This document reviews hyaluronic acid-core gel liposomes as a potential transdermal drug delivery system. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the development of liposomes and other vesicular systems for transdermal delivery. It then provides background on the skin as a barrier to drug penetration and strategies for enhancing penetration. The review focuses on novel gel-core liposomes that combine the advantages of liposomes and gel formulations. It suggests these "hyaluosomes" show promise as a transdermal liposomal system with favorable rheological properties and superior skin permeation compared to conventional and other non-conventional liposomal systems.
Skin acts as a major target as well as a principal barrier for
topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this
system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the
stratum corneum. Several methods have been tried to increase the
permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient
approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or
skin enhancers. Vesicular system is one of the most convenient
methods for transdermal delivery of active substances and in that
ethosomes are most useful vesicular systems. Ethosomal carriers are
systems containing soft vesicles, composed of hydroalcoholic or
hydro/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols is
relatively high. The high concentration of ethanol brings increase in fluidity of lipids hence
increase in permeability of the skin and improves the drug penetration. Ethosomal
formulation may contain many drugs such as acyclovir, salbutamol, Insulin, cyclosporine,
fluconazole, minodixil, etc. These are prepared by hot method and cold methods. The size of
Ethosomal formulation can be decreased by sonication and extrusion method. The high
concentration of ethanol makes the ethosomes unique and useful for transcellular delivery,
delivery of hormones, anti-arthritis, anti-HIV etc. Thus, it can be a logical conclusion that
ethosomal formulation possesses promising future in effective dermal/transdermal delivery of
bioactive agents.
Skin acts as a major target as well as a principal barrier for topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the stratum corneum. Several methods have been tried to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or skin enhancers. Vesicular system is one of the most convenient methods for transdermal delivery of active substances and in that ethosomes are most useful vesicular systems. Ethosomal carriers are systems containing soft vesicles, composed of hydroalcoholic or hydro/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols is relatively high. The high concentration of ethanol brings increase in fluidity of lipids hence increase in permeability of the skin and improves the drug penetration. Ethosomal formulation may contain many drugs such as acyclovir, salbutamol, Insulin, cyclosporine, fluconazole, minodixil, etc. These are prepared by hot method and cold methods. The size of Ethosomal formulation can be decreased by sonication and extrusion method. The high concentration of ethanol makes the ethosomes unique and useful for transcellular delivery, delivery of hormones, anti-arthritis, anti-HIV etc. Thus, it can be a logical conclusion that ethosomal formulation possesses promising future in effective dermal/transdermal delivery of bioactive agents.
This document discusses novel vesicular transdermal delivery systems. It begins by introducing transdermal drug delivery and the challenges of penetrating the stratum corneum barrier. It then describes different types of vesicles - liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes, and ethosomes - that have been developed to enhance skin permeation. Transfersomes, composed of edge activators that increase deformability, and ethosomes, containing high concentrations of ethanol, are highlighted as particularly effective vesicle systems. The document concludes by noting the potential of these vesicular carriers to expand transdermal therapies.
This document discusses the mechanisms, kinetics, and mathematical modeling of transdermal permeation. It describes the main pathways of permeation as the trans-epidermal route through the intact stratum corneum and the trans-follicular route through hair follicles and glands. The kinetics of permeation involve drug release from the formulation, partitioning into the skin layers, diffusion through the stratum corneum and epidermis, and uptake into systemic circulation. Mathematical models use permeability coefficients to characterize permeation based on parameters like partition coefficients and diffusivity. Understanding permeation mechanisms and kinetics is important for developing transdermal drug delivery systems.
A Transfersome carrier is an artificial vesicle or a cell engaged in exocytosis, and thus suitable for controlled and, potentially targeted drug delivery,.
TRANSFEROSOMES A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM Mounika Mouni
This document discusses transferosomes, a novel vesicular carrier for transdermal drug delivery. Transferosomes are highly deformable lipid vesicles that can squeeze through pores much smaller than their diameter and deliver drugs across the skin. They are composed of phospholipids that form the bilayer and surfactants that provide flexibility. Transferosomes can carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and have advantages over other delivery systems like increased skin permeation and sustained release of drugs. The document covers the composition, mechanisms of action, materials used, methods of preparation and characterization of transferosomes.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System [TDDS]Sagar Savale
Management of illness through medication has entered an era of rapid growth. A variety of means by which drugs are delivered to the human body for the therapy such as tablets, capsules, injections, aerosols, creams, ointments, suppositories, liquids etc. are referred as a conventional drug formulations. Among many pharmaceutical dosage forms, continuous intravenous infusion at preprogrammed rate has been recognized as a superior mode of drug delivery. At present, the most common form of delivery of drugs is the oral route. It has the notable advantage of easy administration.
This document discusses ethosomes, which are lipid vesicles composed of phospholipids and high concentrations of ethanol or glycol. Ethosomes enhance transdermal drug delivery by increasing skin permeability. They are prepared using either a hot or cold method and characterized based on size, shape, zeta potential, drug content and stability. Ethosomes offer advantages over other drug delivery methods such as delivering large molecule drugs and improving patient compliance. However, their use is limited by drug molecular size and potential skin irritation. Overall, ethosomes are a promising approach for transdermal drug delivery by overcoming the barrier of the epidermis.
Skin acts as a major target as well as a principal barrier for
topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this
system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the
stratum corneum. Several methods have been tried to increase the
permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient
approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or
skin enhancers. Vesicular system is one of the most convenient
methods for transdermal delivery of active substances and in that
ethosomes are most useful vesicular systems. Ethosomal carriers are
systems containing soft vesicles, composed of hydroalcoholic or
hydro/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols is
relatively high. The high concentration of ethanol brings increase in fluidity of lipids hence
increase in permeability of the skin and improves the drug penetration. Ethosomal
formulation may contain many drugs such as acyclovir, salbutamol, Insulin, cyclosporine,
fluconazole, minodixil, etc. These are prepared by hot method and cold methods. The size of
Ethosomal formulation can be decreased by sonication and extrusion method. The high
concentration of ethanol makes the ethosomes unique and useful for transcellular delivery,
delivery of hormones, anti-arthritis, anti-HIV etc. Thus, it can be a logical conclusion that
ethosomal formulation possesses promising future in effective dermal/transdermal delivery of
bioactive agents.
Skin acts as a major target as well as a principal barrier for topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the stratum corneum. Several methods have been tried to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or skin enhancers. Vesicular system is one of the most convenient methods for transdermal delivery of active substances and in that ethosomes are most useful vesicular systems. Ethosomal carriers are systems containing soft vesicles, composed of hydroalcoholic or hydro/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols is relatively high. The high concentration of ethanol brings increase in fluidity of lipids hence increase in permeability of the skin and improves the drug penetration. Ethosomal formulation may contain many drugs such as acyclovir, salbutamol, Insulin, cyclosporine, fluconazole, minodixil, etc. These are prepared by hot method and cold methods. The size of Ethosomal formulation can be decreased by sonication and extrusion method. The high concentration of ethanol makes the ethosomes unique and useful for transcellular delivery, delivery of hormones, anti-arthritis, anti-HIV etc. Thus, it can be a logical conclusion that ethosomal formulation possesses promising future in effective dermal/transdermal delivery of bioactive agents.
This document discusses novel vesicular transdermal delivery systems. It begins by introducing transdermal drug delivery and the challenges of penetrating the stratum corneum barrier. It then describes different types of vesicles - liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes, and ethosomes - that have been developed to enhance skin permeation. Transfersomes, composed of edge activators that increase deformability, and ethosomes, containing high concentrations of ethanol, are highlighted as particularly effective vesicle systems. The document concludes by noting the potential of these vesicular carriers to expand transdermal therapies.
This document discusses the mechanisms, kinetics, and mathematical modeling of transdermal permeation. It describes the main pathways of permeation as the trans-epidermal route through the intact stratum corneum and the trans-follicular route through hair follicles and glands. The kinetics of permeation involve drug release from the formulation, partitioning into the skin layers, diffusion through the stratum corneum and epidermis, and uptake into systemic circulation. Mathematical models use permeability coefficients to characterize permeation based on parameters like partition coefficients and diffusivity. Understanding permeation mechanisms and kinetics is important for developing transdermal drug delivery systems.
