. Exploring the
conservation documents indicate that viewpoint to historical city has shifted from ‘the atomistic perspective
to holistic’, ‘static to dynamic’, ‘product-oriented to process-oriented’, ‘conflict with micro-ecosystem
to interact with micro-ecosystem’, and ‘the contrast of conservation and development’ to the integration
of them. The purpose of this paper is to review the northern Safavi Chahar-Bagh street of shiraz in the
city master plan to find out how the street conservation and development is based on historical urban
landscape. The data for this research were collected through observations and documents review and
were analyzed qualitatively. The survey results show that the new doctrines of urban conservation seek
to integrate conservation and development based on historical urban landscape; however, the definition
of the Historical city boundary in the master plan of shiraz is still based on static and atomistic doctrines
that consider historical cities limited to the historical wall. This is while the northern Chahar-Bagh street
of shiraz which was the main historical axis of the city during the Safavi period was located outside the
historical wall of the city. Not paying attention to this street has caused the gradual destruction of this
historical urban landscape, despite the individual protection of some of its elements. Reviewing the case
study based on the historical urban landscape approach reveals the need for a reconsideration and revision
of the developments urban plans.
Architecture is the platform where all cultures, heritages, traditions, and histories meet, through architectural conservation, the built heritage is prolonged and conserved by the planning of individuals or organisations that works solely for the purpose of conservation & preservation of Architectural heritage.
Architectural Heritage and Social Interaction of Rosetta, EgyptAhmed al-Rhodesly
A Lecture presented in Rashid Cultural Forum at Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt. The lecture has shown the outcomes of HeritageForAll’s workshop “Urban Architectural Heritage and Social Interaction” which had been held in Rashid (October 2017). The workshop aimed at understanding and analyzing the heritage context in Rashid and estimating how the local community deals with their surrounding cultural heritage. This aim is considered the initial steps of completing the file of the historic quarter of Rashid as a tentative world heritage site.
Through HeritageForAll’s ISSUU page, you can read the e-Publication of the workshop
“Urban Architectural Heritage and Social Interaction: Rashid, Open Air Museum”:[https://issuu.com/heritageforall/docs/workshop_uahsi_publication?fbclid=IwAR24m6-9xaW1zKwIEM3tkhHBONlKDJ_VuGx0a-Pf8RoylOl0EHThBZ5EIHc]
Adaptive Reuse and Interventions of Chinese Architectural Heritage in the Cit...IEREK Press
In Indonesia, Lasem identities as a China Town are constructed and developed over time, and Chinese architectural heritage is one of the main qualities and identity of the city. Recently, these unique Chinese architectural heritages have been transformed for tourism needs. This paper aims to document the transformation of functions or adaptive reuse, and its impact to forms and meanings of the Chinese architectural heritage of the city, and focuses on whether the interventions occurred was by the principles of architectural conservation. In April 2019, the study surveyed and documented five Chinese historicbuildings in Karangturi area in Lasem to understand how the architectural heritage has transformed. The result shows that tourism has a direct influence on changes in the building functions in Lasem, such as the Oei House and Little China that have changed from residences to homestays to accommodate the needs of tourists lodgings. The other two buildings, namely House of Nyah Giok and Nyah Lasem museum have also changed their functions from residences to a batik home industry and a museum related to tourism attractions. Interventions on the four buildings with sensitive usesare following the principle of minimum intervention that preserved the original main buildings and changed only in the wings buildings, and new buildings for lodgings were infilled in vacant land of the site for the Oei House case. For one building, however, tourism has no direct influence on changes in the building functions, it has changed from a residence to an Islamic boarding school for the development of Islamic education that had nothing to do with preserving Chinese culture. Indirectly, the building remains a tourist destination because of its unique Chinese architectural features. Findings showsthat for the four Chinese owners, the meaning or significance for the adaptation of the building is preserving historic values of the Chinese architecture, and economic values as well by developing commercial spaces and historic areas for tourist attractions
The Casbah of Algiers, in Algeria; From an Urban Slum to a Sustainable Living...drboon