A Transfersome carrier is an artificial vesicle or a cell engaged in exocytosis, and thus suitable for controlled and, potentially targeted drug delivery,.
TRANSFEROSOMES A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM Mounika Mouni
This document discusses transferosomes, a novel vesicular carrier for transdermal drug delivery. Transferosomes are highly deformable lipid vesicles that can squeeze through pores much smaller than their diameter and deliver drugs across the skin. They are composed of phospholipids that form the bilayer and surfactants that provide flexibility. Transferosomes can carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and have advantages over other delivery systems like increased skin permeation and sustained release of drugs. The document covers the composition, mechanisms of action, materials used, methods of preparation and characterization of transferosomes.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System [TDDS]Sagar Savale
Management of illness through medication has entered an era of rapid growth. A variety of means by which drugs are delivered to the human body for the therapy such as tablets, capsules, injections, aerosols, creams, ointments, suppositories, liquids etc. are referred as a conventional drug formulations. Among many pharmaceutical dosage forms, continuous intravenous infusion at preprogrammed rate has been recognized as a superior mode of drug delivery. At present, the most common form of delivery of drugs is the oral route. It has the notable advantage of easy administration.
This document discusses ethosomes, which are lipid vesicles composed of phospholipids and high concentrations of ethanol or glycol. Ethosomes enhance transdermal drug delivery by increasing skin permeability. They are prepared using either a hot or cold method and characterized based on size, shape, zeta potential, drug content and stability. Ethosomes offer advantages over other drug delivery methods such as delivering large molecule drugs and improving patient compliance. However, their use is limited by drug molecular size and potential skin irritation. Overall, ethosomes are a promising approach for transdermal drug delivery by overcoming the barrier of the epidermis.
This document discusses mucoadhesion and bioadhesive drug delivery systems. It defines mucoadhesion as the ability of a material to adhere to a biological tissue for an extended period of time. There are several types of bioadhesive drug delivery systems depending on the route of administration, including buccal, sublingual, vaginal, rectal, nasal, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Mucoadhesion occurs through a complex mechanism involving theories such as electronic, wetting, diffusion, fracture, cohesive, adsorption, and mechanical theories. Key factors affecting mucoadhesion are polymer properties, environmental factors, and physiological factors.
Ethosomes are lipid vesicles containing relatively high concentrations of ethanol that can permeate deeper into skin layers than liposomes. They are soft vesicles made of phospholipids, ethanol, and water that can encapsulate both small and large drug molecules for non-invasive transdermal delivery. The document discusses the structure, mechanisms, preparation methods, characterization, evaluations, applications, and advantages of ethosomes. It provides examples of marketed products using ethosomes to enhance skin permeation of drugs for conditions like herpes, hair growth, and cellulite reduction. In conclusion, ethosomes show promising potential for effective transdermal drug delivery without invasion.
The document discusses ethosomes, which are lipid vesicles containing phospholipids, ethanol, and water that can effectively deliver drugs through the skin. Ethosomes enhance skin permeation better than liposomes due to effects of ethanol on skin lipid fluidity. They have advantages like delivering large drug molecules through the skin in a non-invasive manner. Ethosomes are characterized and prepared through various methods. They have wide applications in delivery of drugs for conditions like viral infections, arthritis, and cancer due to their ability to effectively penetrate the skin and permeate systemic circulation.
targeted drug delivery system to respiratory systemAnusha Golla
The document presents information on targeting drugs to the lungs for pulmonary drug delivery. It begins with an introduction and overview of lung anatomy. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of pulmonary drug delivery, mechanisms of particle deposition in the airways, and various systems used to target the lungs including microspheres, liposomes, nanoparticles, and dendrimers. The document provides details on different dosage forms for pulmonary delivery such as metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. It concludes with examples of marketed pulmonary drug products.
Barriers and routes of occular drug delivery systemShresthaPandey1
The document discusses various barriers to ocular drug delivery and routes to overcome these barriers. The key barriers include anatomical barriers like the cornea and conjunctiva, physiological barriers like tear turnover and drainage, and blood-ocular barriers. Methods to improve bioavailability and provide controlled drug delivery include adjusting viscosity, using prodrugs, penetration enhancers, and ocular inserts. Inserts can be non-erodible like Ocusert or erodible like Lacriserts, SODI, and Mindisc to continuously deliver drugs to the eye.
The document provides information on the formulation and evaluation of Tramadol Hydrochloride loaded transferosome gel. Key points include:
1) Nine different transferosome formulations were prepared using different ratios of soya lecithin, propylene glycol, and other excipients to encapsulate Tramadol HCl.
2) Characterization of the formulations found that formulation F5 had the highest entrapment efficiency of 92.71% and drug content of 97.8%.
3) In vitro drug release studies through a cellophane membrane showed sustained release of Tramadol HCl from the transferosome gel formulations over 24 hours, with F5 releasing 88.18%
Transfersome: A Novel Vesicular Carrier to Enhance Permeation of Flurbiprofen...VaibhavBhagwat13
Transfersome is novel and advance form of Liposome. Due to its flexibility (highly deformable) and self-optimizing drug carrier vesicles passage across the skin.
The document discusses the major pathways for skin penetration including the intercellular, intracellular, intrafollicular, and polar pathways. It also examines factors that affect skin penetration such as molecule size and skin conditions. Several types of penetration enhancers are covered, including those that modify the polar or non-polar routes, act through extraction of skin lipids, or affect the skin through enzymatic or vesicular mechanisms. In general, smaller molecules below 500 Daltons can more easily penetrate skin through these various routes and pathways.
This document discusses transfersomes, a novel lipid-based vesicular system for transdermal drug delivery. Transfersomes can penetrate the skin through intracellular or transcellular routes due to their elastic and deformable nature. They have advantages like accommodating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, achieving high skin penetration ability due to flexibility. The document covers transfersome formulation methods, characterization techniques, mechanisms of penetration, marketed products, and concludes they are a promising system for transdermal delivery of a wide range of drugs.
Ethosome as novel drug delivery systemAnkit Sharma
Ethosomes are non-invasive carriers that enable drugs to reach deep skin layers and systemic circulation. They are composed of phospholipids, propylene glycol as a skin penetration enhancer, ethanol to provide flexibility to the vesicle membrane, and other components. Ethosomes enhance drug permeation through the skin via transdermal and dermal delivery. They can be prepared via cold and hot methods and have various applications including delivery of antiviral drugs, hormones, anti-arthritis drugs, and in cosmetics. Ethosomes provide advantages over other delivery systems such as delivering large molecules and containing non-toxic components.
Liquisolid technique is a new
and promising method that can change the dissolution rate of drugs. It has been used to enhance
dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODT) which disintegrates rapidly in saliva, usually within seconds,
without need for water. Drug dissolution, absorption, the onset of action and drug bioavailability
may be significantly increased better than those obtained from conventional dosage forms. combination of this two techniques is a promising approach for effective drug delivery
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system copySonam Gandhi
This document discusses mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. It begins by defining mucoadhesive drug delivery as a system that utilizes the bioadhesive properties of water soluble polymers to target and maintain a drug at a specific site in the body for an extended period. It then discusses various types of mucoadhesive systems including buccal, oral, nasal, ocular, and rectal. The document outlines the mechanism of mucoadhesion and factors affecting it. It provides examples of mucoadhesive dosage forms and their advantages and disadvantages. Evaluation tests for these systems are also mentioned. The objective of developing mucoadhesive forms for prolonged drug absorption using various mucoadhesive polymers is stated.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Application of controlled drug release transdermal systemMeer Hossain
This document discusses the application of controlled drug release transdermal systems. It begins by defining transdermal delivery as administering active ingredients through the skin for systemic distribution, such as via patches or implants. It then lists several applications of transdermal systems, including for antiemetics, contraception, smoking cessation, anti-inflammatories, cosmetics, testosterone replacement, estrogen therapy, angina treatment, motion sickness, antidepressants, blood pressure medication, and vitamin B12 administration. The document provides examples for many of these applications and concludes by thanking patients.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems interact with mucus and increase the residence time of dosage forms at the site of absorption. They are part of controlled delivery systems and can target drugs to specific sites, avoiding first-pass metabolism. The mechanisms of mucoadhesion involve contact and consolidation stages, where mucoadhesive molecules form bonds with mucus glycoproteins. Key factors that impact mucoadhesion include molecular weight, flexibility, crosslinking density, hydrogen bonding capacity, hydration, and polymer concentration. Common sites for these systems are the oral cavity, eye, vagina, nose, and gastrointestinal tract.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction defining ocular drug delivery and noting the challenges in overcoming barriers in the eye. It then describes the anatomy and barriers of the eye, including physiological barriers like tear turnover and anatomical barriers like the cornea. Finally, it discusses various methods to improve bioavailability and control drug delivery, such as using viscosity enhancers, ointments, gels, and nanoparticles. The overall purpose is to explore how to effectively deliver drugs to the eye by overcoming its protective barriers.
Ocuserts are solid or semisolid ocular inserts designed for ophthalmic drug delivery. They deliver drugs at a constant rate via diffusion and increase corneal contact time to prolong drug effects. This improves bioavailability and reduces dosing frequency. Ocuserts consist of a central drug reservoir, rate-controlling membrane, and outer ring. They are classified as insoluble, soluble, or bioerodible inserts depending on their composition. Insoluble inserts include diffusional and osmotic inserts that control drug release via membranes. Soluble inserts are natural or synthetic polymers that diffuse drug. Bioerodible inserts modulate drug release during erosion.
This document summarizes a presentation on advances in oral transmucosal drug delivery. It discusses how oral transmucosal delivery can avoid first-pass metabolism and includes sublingual and buccal delivery. It covers the anatomy of the oral mucosa, transport routes, theories of mucoadhesion, formulation considerations including basic components, and methods for evaluating formulations. The presentation provides an overview of oral transmucosal drug delivery and factors to consider for formulation and evaluation.
This document discusses techniques for enhancing drug delivery through the skin (transdermal delivery). It begins with an overview of the structure of the skin and the different routes drugs can take to penetrate it. The main barrier is the stratum corneum. The document then discusses various techniques for overcoming this barrier and enhancing penetration, including optimizing drug properties through prodrugs and ion-pairs, using supersaturated drug solutions, forming eutectic systems, and modifying the stratum corneum structure with chemical enhancers or hydration. The goal is to improve the permeation of drugs across the skin for transdermal delivery.
This document discusses mucoadhesion and bioadhesive drug delivery systems. It defines mucoadhesion as the ability of a material to adhere to a biological tissue for an extended period of time. There are several types of bioadhesive drug delivery systems depending on the route of administration, including buccal, sublingual, vaginal, rectal, nasal, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Mucoadhesion occurs through a complex mechanism involving theories such as electronic, wetting, diffusion, fracture, cohesive, adsorption, and mechanical theories. Key factors affecting mucoadhesion are polymer properties, environmental factors, and physiological factors.
Ethosomes are lipid vesicles containing relatively high concentrations of ethanol that can permeate deeper into skin layers than liposomes. They are soft vesicles made of phospholipids, ethanol, and water that can encapsulate both small and large drug molecules for non-invasive transdermal delivery. The document discusses the structure, mechanisms, preparation methods, characterization, evaluations, applications, and advantages of ethosomes. It provides examples of marketed products using ethosomes to enhance skin permeation of drugs for conditions like herpes, hair growth, and cellulite reduction. In conclusion, ethosomes show promising potential for effective transdermal drug delivery without invasion.
The document discusses ethosomes, which are lipid vesicles containing phospholipids, ethanol, and water that can effectively deliver drugs through the skin. Ethosomes enhance skin permeation better than liposomes due to effects of ethanol on skin lipid fluidity. They have advantages like delivering large drug molecules through the skin in a non-invasive manner. Ethosomes are characterized and prepared through various methods. They have wide applications in delivery of drugs for conditions like viral infections, arthritis, and cancer due to their ability to effectively penetrate the skin and permeate systemic circulation.
targeted drug delivery system to respiratory systemAnusha Golla
The document presents information on targeting drugs to the lungs for pulmonary drug delivery. It begins with an introduction and overview of lung anatomy. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of pulmonary drug delivery, mechanisms of particle deposition in the airways, and various systems used to target the lungs including microspheres, liposomes, nanoparticles, and dendrimers. The document provides details on different dosage forms for pulmonary delivery such as metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. It concludes with examples of marketed pulmonary drug products.
Barriers and routes of occular drug delivery systemShresthaPandey1
The document discusses various barriers to ocular drug delivery and routes to overcome these barriers. The key barriers include anatomical barriers like the cornea and conjunctiva, physiological barriers like tear turnover and drainage, and blood-ocular barriers. Methods to improve bioavailability and provide controlled drug delivery include adjusting viscosity, using prodrugs, penetration enhancers, and ocular inserts. Inserts can be non-erodible like Ocusert or erodible like Lacriserts, SODI, and Mindisc to continuously deliver drugs to the eye.
The document provides information on the formulation and evaluation of Tramadol Hydrochloride loaded transferosome gel. Key points include:
1) Nine different transferosome formulations were prepared using different ratios of soya lecithin, propylene glycol, and other excipients to encapsulate Tramadol HCl.
2) Characterization of the formulations found that formulation F5 had the highest entrapment efficiency of 92.71% and drug content of 97.8%.
3) In vitro drug release studies through a cellophane membrane showed sustained release of Tramadol HCl from the transferosome gel formulations over 24 hours, with F5 releasing 88.18%
Transfersome: A Novel Vesicular Carrier to Enhance Permeation of Flurbiprofen...VaibhavBhagwat13
Transfersome is novel and advance form of Liposome. Due to its flexibility (highly deformable) and self-optimizing drug carrier vesicles passage across the skin.
The document discusses the major pathways for skin penetration including the intercellular, intracellular, intrafollicular, and polar pathways. It also examines factors that affect skin penetration such as molecule size and skin conditions. Several types of penetration enhancers are covered, including those that modify the polar or non-polar routes, act through extraction of skin lipids, or affect the skin through enzymatic or vesicular mechanisms. In general, smaller molecules below 500 Daltons can more easily penetrate skin through these various routes and pathways.
This document discusses transfersomes, a novel lipid-based vesicular system for transdermal drug delivery. Transfersomes can penetrate the skin through intracellular or transcellular routes due to their elastic and deformable nature. They have advantages like accommodating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, achieving high skin penetration ability due to flexibility. The document covers transfersome formulation methods, characterization techniques, mechanisms of penetration, marketed products, and concludes they are a promising system for transdermal delivery of a wide range of drugs.
Ethosome as novel drug delivery systemAnkit Sharma
Ethosomes are non-invasive carriers that enable drugs to reach deep skin layers and systemic circulation. They are composed of phospholipids, propylene glycol as a skin penetration enhancer, ethanol to provide flexibility to the vesicle membrane, and other components. Ethosomes enhance drug permeation through the skin via transdermal and dermal delivery. They can be prepared via cold and hot methods and have various applications including delivery of antiviral drugs, hormones, anti-arthritis drugs, and in cosmetics. Ethosomes provide advantages over other delivery systems such as delivering large molecules and containing non-toxic components.