In the face of rapid economic development, people increasing needs and changing lifestyles, most historic centers in the Arab world have experienced problems in making the necessary adaptation to the present needs and change. In the Casbah of Algiers, while the number of houses was reducing due to dereliction the density was rising and reached 4,000 persons/ha, making it one of the highest densities in the world. In addition, lack of services and poor sanitation has accelerated the dilapidation and decline of the Casbah, to become an urban slum in the heart of the capital Algiers. The Casbah of Algiers presents an urgent case for urban conservation. UNESCO inscribed it on the World Heritage list in December 1992, but since then there has been continuous disrepair, from 1,200 historic buildings in 1962 only 400 have remained and the number is still decreasing. The cultural heritage of the Casbah should be recognized as a valuable resource for future development. This paper attempts to propose an urgent integrated urban conservation action to rescue the Casbah from vanishing to become a sustainable living heritage.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
The enhancement of small historic centresVIVA_EAST
The enhancement of small historic centres: integration between urban and landscape quality
Authors: Authors: Francesco Selicato, Francesco Rotondo, Pierangela Loconte, Claudia Piscitelli
Planning Model of Religious Cultural Heritage Buildings as a Concept to Inten...drboon
The issue of heritage buildings is an important part in the development of a city. Historic buildings have high value tourism, if managed properly. Unfortunately, the government is less concerned about the presence of historic buildings. Urban development is more focused on commercial activities and generates high revenue for the region. Many historic buildings in the city of Jakarta is not properly maintained. Several historic buildings that have religious values often lead to conflict. The buildings are supposed to have an atmosphere of worship and sacred environment, even more immersed in line with the development of the city. This study is to identify the problems of the religious cultural heritage buildings in Jakarta that will be processed based on the Physical Components and Socio-Cultural Components. The result of the study is the mapping of potential problems and give solution about a model of cultural heritage buildings in the area, especially religious building. This model hopefully can solve the problem of disharmony between the religious value of cultural heritage buildings and its environment surrounding.
Contemporary architecture as a result of globalisation often moves away from relationships with the culture and tradition of a particular area or country. Simply put, ‘globalisation is the process of weakening the borders (also) the cultural ones dividing nations’. At the same time, globalisation has an impact on architecture such as: the extra-national, continental spread of patterns and parallel localism. This means that, on the one hand, non-culturally sensitive buildings are being constructed without local elements, while on the other hand, the existing traditional architectural solutions are excessively repeated without reference to the modern world. Thus, there is a need to link these two extreme tendencies in favour of a more moderate one promoting the development of contemporary architecture that fits the location by responding to its cultural and historical context, climate, responsive local building techniques and the character of the community. Cultural sensitivity appears to be important especially in countries highly populated, industrialised, undergoing political, economical and social transformations despite their rich cultural heritage.
Similar to Conservation of the Urban Heritage to Conserve the Sense of Place, a Case Study Misurata City, Libya (20)
11(4) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articlesdrboon
Research papers 2020 Behavioral finance; Personality traits; Behavioral factors; Overconfidence bias; Locus of control; Decision-making; Biased behavior Carbon (CO2) emissions; Economic Growth; Energy consumption; Trade; ARDL Approach; Granger Causality; Energy use Pedestrian start-up time; Street crosswalk, Pedestrian traffic signals; Pedestrians traffic lights; zebra crossings; Intersection crossings Service Attributes; Relationship quality; Relationship outcomes; Banking services; Electronic Customer Relationship Management; Virtual relationships; eBanking; eCRM College town landscape; College town character; Campus community; Urban identity; College town space; Sense of a place; Public Space; University gardens; Cultural identity; Campus identity; Businesses in college towns Emotional quotient; Self-emotional appraisal; Workplace Advice Network (WAN) Centrality; Service Sector Organizations; Sociometric matrix; Interconnectivity of nodes
11(3) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articles drboon
Non-destructive testing method Heat loss Thermal conductivity Specific heat Know-how Psychological contract breach Employees' Workplace behaviour Workplace spirituality Human resource management (HRM) Power sector Positive classroom Male teachers Classroom management system Public primary schools Private primary school Positive motivation students Quality primary education Grout rheology Construction workings High-precision lining Tunneling complex Cement slurry Reinforcement solutions Smart building systems Green architecture Green roof Green design Sustainable environmental architecture Smart energy management Architecture technology Neo-Functionalism Trade integration CPEC agreement Economic integration Regional cooperation Pak-China relations Pak-Iran relations Central Asia Republics Sino-Pakistan Agreement
11(2)2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Ap...drboon
Multidisciplinary Management, Journalism and Mass Communication Science (Information and Media Sciences), Political Sciences (International Affairs), Global Studies), Animal Sciences, Feeding Technology, Healthcare Management.
V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & ...drboon
Research articles published in V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ==>
Awareness of Passive Design on Apartment Façade Designs in Putrajaya, Malaysia
127
Comparative Analysis of Low-Cost Housing Policies in Malaysia and Nigeria
139
A Study on Kevin Lynch’s Urban Design Elements: Precinct 9 East Putrajaya
153
Investigating Urban Design Elements of Bandar Baru Sentul, Kuala Lumpur
169
A Study on Sharing Home Ownership Schemes in Malaysia
183
The Impact of Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) and Glazing Type on Energy Consumption in Air-Conditioned Office Buildings
197
Competitiveness Factors of Thai Construction Industry within the AEC Context: A Qualitative Approach
209
Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Government Construction Procurement Problems in Thailand
221
In a world of rapidly increasing urbanization, striving to develop more livable cities, the city’s streets designing and planning should be high on the agenda for policymakers, city planners and other practitioners, as well as researchers. Designing streets is not as easy as it might originally seem, however, done correctly it means that one third of the city was designed successfully with an immense impact on the rest of the city. The key challenge in developing sustainable and fulfilling streets is to develop an integrated approach in planning them, where it is necessary to consider all aspects involved. Meanwhile, efforts devoted to this topic vary considerably from place to place. Thus, this paper aims at discussing the main elements involved in designing streets for a livable city, in a comprehensive approach including pedestrians, vehicles, and parking areas.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
In residential buildings, providing comfortable living environment for building occupants is a major challenge for architects, engineers and those who involved in the building industry. It is reported that considerable energy is consumed to provide and maintain acceptable indoor conditions for thermal comfort in residential buildings in hot-humid climate. The observable increase in energy consumption is chiefly resulting from the growing use of air conditioning system. There are various energy conservation measures which can be applied to reduce energy consumption and among these measures are passive envelope design measures. This paper addresses the energy performance of selected high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur. Energy Plus software is utilized in measuring the performance because of its availability, validity and accuracy. Possible energy savings due to passive envelope design measures integration are investigated. This includes investigating the effect of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings.
Enhancement of Space Environment Via Healing Gardendrboon
Green nature, sunlight and fresh air have been known as important component of healing in healthcare facilities. This paper presents the finding of an exploratory study on healing garden elements in healthcare facilities. The purpose of the paper is to find the elements of healing gardens and its healing factors in the existing garden design. In conducting this research study, site observation and informal interview at selected healthcare facilities have been performed. The study reveals the elements of existing garden design, the interactivity and the end users expectation on a garden. The finding shows that lacking some of the elements of garden design lead to less user friendliness and interactivity in the garden. It also shows that the visibility, accessibility, quietness and comfortable condition in the garden give impact to the utilization of the garden.
Design of Quadruped Walking Robot with Spherical Shelldrboon
We propose a new quadruped walking robot with a spherical shell, called "QRoSS." QRoSS is a transformable robot that can store its legs in the spherical shell. The shell not only absorbs external forces from all directions, but also improves mobile performance because of its round shape. In rescue operations at a disaster site, carrying robots into a site is dangerous for operators because doing so may result in a second accident. If QRoSS is used, instead of carrying robots in, they are thrown in, making the operation safe and easy. This paper reports details of the design concept and development of the prototype model. Basic experiments were conducted to verify performance, which includes landing, rising and walking through a series of movements.
Motion Analysis of Pitch Rotation Mechanism for Posture Control of Butterfly-...drboon
We developed a small flapping robot on the basis of movements made by a butterfly with a low flapping frequency of approximately 10 Hz, a few degrees of freedom of the wings, and a large flapping angle. In this study, we clarify the pitch rotation mechanism that is used to control its posture during takeoff for different initial pitch and flapping angles by the experiments of both manufactured robots and simulation models. The results indicate that the pitch angle can be controlled by altering the initial pitch angle at takeoff and the flapping angles. Furthermore, it is suggested that the initial pitch angle generates a proportional increase in the pitch angle during takeoff, and that certain flapping angles are conducive to increasing the tendency for pitch angle transition. Thus, it is shown that the direction of the flight led by periodic changing in the pitch angle can be controlled by optimizing control parameters such as initial pitch and flapping angles.