Liquisolid technique is a new
and promising method that can change the dissolution rate of drugs. It has been used to enhance
dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODT) which disintegrates rapidly in saliva, usually within seconds,
without need for water. Drug dissolution, absorption, the onset of action and drug bioavailability
may be significantly increased better than those obtained from conventional dosage forms. combination of this two techniques is a promising approach for effective drug delivery
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system copySonam Gandhi
This document discusses mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. It begins by defining mucoadhesive drug delivery as a system that utilizes the bioadhesive properties of water soluble polymers to target and maintain a drug at a specific site in the body for an extended period. It then discusses various types of mucoadhesive systems including buccal, oral, nasal, ocular, and rectal. The document outlines the mechanism of mucoadhesion and factors affecting it. It provides examples of mucoadhesive dosage forms and their advantages and disadvantages. Evaluation tests for these systems are also mentioned. The objective of developing mucoadhesive forms for prolonged drug absorption using various mucoadhesive polymers is stated.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Application of controlled drug release transdermal systemMeer Hossain
This document discusses the application of controlled drug release transdermal systems. It begins by defining transdermal delivery as administering active ingredients through the skin for systemic distribution, such as via patches or implants. It then lists several applications of transdermal systems, including for antiemetics, contraception, smoking cessation, anti-inflammatories, cosmetics, testosterone replacement, estrogen therapy, angina treatment, motion sickness, antidepressants, blood pressure medication, and vitamin B12 administration. The document provides examples for many of these applications and concludes by thanking patients.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems interact with mucus and increase the residence time of dosage forms at the site of absorption. They are part of controlled delivery systems and can target drugs to specific sites, avoiding first-pass metabolism. The mechanisms of mucoadhesion involve contact and consolidation stages, where mucoadhesive molecules form bonds with mucus glycoproteins. Key factors that impact mucoadhesion include molecular weight, flexibility, crosslinking density, hydrogen bonding capacity, hydration, and polymer concentration. Common sites for these systems are the oral cavity, eye, vagina, nose, and gastrointestinal tract.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction defining ocular drug delivery and noting the challenges in overcoming barriers in the eye. It then describes the anatomy and barriers of the eye, including physiological barriers like tear turnover and anatomical barriers like the cornea. Finally, it discusses various methods to improve bioavailability and control drug delivery, such as using viscosity enhancers, ointments, gels, and nanoparticles. The overall purpose is to explore how to effectively deliver drugs to the eye by overcoming its protective barriers.
Ocuserts are solid or semisolid ocular inserts designed for ophthalmic drug delivery. They deliver drugs at a constant rate via diffusion and increase corneal contact time to prolong drug effects. This improves bioavailability and reduces dosing frequency. Ocuserts consist of a central drug reservoir, rate-controlling membrane, and outer ring. They are classified as insoluble, soluble, or bioerodible inserts depending on their composition. Insoluble inserts include diffusional and osmotic inserts that control drug release via membranes. Soluble inserts are natural or synthetic polymers that diffuse drug. Bioerodible inserts modulate drug release during erosion.
This document summarizes a presentation on advances in oral transmucosal drug delivery. It discusses how oral transmucosal delivery can avoid first-pass metabolism and includes sublingual and buccal delivery. It covers the anatomy of the oral mucosa, transport routes, theories of mucoadhesion, formulation considerations including basic components, and methods for evaluating formulations. The presentation provides an overview of oral transmucosal drug delivery and factors to consider for formulation and evaluation.
This document discusses techniques for enhancing drug delivery through the skin (transdermal delivery). It begins with an overview of the structure of the skin and the different routes drugs can take to penetrate it. The main barrier is the stratum corneum. The document then discusses various techniques for overcoming this barrier and enhancing penetration, including optimizing drug properties through prodrugs and ion-pairs, using supersaturated drug solutions, forming eutectic systems, and modifying the stratum corneum structure with chemical enhancers or hydration. The goal is to improve the permeation of drugs across the skin for transdermal delivery.
Microemulsion based emulgel a novel topical drug delivery systemNitin Mori
This document describes the development of a microemulsion-based emulgel as a novel topical drug delivery system. It begins with an introduction to topical drug delivery and the advantages of microemulsions. It then discusses the anatomy and physiology of skin as the site of drug delivery. Key points include that microemulsions can solubilize both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, enhance skin permeability, and are thermodynamically stable. The document proposes that a microemulsion-based emulgel could provide controlled drug release through the combined advantages of microemulsions and gels. It then provides details on formulating the microemulsion and emulgel components, and evaluating parameters like viscosity, pH
Design, development and evaluation of Itraconazole loaded transfersomal gelSriramNagarajan18
This document describes the design, development, and evaluation of an itraconazole-loaded transfersomal gel for transdermal drug delivery. Transfersomes are deformable lipid vesicles that can improve skin permeation of drugs. The researchers prepared various transfersome formulations containing itraconazole, lecithin, and different ratios of surfactants (Span 80 and Tween 80). They characterized the transfersomes for vesicle shape, size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro permeation. Transfersomal gel was then prepared by dispersing the optimized transfersome formulation in carbopol gel. Evaluation showed the transfersomal gel was a promising candidate for transdermal delivery of itraconazole with
Transferosomes are a novel vesicular drug carrier system composed of phospholipids, surfactants, and water that can enhance transdermal drug delivery. They are highly flexible and deformable, allowing them to squeeze through the skin's layers more easily than other carriers. Transferosomes can transport both low and high molecular weight drugs into or through the skin, depending on the application method. They are prepared using phospholipids that form lipid bilayers, along with edge activators that increase bilayer flexibility. Transferosomes have advantages like high drug entrapment efficiency, protection of drugs from degradation, and ability to deliver a wide range of drug molecules. They have potential applications in controlled drug release and delivery of proteins, peptides, and other large
This document provides an overview of transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It defines TDDS and lists their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the structure of skin and the routes and mechanisms of absorption for TDDS. Factors affecting percutaneous absorption are outlined. Approaches to increase skin permeation include chemical, physical and carrier system methods. Transdermal patches, their components and types are defined. Evaluation methods for TDDS are provided in brief.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is the one of the novel technology to deliver the molecules through the skin for long period of time.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) are defined as self contained, discrete dosage forms which are also known as “patches” 2, 3 when patches are applied to the intact skin, deliver the drug through the skin at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation
Penetration Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery SystemSimranDhiman12
Penetration Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Permeation enhancers are substances that reduce the skin barrier's ability to make skin more permeable and allow drug molecules to cross the skin at a faster rate
advantages and disadvantages
types of penetration enhancers
techniques
physical and chemical enhancers
This document provides an overview of ethosomes as a novel drug delivery system. Some key points:
1. Ethosomes are lipid vesicles composed of phospholipids, ethanol, and water that can efficiently deliver drugs through the skin.
2. Compared to other vesicular systems, ethosomes have advantages like enhanced skin permeation, ability to deliver a wide range of drugs, and a generally safe composition.
3. The high ethanol content is the main factor enabling better skin permeation, as it increases lipid fluidity and decreases the density of skin cell membranes.
4. Ethosomes have been used to deliver various drug types including hormones, anti-parkinsonism drugs, antibiotics, and more, offering potential
Although transdermal drug administration has made a significant contribution to medical practise, it has yet to realise its full potential as an alternative to oral drug delivery and hypodermic injections. The patch can essentially provide a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive, which is an advantage of transdermal drug delivery over other types of delivery systems such as oral, topical, intravenous, intramuscular, and so on. The clinical usage of first generation transdermal delivery systems for the delivery of tiny, lipophilic, low dose medicines has increased steadily. Chemical enhancers, non cavitational ultrasound, and iontophoresis have all been used in second generation delivery methods. Akshay Kaware | Prof. Santosh Waghmare | Dr. Hemant Kamble "Transdermal Drug Delivery System: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49639.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/49639/transdermal-drug-delivery-system-a-review/akshay-kaware
This document discusses mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (MDDS). It begins by defining MDDS as drug delivery systems that interact with mucus layers and increase drug residence time at absorption sites. It then discusses various types of MDDS (buccal, sublingual, etc.), advantages like prolonged drug effects, and challenges like irritation. The document also covers mucoadhesion theories, drug transport mechanisms, formulation considerations, and provides an example case study on salbutamol sulfate buccal patches.
Transfersomes are elastic or deformable liposomes that can efficiently deliver drugs through the skin. They are composed of phospholipids and an edge activator that make the lipid bilayer highly flexible. This flexibility allows transfersomes to deform and pass through pores much smaller than their diameter. When applied to skin, they can penetrate the stratum corneum via osmotic gradients or hydration forces. Transfersomes have been used to deliver a variety of drugs including peptides, proteins, and vaccines both systemically and topically.
This document describes the formulation development and evaluation of clobetasol propionate transferosomal gel. It begins with an introduction that discusses topical drug delivery and the benefits of transferosomes. The aim is then stated to develop a clobetasol propionate transferosomal gel and evaluate it. The plan of work, materials, instruments, and experimental work are outlined. Formulations are prepared varying phospholipid, surfactant concentrations and polymer concentration in the gel. Results include preformulation studies like solubility and compatibility. Characterization involves determining vesicle size, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release from formulations.