Analysis of Roll Rotation Mechanism of a Butterfly for Development of a Small...drboon
In this paper, we investigated the aerodynamic characteristics during roll rotation of a butterfly based on computational fluid dynamics using a three-dimensional high-speed camera information. This method allows to create a numerical model of a butterfly from the camera images and to analyze the flow field corresponding to the captured behavior. We photographed two behaviors different in rotational axis and analyzed the roll rotational mechanism. In a typical pitch rotational flight, the differential pressure was concentrated on the tip of fore wings. The magnitudes of reaction forces on left and right wings were roughly matched each other. On the other hands, the differential pressure of the roll rotational flight was distributed in the whole of wings. The magnitude of the right reaction force was twice greater than that of left at the first down stroke. The roll angle changed largely at the same time. These results show that a butterfly rotates about roll by changing the reaction forces on each side.
Effect of Oryzalin on Growth of Anthurium andraeanum In Vitrodrboon
Apical shoots and lateral buds of Anthurium andraeanum about 0.5 cm grew very well when cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA, kinetin, sucrose and gelrite. When brought young plantlets (the same sized) of A. andraeanum soaked in various concentrations of oryzalin with different duration times. The A. andraeanum plantlets were subcultured into the same medium every 4 weeks for 3 times. It was found that 5.0 mg/l oryzalin with 24 and 72 hours gave the best average number of leaves per bunch, plant height and diameter of bunch. These parameters were reverse proportion, when increased concentration of oryzalin, the growth rate in each parameter was decreased with thick and pale green leaves.
Role of 2,4-D on Callus Induction and Shoot Formation to Increase Number of S...drboon
Stem node of Miniature Rose with axillary bud were used as explants. These explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D. It was found that MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D gave the highest number of green callus. The callus cultured on MS medium supplemented with different combinations of NAA and BA to form new shoot and root. From the result, we are able to find the highest number of young shoots that were induced from callus when cultured callus on MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA. When subcultured all new shoots with the same size to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and BA, and 2,4- D for six weeks. The result was significant difference (P≤0.5) when compared the average height of plant and percentage of root formation, but their duration time for flowering were not significant different.
Seismic Capacity Comparisons of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Between Standar...drboon
Earthquakes are cause of serious damage through the building. Therefore, moment resistant frame buildings are widely used as lateral resisting system. Generally three types of moment resisting frames are designed namely Special ductile frames (SDF), Intermediate ductile frames (IDF) and Gravity load designed (GLD) frames, each of which has a certain level of ductility. Comparative studies on the seismic performance of three different ductility of building are performed in this study. The analytical models are considered about failure mode of column (i.e. shear failure, flexural to shear failure and flexural failure); beam-column joint connection, infill wall and flexural foundation. Concepts of incremental dynamic analysis are practiced to assess the required data for performance based evaluations. This study found that the lateral load capacity of GLD, IDF, and SDF building was 19.25, 27.87, and 25.92 %W respectively. The average response spectrum at the collapse state for GLD, IDF, and SDF are 0.75 g, 1.19 g, and 1.33 g, respectively. The results show that SDF is more ductile than IDF and the initial strength of SDF is close to IDF. The results indicate that all of frames are able to resistant a design earthquake.
ITJEMAST5(2): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
An After-Stay Satisfaction Survey of Residents Living in Prefabricated Concrete Structures in Thailand
Hydrothermal Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Water Hyacinth for Electrochemical Capacitors Electrodes
Group Technology Paves the Road for Automation
Effect of Laser Priming on accumulation of Free Proline in Spring Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) under Salinity Stress
Livable Public Open Space for Citizen’s Quality of Life in Medan, Indonesia
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Effects of Calcination Treatment of Diatomite on Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Methanol
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Effect of Exchangeable Cations on Bentonite Swelling Characteristics of Geosy...drboon
Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are thin hydraulic barriers which contain the bentonite sandwiched between geotextiles or geomembrane. Bentonite swelling is a very common phenomenon observed in GCLs. It is one of the major causes for permeability reduction in hydraulic barriers. The aim of this study is to characterize the swelling behavior of bentonite in GCLs by exchangeable cations. X-ray diffraction test and scanning electron microscopy were used to quantify the swelling characteristics of this bentonite under contact with salt solutions, as in the hydraulic barriers. The results from X-ray diffraction test showed that the presence of clay minerals was swelling montmorillonite. The swell volume of bentonite decreases with increasing valence of cations. In the case of the same valence the free swell volume of bentonite increased with decreasing concentration of permeant liquids. From another test, the scanning electron microscopy, it can be seen that the bentonite appears as corn flake like crystals for air-dried bentonite. However, specimen permeated with salt solutions, the clay has become more porous and fluffy and porous size seemed to be diminished.