Formulation and evaluation of ciclopirox using ethosomal gelSriramNagarajan18
This document summarizes a study that formulated and evaluated a ciclopirox ethosomal gel for transdermal drug delivery. Twelve ethosomal formulations were prepared with varying concentrations of phospholipids (2-4% w/v) and ethanol (20-50% w/v). Formulation EF7, containing 3% lecithin and 40% ethanol, was optimized based on drug release kinetics and characterized for particle size. The optimized ethosomes were incorporated into a gel base and the ethosomal gel was evaluated for various properties like physical appearance, pH, drug content uniformity, rheological behavior and in-vitro drug release. Results showed that ethosomal formulations were able to deliver ciclopi
The document describes different types of particulate drug carrier systems. It discusses microspheres, multicomposite capsules, nanoparticles, aquasomes, liposomes, lipid emulsions, and their uses and examples. The purposes for developing these particulate carriers are to target specific organs, enhance bioavailability, improve stability, and allow large molecules to be delivered. Limitations include potential dose dumping and issues with manufacturing. Vesicular drug delivery systems can target sites of action and control drug release rates.
Development And Evaluation Of Buccal Drug Delivery System For Anti-Anginal Dr...ASHISHKUMARTUDU1
Nicorandil 10mg Tablets are indicated in adults for the symptomatic treatment of patients with stable angina pectoris who are inadequately controlled or have a contraindication or intolerance to first-line antianginal therapies (such as beta-blockers and/or calcium antagonists).Nicorandil relaxes coronary vascular smooth muscle by stimulating guanylyl cyclase and increasing cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels (as shown first in our laboratory) as well as by a second mechanism resulting in activation of K+ channels and hyperpolarization.Nicorandil is a medicine used to treat and reduce chest pain caused by angina. It works by relaxing and widening your blood vessels and increasing the blood and oxygen supply to your heart. Your doctor will usually prescribe nicorandil when other heart medicines have not worked or are not suitable for you.
Quality by design approach for formulation, evaluation and statistical optimi...ajaykumarpa
The document describes a study that used a quality by design (QbD) approach to develop optimized diclofenac-loaded ethosomal formulations for transdermal delivery. Diclofenac-loaded ethosomal formulations were prepared using a 4 x 5 full factorial design varying phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol ratios from 50:50 to 90:10 and ethanol concentration from 0% to 30%. The formulations were characterized and their skin permeation was evaluated. Multivariate regression analysis showed that vesicle size and elasticity were the dominant properties affecting skin permeation. An optimized formulation with 22.9% ethanol and an 88.4:11.6 PC:CH ratio showed the highest permeation flux and enhanced
The document discusses transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It defines TDDS and provides their advantages over other drug delivery methods. It describes the skin structure, especially the stratum corneum layer, and how drugs penetrate the skin through various routes. Factors that affect transdermal drug permeability are outlined. Ideal drug candidates and components of TDDS like polymers and permeation enhancers are also discussed.
Different Variable and Recent Development in Noval Buccal Drug Delivery Systemijtsrd
The buccal region of the oral cavity is an attractive target for administration of the drug of choice, particularly in overcoming deficiencies associated with the latter mode of administration. Problems such as high first pass metabolism and drug degradation in the gastrointestinal environment can be circumvented by administering the drug via the buccal route. Moreover, rapid onset of action can be achieved relative to the oral route and the formulation can be removed if therapy is required to be discontinued. It is also possible to administer drugs to patients who unconscious and less co operative. To prevent accidental swallowing of drugs adhesive mucosal dosage forms were suggested for oral delivery, which included adhesive tablets, adhesive gels, adhesive patches and many other dosage forms with various combinations of polymers, absorption enhancers. Natural polymers have recently gained importance in pharmaceutical field. Mucoadhesive polymers are used to improve drug delivery by enhancing the dosage form's contact time and residence time with the mucous membranes. Mucoadhesion may be defined as the process where polymers attach to biological substrate or a synthetic or natural macromolecule, to mucus or an epithelial surface. When the biological substrate is attached to a mucosal layer then this phenomenon is known as mucoadhesion. The substrate possessing bioadhesive polymer can help in drug delivery for a prolonged period of time at a specific delivery site. The studies of Mucoadhesive polymers provide a good approach of mucoadhesion and some factors which have the ability to affect the mucoadhesive properties of a polymer. Both natural and synthetic polymers are used for the preparation of mucoadhesive buccal patches. In addition to this, studies have been conducted on the development of controlled or slow release delivery systems for systemic and local therapy of diseases in the oral cavity. Deepak Chandra Sharma | Pranshu Tangri | Sunil Jawla | Ravinesh Mishra "Different Variable and Recent Development in Noval Buccal Drug Delivery System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18934.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/18934/different-variable-and-recent-development-in-noval-buccal-drug-delivery-system/deepak-chandra-sharma
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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oleic corrosive in collaboration with propylene glycol [21-
22] and azone [23-24]. And planning, characterizing
different phospholipid, vesicles to be specific liposomes,
ethosomes, propylene glycol (PG)-liposomes, ethosomes,
transferosomes and hyaluosomes. The liposomes and
ethosomes are not elective to each other. Their whole
physicochemical properties and sedate penetrability
components are very diverse from each other [8-9]. Broad
investigate has been done on the application in TDDS of
liposomes and ethosomes. Routine liposomes cannot enter
into profound layers of the skin, but they can adsorb on the
upper layer of the SC. The reason being, customary
liposomes are less deformable, get dried outtotally,fuze and
limited to the skin surface [25]. Liposomes don't have
capacity to penetrate the phycocyanin into the profound
layers of the skin and embodimentproductivityof liposomes
was found less than 50% [26]. To overcome the destitute
penetrability of liposomes throughtheskin, ethosomes were
to begin with created for transdermal conveyance by Elka
Touitou. Ethosomes are delicate liable vesicles implanted
with tall alcoholic substance (up to 45%v/v).Theethosomal
molecule estimate was exceptionally moo compared to
liposomes due to the interpenetration of lipid bilayers. It is
proposed that synergetic movement of lipid and ethanol
alter the warm properties of stratum corneum by
fluidization[24]. They detailed that ethosomes kept up the
skin fluidized situation by interaction with hydrophilic
portions of lipids within the SC[28]. The polysorbate 80 and
turpentine was utilized as the saturation enhancers for the
liposomes and ethosomes, separately. The turpentine
contained ethosomes appeared higherskin penetrationafter
24 h compared to liposomes separately .To kill these side
impacts, transdermal course can be chosen for organization.
Among these physicochemical criteria are appropriate
atomic estimate and ideal medicate lipophilicity in arrange
to pick upget to through the greatly lipophilic stratum
corneum boundary[3]. Over the past three decades, lipid-
based nano-sized vesicles have been utilized effectively for
transdermal medicate conveyance frameworks;thesenano-
sized conveyance frameworks incorporate liposomes,
ethosomes and transferosomes have been utilized for
hydrophilic and lipophilic sedate conveyance over the skin
obstructions[29]. Numerous reports have pointed out that
not all lipid-based vesicles are similarly competent of
accomplishing adequately tall and steady penetrability
through the impressive obstructions of the skin. For
illustration,transferosomes andethosomes epitomizingedge
activators and certain sum of liquor individually illustrated
predominant skin penetrability compared with ordinary
liposomes[30]. While the writing has barely said how these
fluid liposomal scatterings might conceivably follow to the
skin surface to permit adequatetimeformedicatesaturation
over the skin. On the drawback, these non ordinary
liposomes might have dejected rheological characteristics
and adherence to the skin. This conceivably requires the
utilize of extra gooey vehicle or joining of the liposomal
frameworks into suitable patches for the ease of application
and spreading the managed dosage on the skin. More as of
late, gel core-filled liposomes have been utilized viably for
transdermal medicate conveyance of little and
macromolecules such as curcumin and hyaluronic
corrosive[31-32]. These novel liposomes are composed of
phospholipid vesicles entrapping gel material in their core.
Therefore, they can combine the advantages of liposomes
and gel formulations in one drug delivery system[33]. The
following section will focus on structure of the skin and
understanding the role of core gel liposomes after liposomes
in the grand theme of drug delivery to the skin.