Effect of Exchangeable Cations on Bentonite Swelling Characteristics of Geosy...
Conservation of the Urban Heritage to Conserve the Sense of Place, a Case Study Misurata City, Libya
1. 2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences
American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS, http://Get.to/Research
Conservation of the Urban Heritage to
Conserve the Sense of Place, a Case Study
Misurata City, Libya
a*
Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira
a
Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering, Misurata University, LIBYA
ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT
Article history: The sense of place can only be achieved if the urban heritage
Received April 18, 2012
Received in revised form is still intact and preserved whilst accommodating for new
July 01, 2012 development. In the past Misurata city center where the traditional
Accepted July 20, 2012 areas and historical significance are located did not have any positive
Available online July 25, 2012
consideration and appreciation from government which, were
Keywords:
destroyed to build a new commercial buildings within business
Urban Heritage;
Conservation; district area of city center. This paper intends to highlight on urban
Sense of Place. heritage "historical significance & activity pattern" that still survive
in the city center of Misurata and reflects the sense of place. The
study adapted the visual survey field method for data collection and
this approach adopted techniques namely photograph and diagrams
or maps. The results of the study indicate that there are some urban
areas and buildings with historical or traditional significance and
conducive sense of belonging and identity that must be renewed,
restored, reused and conserved; for instance the marketplace, Allfah
Square and the old city center.
2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences.
*Corresponding author ((Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira). Tel/Fax: +218-0512762646.
E-mail addresses: shinbira_2006@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on
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Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/253-264.pdf
2. 1. Introduction
The concept of conservation touches on the very essence of culture survival. Often defined
as maintaining the presence of the past in the present time, it reflects on the need to safeguard the
built environment that we inherit so that the future generation are able to appreciate, learned and
value their history and the past. Our cities are actually a testimony of our existence and help to
build a stronger foundation for the future. The current scene in the development of cities saw a
trend towards a bland and uniform modern development reflecting the values and ideals of the
modern city. The historic environment, which comprise of the old and historic buildings,
traditional street pattern, activities and urban landscape provide a local distinctiveness to our city
that reflect our culture and civilization. Their presence is so vital to our sense of place and
belonging through their uniqueness that gives each city its own identity. Historic environment
also provides a sense of stability to the modern society, whose hectic lifestyle needed an
environment to remind us of our purpose in life. T he urban heritage consists of all elements that
shape the urban fabric including the local people, their activities and way of life. These elements
have to be seen in total as they contribute to the character of our cities. Thus conservation efforts
must focus on maintaining these qualities so that the whole historic environment is kept as an
ensemble. This paper attempts to explore and evaluate the urban heritage “historical significance
& activity pattern” that still survive and reflects the sense of place, identity and culture value in
Misurata city. The significance of such investigation is that conservation of our urban heritage
and buildings of historical significance or areas with tradition or social aspects is one main
elements to ensure city characteristics and provide a sense of place that relate to sustainable
design. This paper is based on a study that investigates the physical features and activities pattern
in Misurata city center and Trablus Street in order to determine the qualities which are conducive
for place character and sense of place.
2. Concept of Sense of Place “Genius Loci"
The term 'place' is very rich and has geographical, architectural/physical and social
connotations (Canter, 1977). Canter (1977) suggested that a place is a result of the relationship
between actions, conception and physical attributes. The geographical concept of place refers to
the aerial context of events, objects and actions. This includes both natural elements and human
construction in terms of materials and ideals. The concept of ‘place’ also refers to the integration
254 Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira
3. of elements of nature and culture and interconnected by a system of spatial interaction (Relph,
1976).