2. SKIN
2.1 Human skin: penetration barrier
Skin is the biggest organ of the human body weighing at
approximately 10 % of the body weight inadults andwith an
impressive surface region of around 20,000 cm²[34]. the
essential work of the skin is to preserve the body
hydration[35]. Skin forms a vital obstruction between the
environment and our organs. This barrier function protects
us from hurtful impacts of chemicals, microorganisms,
allergens and UV radiation. Skin barrier is 100 – 10,000
times less penetrable compared to a blood capillary
divider[36]. Other major functions of the skin include
homeostasis by thermoregulation and sensory function by
detecting heat, pressure, pain and allergenmediatedstimuli.
Thickness of skin shift between 0.5 – 4 mm depending upon
the anatomical location,which subsequentlymeans based on
the location, skin barrier can also vary considerably.
Briefly, skin can be considered to be divided in four layers,
outermost stratum corneum (non-viable epidermis), viable
epidermis, dermis, and bottom most subcutaneous tissue.
Apart from different layers, skin also contains appendages
like hair follicles sweat organs and sebaceous
glands.(Figure1)
Figure:- 1Shows a schematic representation of the human
skin.
2.1.1 Stratum corneum (SC):-
The exposed layer of the skin (also termed as horny layer)
which is approximately 10mm thick and formed by 10-15
layers of highly flattened, highly differentiated, non-
nucleated cells called corneocytes. It has barrier property
due to presence of 79–90% of protein and 5–15% of lipids.
The multilayered epidermis shifts in thickness which
basically depends upon cell thickness and layers of
epidermis, body site, age, gender and race[36]. it is wellbuilt
up that the SC is responsible for a major fraction of the
boundary to the percutaneous retention of topically applied
compounds. . A strong evidence for this was given within the
shape of increased transdermalfluxfor different penetrating
compounds when the SC was physically removed by tape
stripping[37-42]. Removal of the SC can increase
transdermal permeability by a factor of 10 – 20[34].
Although SC is the major skin barrier, deeper layers also
possess a small barrier function.
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2.1.2 Viable epidermis
Viable epidermis is the layerdirectlybelow SC andis mindful
for producing the highly differentiatedcorneocytes of theSC.
Viable epidermis is typically 50 – 100μm thick and contains
three distinct layers based on the state differentiation of
keratinocytes. Apart from keratinocytes viable epidermis
moreover contains Langerhans cells responsibleforimmune
response, melanocytes which produce melanin and Merkel
cells which are involvedin thesomato sensoryfunctions[43].
Viable epidermis does not contain any blood capillaries but
does contain nerve fibers[44]. Due to a lack of vascular
network, nutrients are delivered to the keratinocytes by
inactive is semination through the interstitial liquid.
2.1.3 Hypodermis
It holds the fat tissues and acts as a back memberane for
both epidermial and dermal layer of skin. It has its claim
significance in transdermal medicate conveyance. Sedate
might enter through all three layers to reach systemic
circulation[45].
2.1.4 Dermis
Thickness of this layer is 3–5 mm. It mainly consist of
connective tissues obligatory in direction of body
temperature, oxygensupplements to theskin andevacuating
poisonous items[45]. Dermis is divided in to outer papillary
dermis and inner reticular dermis. A large proportion of the
dermis by weight contains a relatively loose fibrous
connective tissue matrix. Cellular component of the dermis
comprises of fibroblasts, epithelial cells, mast cells and cells
of immune system such as lymphocytes and leukocytes.
Dermis also provides physical support for skin appendages,
nerve fibers and network of lymphatic and blood vessels.
Microvasculature of the dermis is responsible for
maintaining the sink conditions for the drug molecules that
have penetrated through the primary skin barrier into the
dermis[47]. Dermis does not posture as a major barrier to
drugs unless drugs are susceptibleto enzymaticdegradation
then dermis can pose as a relevant barrier for absorption of
drugs into systemic circulation.
2.1.5 Skin appendages
Most important skin appendages include, sweat organs,hair
follicles and sebaceous glands. These appendages originate
from lower dermis and reach the skin surfacebypenetrating
through viable epidermis and the stratum corneum. Skin
appendages occupy about 0.1 % of the total skin area[48].
Amongst all appendages sweat glands arethemost abundant
with approximately 400 glands/cm²[34]. Hair follicles are
the second most abundant skin appendages. Entire human
body is covered with hair follicles except on the palms and
soles. Due to secretion of sweat, pH of the skin surface is
mildly acidic and can be in the range of 4 – 7.0[49]. As
variation in pH could affect the stabilityof theformulation or
even irritate the skin. Hair follicles are related with one or
more sebaceous organs towards the mouth of the hair
follicles. Sebaceous glands are holocrine glands which
secrete an oily fluid called sebum.. Sebum typically is
composed of mixtures of triglycerides free greasy acids
squalene, squalene and waxes. Excretion rate of sebum
averages around 0.1 mg/cm²/h[50]. It is a common
consensus that sebum does not have a skin barrier function.
However, it may have a beneficiary or a retarding effect on
the percutaneous penetration of thedrugapplied totheskin,
depending on thenatureof formulation andphysicochemical
properties of the sedate.
3. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Among all strategies utilized for discharging drugs in a
controlled way into the human body, transdermal sedate
conveyance (TDD) is presently broadly recognized as one of
the foremost promising ones, with a expansive number of
commercialized applications. The foremost common
transdermal frameworks display on the advertise are based
on semi-permeable films (the so-called ‘‘patches).
Transdermal medicate conveyance medications final a few
hours a day, since they are regularly required to preserve a
consistent concentration of medicate in blood.Asaresult, an
perfect TDD framework ought to be compact and versatile.
The TDD framework combines created parts with a
commercially accessible micromotor and changeless
magnets.
4. FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSDERMAL DRUD
DELIVERY
4.1 Physiochemical properties of activemoiety[51-52]
4.1.1 Partition coefficient
Medicate have both water and lipid solvency. Perfect
segment coefficient for middle transdermal conveyance is
log K 1–3. For exceedingly lipophillic medicate (log k43),
intracellular course is positive, while for hydrophillic drugs
(log k51), it is saturated by means of transcellular course.
4.1.2 Molecular size
Atomic measure of the medicate is inversaly corresponding
to transdermal flux. The perfect atomic estimate of sedate
atom for transdermal conveyance is 400.
4.1.3 Solubility/melting point
Most natural solutes have tall dissolving point and moo
dissolvability at ordinary temperature and weight.
Lipophillic sedate penetrates speedier than hydrophillic
substances, but it ought to more over have watery
dissolvability as required in most of topical definitions.
4.1.4 Ionization
Unionized drug permeates the skin as according to pH-
Partition hypothesis.
4.1.5 Diffusion coefficient
Entrance of sedate depends on dissemination coefficient of
medicate. At a steady temperature, the dissemination
coefficient of medicate basically depends on properties of
medicate, dissemination medium and their interaction.
4.2 Physiochemical properties of the drug delivery
system[53-54]
4.2.1 Release characteristics
Medicate discharge instrument primarily depends on
medicate atoms which are broken up or suspended within
the conveyance framework and on interfacial segment
coefficient or pH of the sedate from conveyance framework
to the skin tissue. On the off chance that the medicate is
effectively discharged from the conveyance framework, the
rate of transdermal saturation will be higher.
4.2.2 Composition of drug delivery system
Composition maynot influencedischarge properties butmay
influence its penetrability usefulness. For case, methyl
salicylate is more lippophilic than parent corrosive, i.e.
salicylic corrosive, and its percutaneous retention is tall
when connected to skin in a lipoidal vehicle.
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4.2.3 Enhancement of transdermal permeation
Lion's share of drugs will not saturate into skin for
theraputic utilize. A few enhancers are utilized for
synergistic activity without showings its properties (e.g.
dimethyl sulphoxide, acetone, propylene glycol and
tetradihydrofuryl liquor).
4.3 Physiological properties[55-56]
Skin obstruction properties within the neonate andyouthful
newborn child the skin surface of the infant is marginally
hydrophobic, generallydry and unpleasant when compared
to that of more seasoned newborn children. Stratum
corneum hydration stabilizes by the age of 3 months. Skin
boundary properties in matured skin. There are a few
changes within the physiology of matured skin (465 a long
time). The moisture content of human skin diminishes with
age. There's a pulverization of the epidermal intersection
and thus, the region accessible for transmission into the
dermis is reduced.