Place means more than an abstract location, it is totally made of concrete things having
materials, substance, shape, texture and colour. All these things determine the character and the
essence of a place. It is an area where perception is enriched and a person is made aware of the
distinctive character of specific localities. Sense of place is the ability to recognize different
places and different identities of a place. This concept incorporates imageability, topophilia,
attachment and symbolic meaning of places (Relph, 1976). The search for a sense of place
permits individuals to relate spatially to the aspects of the urban life they specifically choose to
identify with (Banz, 1970). In theory gaining a sense of place means that a person can orient
himself in his environment by using all his senses. The ability to acquire a sense of place depends
on the degree of familiarity a person has with the place. Since sense of place comes from the
attribution of meanings to physical forms, place is affected by people and in return people are
effected by places. As a result, there is an interaction with a place rather than a response to place
and endows the place with meanings. This is why old and historical places have more sense of
place than newer places.
In fact, places that do not relate to any particular period and which are lacking a sense of
continuity are uncomfortable environment. Thus, the stability and continuity of an environment
act as a therapy to the rapidity and scale of modern social and environment changes. People who
are satisfied with their environment will also develop a collective motivation to retain its
qualities, where those who are dissatisfied with their habitat may relocate or opt for improvement
(Downs & Stea, 1973).
3. The Concept of Urban Heritage Conservation
Conservation “means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural
significance" (Burra Charter Article 1.4). “Conservation encompasses the activities that are
aimed at the safeguarding of a cultural resource so as to retain its historic value and extend its
*Corresponding author ((Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira). Tel/Fax: +218-0512762646.
E-mail addresses: shinbira_2006@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3. ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 255
Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/253-264.pdf
4. physical life. There are conservation disciplines that address different kinds of cultural resources.
All share a broad concept of conservation that embraces one or more strategies that can be placed
on a continuum that runs from least intervention to greatest; that is, from maintenance to
modification of the cultural resource. All operations are designed to understand a property, know
its history and meaning, ensure its material safeguard and, if required, its restoration and
enhancement.
The term 'heritage' is used widely in a variety of contexts. Traditionally, the word 'heritage'
relates to the natural environment, buildings and monuments, the arts, social customs and
traditions. Man's contribution to the natural environments has resulted in buildings and
monuments of significant historical value, which can be broadly termed 'the built heritage'.
According to UNESCO in 1972 conference the heritage is classified into two categories; firstly
the Cultural Heritage, which involves a monument, group of buildings or site of historical,
aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological or anthropological value. Secondly, the Natural
Heritage, outstanding physical, biological, and geographical features; habitats of threatened
plants or animals' species and areas of value on scientific or aesthetic grounds or from the point
of view of conservation (UNESCO, 1972). Building conservation generally involves the
renovation of old structures, which could bring them back to fulfilling their original function by
contemporary standards or adapt them to new uses. Sometimes a building could be stripped
down to its historic façade to act as frontispiece for a new function space. "Urban culture
indicates human heritage. It gives worldwide reasons for living in congested cities. Aesthetic is
basically for human pleasure while historical quality need to be determined through careful
analysis. The aim of urban heritage conservation is to retain its character" (Nahoum Cohen,
2001). Montgomery (2001) argued that all good cities have distinctive identities and character.
Figure 1: Ancient city of Misurata that was destroyed to rebuilt new phenomena of commercial
and official blocks. (Source: http://misurata.com.ly/news/index.php).
256 Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira
5. Figure 2: Colonial building damaged during war should be restored and retained “Recent issue.”
4. Background
Over the past four decades Libya not only has witnessed tremendous missing in terms of
urban heritage conservation, but unfortunately has witnessed also the destruction of some of the
buildings or sometimes a whole area that organized as a traditional, historical, significance and
cultural values. In 1980s the government decided to bring down the ancient city of Misurata and
rebuilt commercial tower blocks. Since the historic core is strategically located in the hub of the
Central Business District, they have been the focus for speculative commercial development and
subjected to intense pressure for change (Figure 1). Currently, there are some colonials buildings
and other areas such as the marketplace that reflects the social interaction and activities which
faced the destruction during the war in the Trablus Street and other areas (Figure 2). These places
mentioned are the historical or traditional core that contributed significantly to the sense of place
in Misurata city, which must be considered in future for any development or reconstructions
through the architectural qualities, townscape and exciting activities that provide the life and
charm of our cities (Figure 3).
*Corresponding author ((Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira). Tel/Fax: +218-0512762646.