4.3.1 Race
Racial contrasts between dark and white skins have
appeared a few anatomical and physiological capacities of
the skin. In dark skin, there's expanded intracellular
saturation due to higher lipid substanceand higher electrical
skin resistance levels when compared to whites, but this
contrast isn't identified in stripped skin.
4.3.2 Skin temperature
The human body maintains a temperatureof 32–37°C across
the skin. Hence, increase in temperature leads to increase in
diffusion through the tissue.
5. TYPES OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY
Formulation Mechanism Conclusion Reference
Liposomes
Permeation enhancer effect
and direct vesicle fusion with
stratum corneum
Ability to modulate drug delivery
without toxicity and makes the two
vesicles useful to formulate topical
route.
[114]
Cationic
Transferosomes
Inducing strong humoral and
cellular immune response
Inducing strong humoral and
cellular immune response
[115]
Ethosomes
Lipid perturbation and
increasing the intercellular
lipid lamellae space of
stratum corneum
Lipid perturbation along with
elasticity of ethosomes vesicle
seems to be the main contributor for
improved skin permeation
[116]
Invasomes
Synergistic effect of liposomes,
terpenes and ethanol
Invasomes containing 1% of
terpenes mixture present an
effective drug carrier system for
delivering the highly hydrophobic
drug Temoporfin into the stratum
corneum and deeper layers of skin.
Niosomes
No absorption due to large
molecular structure of
Gallidermin as well as the
large niosomal structure
Gallidermin loaded in anionic
niosomes and incorporated in gel is
the superior topical anti-bacterial
formulation because of high
accumulation in the skin with no
risk of systemic effect.
[117]
Deformable
liposomes
By transcutaneous hydration
Force
Deformable liposomes improve in
vitro skin delivery compared to
either aqueous solution or normal
liposomes.
[118]
Ethosomes
Increase in thermodynamic
activity due to evaporation of
ethanol, increases penetration
of drug molecule due to
reduction in barrier property
of stratum corneum by
ethanol.
Ethosomes bearing melatonin
offered a suitable approach for
transdermal delivery when
compared to liposomes and
hydroethanolic solution.
[119]
Elastic
liposome
IL-13 antisense
oligonucleotide (ASO) was
designed and formulated with
cationic elastic liposome (cEL)
IL-13 ASO/cEL-treated AD mice
showed reduced infiltration of
inflammatory cells into the
epidermal and dermal areas, with
concomitant reduction of skin
thickness.
[120]
SPACE
ethosome
The peptide was conjugated to
phospholipids and used to
prepare an ethosomal carrier
system (_110 nm diameter),
encapsulating HA (200– 325
kDa)
Concentrations of HA in skin were
1000-fold higher than those in
blood; confirming the localized
nature of HA delivery into skin. The
SPACE ethosomal delivery system
provides a formulation for topical
delivery of macromolecules.
[121]
Table:-1 Types of Transdermal delivery system
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5.1 LIPOSOMES
Liposomes are an alluringcandidateas pharmaceuticalnovel
nanocarriers that have as of now been utilized clinically[57-
58]. Liposomes have been extensively used as carriers for
hydrophilic drugs for many reasons. First, they can protect
the core-incorporated hydrophilic drug from degradation.
Second, they aid this kind of drugs in crossing several
biological membranes. Finally, they are sought of amongst
the safest types of drug delivery systems due to their high
biocompatibility and biodegradabilityproperties originating
from their main components which are the phospholipids
vesicles bilayered structures. The advancement of sterically
stabilized liposomes that decrease the location and ensuing
take-up of the liposomes by the resistant framework,
presently appears to have satisfied the requests of a long
circulating medicate conveyance framework[59-62].Within
the field of topical vehicles for dermal/transdermal
conveyance ultra adaptable liposomes are frequently
considered the vehicle of choice basically since of their tall
performance as transdermal penetration enhancers and
their good stability in suspension[63-68].Itis composed bya
blend of lipids with moo stage move temperatures and an
fitting sum of a cleanser. The cleanser acts as a film
destabilizer creating an increment in layer deformability.Its
tall deformability has been proposed to be the cause of their
capacity to enter the skin and indeed permit for proteins to
reach systemic circulation[69-75]. It is totallybiocompatible
additionally investigated by many specialists within the
frame of polymeric microparticle and hydrogel for
conveyance of protein and peptide[76-81].Gel center
liposomes are the progressed liposomal build bearingcenter
of biocompatible polymer interior the lipid vesicle. This
system is the combination of polymer and lipid based
delivery system, in which core of polymer serves function of
skeleton and provides mechanical support to vesicles andin
this way gelling will be actuated after division of
unentrapped polymer. It is stabilizedliposomewith allofthe
advantage of liposome imitating cell layer focusing on
controlled discharge interaction with particular cells with
elimination of single drawback of instability and with added
advantage of controlled releaseforprolonged periodof time.
It contain three unmistakable situations for drugs to break
up within the water lipid interface the hydrophobic center
and the watery insides. Within the show work of it was
arranged by turn around stage vanishing strategy and
optimized by implies of different in vitro considersThemost
common polymer usedis polyethyleneglycol polymer(PEG).
There's a reported increment of in vivo solidness of
liposomes containing peg lipids is likely due to the
arrangement of a steric obstruction which ruins the
approach of various blood proteins[82]. It is in this manner
of awesome significance to extend the information of the
physical impacts of peg lipid on liposomal properties pH or
temperature in the presence of specific ions or low
molecular weight cross-linking agents. Thus, gel core
liposomes can act as a novel controlled release system[83-
89]. The objective of this study was to prepare a modified
liposomal carrier with a gelatinized core aiming for higher
entrapment efficiencies of hydrophilic molecules and to
develop a stabilized liposomebyimparting a coreof polymer
in it and its comparison with conventional liposomes
(liposomes prepared by 7 : 3 ratio of soya PC and
cholesterol) for better controlled and sustained release
properties of such molecules.
6. DRUG PENETRATION PATHWAY
Sedate can be entered by three pathways such as
transcellular course, paracellular lipid course and
transappendgeal course (Figure 2).
Transcellular Course:- Moeity passes through both
keratinocytes and lipids (straight way to the dermis)[90]
Paracellular Course:-The foremost common entrance
pathway of sedate atoms. In this pathway, medicateremains
in lipid moeity and remain around keratin (simple for lipid
solvent sedate instead of proteins)[91].
Transappendgeal Course:- It makes proceeds channel for
sedate saturation but it ruined effectivelydue to nearness of
hair follicles and sweat conduits.
Figure :-2 Drug permeation pathway through skin.
7. STRATEGIES APPLIED FOR PERMEATION
ENHANCEMENT
A very small number of drugs have the ability to effectively
cross the skin barrier and reach target sites in therapeutic
concentrations and Drawback of transdermalConveyance is
penetration of dynamic moeity through skin. So, various
studies are done for enhancing its permeability
percutaneously and therefore various strategies can be
employed to help the drug cross the skin barrier effectively.
They act by three mechanisms:
1. By altering physicochemical properties of stratum
corneum.
2. By changing hydrating property of stratum corneum.
3. By altering structure of lipids and protein in
intercellular channel via carrier mechanism
Figure:- 3. Advance strategies to overcome problems
related to transdermal delivery.
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Chemical class Compounds
Water Water
Hydrocarbons Alkanes, alkenes, squalene, mineral oil, halogens
Alcohols Glycerols, glycols, polyglycol, ethanol, caprylic alcohol
Acids Oleic acid, Undecanoic acid and other fatty acids
Amines Primary, secondary and tertiary, cyclic and acyclic amines
Amides
Pyrrolidone(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone 2-pyrrolidon)azones
(Azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one))urea _
Esters Isopropyl myristate
Surfactants (anionic
cationic,monolaurate non-ionic,
Zwitterionic)
Sodium lauryl sulfate, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide,
sorbitan polysorbate 80,dodecyl dimethyl ammoniopropane
sulfate
Terpenes, terpenoids and essential
oils
Menthol, limonene
Sulfoxides Dimethyl sulfoxide, dodecyl methyl sulfoxide
Lipids Phospholipids
Table 2. Classification of percutaneous chemical enhancers on the bases of their structure.
7.2 Additional methods:-
A. Photomechanical wave
It is additionally named as laser-generated stretch weight wave, which is produced by cut of the focused on substance
polystyrene. It has no particular component of activity, but it changes thelacnuarframework within theepidermis asappeared
in( Figure 3). This procedure is able in conveying of macromolecules (40 000 Da)
Figure:-3 Showing Photomechanical Wave
B. High-velocity particles
Powderject device
It consist of propulsion of solid drug into skin by gas (helium) as medium with a speed of 600–900 m/s (Figure 4). This
technique is painless and non-invasive. This system ruptures the epidermal layer which is reversible in nature.
Figure:-4 Shows powderjet device
C. Needle-free injections
This method consist of non-invasive technique which is boon over conventional dosage form. Some of its injectors are as
follows:
Intrajet: It uses nitrogen propelled gas. Patient breaks up the tip and presurized gas forces theliquid drugintogenerated small
pores.
Implajet: It pushes a fine needle into the skin with opens channels and drug permeates immediatly.
Jet-syringe: This is capable of delivering 0.5 ml dose into the skin. It is best for short therapies
Ilject: It is capable of delivering drug upto 0.1–1 ml drug and it is needle-free therapy.
Miniject: This velocity injector uses polycarbonate syringe which can deliver drug subcutaneously as well as intramusculary.
Cross-ject: This needle-free device uses gas source to propelled drug into subcutaneous tissue with the help of polycarbonate
nozzle[92].
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Technique Trans ort Sustained delivery Pain Cost
Chemical enhancer Good Moderate Limited Good
Iontophoresis Limited Good Moderate Good
Electroporation Moderate Good Moderate Limited
Ultrasound Moderate Good Good Limited
Microneedles Moderate Good Good Limited
High-velocity particles Good Limited Limited Limited
Table 3. Comparison between different transdermal drug delivery systems on the basis of various pharamceutical aspects.
8. MECHANISMS OF DRUG PENETRATION IN SKIN FROM LIPOSOMES
Liposomes with rigid bilayers tend to confine the drug locally in the skin. For deeper penetration, liposomes with flexible
bilayers perform better. This flexibility is often induced by incorporation of surfactants oftentermedas ‘edgeactivators’which
reduce the elastic modulus of the phospholipid bilayer.
Liposomal drug delivery to the skin can be classified in five different mechanisms or pathways as shown in Figure 5[93].
Figure 5: Schematic showing various mechanisms by which liposomes can facilitate drug delivery to skin.
According to this classification:- (1) liposomes can eitheract asdrugcarriers bringingdifferent lipophilicand hydrophilicdrugs
in close proximity to the SC from where drug partitions into the SC independent of the liposomal components. (2)It
recommends that components of the liposomes act as entrance enhancers which facilitatein thepenetration of thedrugs. (3) It
suggests that liposomal bilayers can fuse or get adsorbed on the surface of the SC where they release their drug cargo. (4) The
most controversial mechanism suggests that flexible liposomes such as Transfersomes can penetrate the SC intact and
therefore taking the drug cargo along with them. (5) The transfollicular mechanism, where liposomes can enter the hair
follicles which typically penetrate the dermis and release the drug in the hair follicles which can diffuse out in the dermis or
viable epidermis from within the hair follicle. Which mechanism or combination of two or multiple mechanisms dominate in
any given drug liposomal system combination would depend on the physicochemical properties of the drug and liposomal
system.
9. CURRENT STATUS OF LIPOSOMES IN TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
This section will take a closer see at the liposomal formulations for drug delivery to skin. Liposomes were to begin with
recommended by mezei and gulasekharam in 1980 as a medicate conveyance framework for depositing triamcinolone in
skin[94]. Liposomes are phospholipid vesicles containing one or more bilayers containing an aqueous core. A point by point
survey for diverse planning strategies characterization and properties of liposomes can be found somewhere else[95-97].
Liposomes in skin drug delivery applications have a rather controversialhistory. Ambiguityoriginates from the wide arrayof
results that have been reported by various work groups. Liposomes have been even shown to accumulate in the hair
follicles[98-100]. Liposomes have also shown theabilitytoimprovetransdermaldeliveryof smallmolecules aswellas peptides
and proteins[101,93]. Reasons for the disparity between different results of different studies likelyoriginatefrom;differences
in composition of liposomes, different physicochemical Properties of the liposomalvesicles added substances totheliposomes
such as ethanol edge activators entrance enhancers more over adjust the bilayer characteristics and drug transfer from the
liposomal bilayer, use of different animalmodels etc. Intuitive of liposome with the skin andsedateexchangefrom liposometo
skin are impacted by the thermodynamic state of the liposomalbilayers and so influenced by the natureof phospholipids used
in the preparation of the liposomes. Depending on the composition liposomal bilayers can exist in gel state characterized by
inflexible and unwavering bilayers or fluid crystalline state where bilayers or liquid crystallinestate wherebilayers areflexible
and accommodating. Liposomal details in gel state are more often than not related with medicate amassing within the upper
layers of the skin and indeed diminished transdermal medicate infiltration[102-103,94]. For skin application, liposomal
definitions can be isolated in twowide categoriesas customary liposomes andnovelliposomes(deformableorultradeformable
or elastic liposomes)[104]. Ordinary liposomes are basically composed of pureormixtures of phospholipid(s)and mayor may
not contain cholesterol.
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In spite of the fact that a couple of considers have recommended plausibility of transdermal sedate conveyance utilizing
customary liposomes a tremendous number of thinks about suggest conventional liposomes are more suitable for topical
or local delivery of drug in the skin[105-106]. Second category represents an array of different liposomal systems which
apart from phospholipids contain other additives which essentially imparts the liposome bilayer deformability or
elasticity which has been correlated to increased drug permeability in skin[107-111].
Formulations Work group Bilayer forming lipid and other additives
Transfersomes®
Cevc et al.
Soya phosphatidylcholine (S100, Lipoid GmbH). See table 3 for composition.
Edge activators, sodium cholate, polysorbate 80, sorbitan monooleate 80 etc.
Ethosomes
Touitou et al.
Soya phosphatidylcholine (S100, Lipoid GmbH) 10-50% ethanol by weight which
fluidizes the phospholipid bilayers
Invasomes
Fahr et al
Soya phospholipid (NAT 8539, Lipoid GmbH) See table 4 for composition.
Lyso phosphatidylcholine as an edge activator, 1% terpenes and 10% ethanol by weight
as penetration enhancers
Niosomes Non-ionic surfactants such as dicetylphosphate, hexadecyl diglycerol ether, polysorbates,
sorbitan monooleates etc and cholesterol
Table 3: A brief description of the liposomal systems for skin drug delivery
10. FUTURE ASPECTS
Hyaluronic acid
More as of late gel center filled liposomes have been utilized effectively for transdermal medicate conveyance of little and
macromolecules such as curcumin and hyaluronic acid[31-32]. These novel liposomes are composed of phospholipidvesicles
entangling gel fabric in their center. Therefore, they can combine the advantages of liposomes andgelformulations in onedrug
delivery system[33].There were no measurably critical contrasts p > 05 among normal estimate breadths for ethosomes pg
liposomes transferosomes and hyaluosomes. Further,theeffectofPGandethanolconcentrations hadnostatisticallysignificant
(P > 0.05) effects on the average diameter. Comparable comes about were detailed somewhere else with cinchocaine PEG
liposomes, ethosomes and transferosomes[112].
Liposomal
Systems
Z average
diameter
(nm)
PDI
Zeta
potential
(mV)
EE%
(w/w)
Release
rate
Q2h
(% w/w)
Release
rate
constant
(K; h-1)
Release
exponent
(n)
Correlation
coefficient
(r)
Conventional
liposomes
700±10 0.5±0.1 -28±3 55±4 47±3.5 1.6±0.2 0.43 0.997
PG-liposomes
(10% v/v)
160±6.0 0.2±0.03 -33±3 86±1.5 29±1.5 1.38±0.1 0.35 0.994
PG-liposomes
(20% v/v)
175±4.0 0.22±0.04 -35±2 84±2 31±3.0 1.40±0.12 0.44 0.992
Ethosomes
(20% v/v)
166±5.0 0.17±0.02 -34±3 82±2.4 28±2.0 1.20±0.8 0.45 0.995
Ethosomes
(30% v/v)
177±6.0 0.23±0.