E-mail addresses: shinbira_2006@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3. ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 257
Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/253-264.pdf
6. Figure 3: Marketplace, must be rehabilitated and conserve as a social and cultural aspects
reflecting the sense of place "Recent issue".
5. Method
This study is based on two main categories below (Figure 4):
1. Literature review which describes some point of views that relate to the urban heritage, place,
conservation and urban design. This is to obtain a theory synthesis about urban heritage
conservation and sense of place.
2. Field survey which applies the theory synthesis to the real condition of place or city. This is to
know the opportunities that ensure sustainable design for future development and conservation
of the city character.
6. Discussion
6.1 The Threats
The value of historic environment lies on its authenticity and the way in which its fabric is
kept intact. The historic core contributed significantly to the sense of place in our cities through
the richness of its architectural qualities, picturesque, townscape and exciting activities that
provide the life and charm of our cities. It is also the place that reflects the true culture and the
people and their presence has influence on the survival of the culture. A study of the old town
centers in Libya that dated from 1980s until now revealed a lot of worrying trends that threaten
the life could possibly lead to the death of our historic environment. These threats can easily by
categorized into the following groups:
258 Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira
7. Figure 4: Layout of Study Area in Misurata shows the significant and historical buildings location
. (Source: Master Plan of Misurata, Cityhall).
6.1.1 Disruption of the Urban Pattern
The historic core unique urban pattern of fine grain even texture has been disrupted by the
invasion of the office tower blocks and residents blocks by altering the grain and texture (Figure
5). The danger of allowing large scale commercial development, if not designed sensitively,
within the fabric of the historic core is that they might act as a cancer that could in the end
destroy what still survive from the fabric of the historic environment. This is because such
*Corresponding author ((Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira). Tel/Fax: +218-0512762646.
E-mail addresses: shinbira_2006@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3. ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 259
Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/253-264.pdf
8. development may attract insensitive speculative development and inflating the land values within
the city center of Misurata. This will make the historic and traditional buildings no longer
economically viable to be located where they are at the moment.
Figure 5: Changing grain and texture through invasion of modern commercial development not
sensitive to the scale and proportion of the tradition core center.
Figure 6: New development attacking the Alshik Figure 7: New development is alien to traditional
Mosque (Historical Significant) and the traditional shops in terms of architectural qualities, scale and
core within the city center. proportion.
6.1.2 Disappearing Townscape
The unique townscape qualities of the traditional architecture, social activates and their
human scale are lackluster and slowly going to disappear as a result of modern development
encroaching into and within the vicinity of city center of Misurata. In addition, many original
buildings were destroyed through insensitive set-back policies with intention of developing the
city during the last thirty years (Figures 6 &7).
260 Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira
9. 6.1.3 Changing Activity Pattern
The charm of the historic environment is to a great extent due to the variety of activities
taking place, enriching our sensory experience of the townscape through the stimulation of
colours, smell, sight, sound and moods. The market related activities can still be seen in the old
city center such as Sog Allfah, narrow roads market in center core and the marketplace that is
located in Tubules Street reflect the true nature of our society which must be considered by
conservation efforts (Figures 8 & 9). However, these activities are facing tremendous changes by
the policy of large scale commercial buildings development which makes the area disrupted by
traffic jam, car park, townscape disappearing and changing activities pattern (Figures 10& 11).
Figure 8 Figure 9
Vitality of activities that enriches our sensory experience of old center townscape.
The creative use of the traditional streets support the human activities.
Figure 10 Figure 11
Erosion of public spaces and design of new structures within the existing fabric.
*Corresponding author ((Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira). Tel/Fax: +218-0512762646.
E-mail addresses: shinbira_2006@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3. ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 261
Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/253-264.pdf
10. 6.2 The Prospects
There is no denying that conservation of the urban heritage has significant impact in giving a
place its identity. The meanings often associated with familiar and historically significant places
provide a sense of stability and security to urban dwellers. These qualities are important to secure
the cultural survival of a society. Still, it could be questioned at what cost, considering the
heritage value of the activities that occurred there before.
Figure 12: Buildings in the historic center, does not get any conservation efforts. Sog Allfah
6.2.1 Increase in Tourist Attraction and Revenue
The economic gain of conservation efforts can be seen through the increase in the tourist
attraction of the historic and actions that reflect culture and social activities of the city as is
observed in old Tripoli (Figure 12). It is a widely accepted knowledge that historic environment
has a tremendous attraction to tourists who are more interested in the local culture as compared to
its modern counterparts (predominantly international style). Thus through conserving the historic
fabric and the urban heritage, revenue can be achieved if the environment is conserved whilst
accommodating to the tourists' needs for services and facilities. Over patronizing the historic
quarters by tourists should be avoided at all costs as it can destroy the sense of place, which
attracts the tourists in the first place. This calls for effective urban managements and planning for
the tourism industry when dealing with historic environment.
6.2.2 Providing Life to Obsolete Building Stocks
The derelict buildings in the historic quarter can be seen through restoration of these building
and adapting it into the use that could benefit from the presence of the tourists. Such projects not
only provide new life for these old buildings but also has the added value of being of historical
and architectural significance to the city (Figure 13). This value is not found in new buildings, as
262 Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira
11. meanings and associations are stronger in buildings that have been around for a long time and
thus become a familiar part of the environment for the residents.
Conservation projects, if conducted in the manner can easily turned a blighted area of
dilapidated buildings into a vibrant and charming place in the city center. The beauty of
conservation as opposed to preservation is that it is looking for new ways to ensure that the
historic environment becomes relevant in the modern times.
Figure 13: Restoration and rehabilitation can be helpful to consolidate the old city center core of
Misurata, to relive the sense of place and to keep the inherited features for new architecture.
7. Conclusion
The challenge that we faced is to ensure that future development of the historic quarter will
not destroy the heritage value that gives the places its uniqueness and heritage value. This can be
done by adopting a sustainable approach when dealing with development in places of historical,
architectural and cultural significance. Sustainable development can be defined as development
that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs. This involves the protection of not only basic resources but also the
cultural heritage and thus conserving this environment will be leading towards a sustainable
environment for the future generation.
A sustainable approach in conserving the urban heritage means that the interrelationship
between historic environment and the natural environment and between these and wider
economic and social issues will be given due consideration. This environment can be resulted
from particular activities or from attractive historic, culture, architectural, landscape or townscape
features. Area with an attractive character and strong sense of identity or sense of place must be
maintained, conserved and enhanced and, where practicable, other areas are upgraded to provide
an improved sense of identity and place.
*Corresponding author ((Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira). Tel/Fax: +218-0512762646.
E-mail addresses: shinbira_2006@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3. ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 263
Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/253-264.pdf
12. 8. Acknowledgements
All praise due to Allah, the Most Merciful, for His Love and Guidance. Salute on the Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH), his family, and fellow companions. I would like to convey my
appreciation to University of Misurata for support to the work of this article.
9. References
Banz (1970). Elements of Urban Form, McGraw Hill Book Company
Canter, D, (1977). The Psychology of Place, Architectural Press, London.
Cohen, Nahoum (2000). Urban Planning Conservation and Preservation, McGraw Hill
Companies, USA
Downs and Stea (Ed.) (1973). Image and Environment: Cognitive Mapping and Spatial Behavior,
Aldine Press, Chicago
Montgomery, John. (2003). Cultural Quarters as Mechanism for Urban Regeneration. Part 1:
Conceptualizing Culture Quarters, Planning, Practice & Research, Vol. 18, No.4,
pp.293-306
Relph, E, (1976). Place and Placelessness, Poin, London
Shuhana & Sulaiman (2007). Conservation of Urban Heritage in Malaysia: the Threats, the
Prospects and the Challenges. UTM. Skudai, Johor
UNESCO, (1975). the conservation of cities, the UNESCO Press, Paris
WORSKETT (1970). The Character of Towns. An Approach to Conservation. The Architectural
Press. London
Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira is a Lecture of Department of Architecture at Misurata University. He
received his BSc (ARCH) from Nasser University – AL Khoms, Libya in 2001. He was awarded a
Master degree in Urban Design from University Technology Malaysia (UTM) in 2007. He is currently
attending a PhD study at Nottingham University in Urbanism field. He worked as a designer in
architecture office and participated in many projects design and development during 2007 to 2010 in
Libya.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website. Note: This article
was accepted and presented at the 2nd International Conference-Workshop on
Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design (ICWSAUD) organized by School of
Housing, Building & Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia from
March 3rd -5th, 2012.
264 Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira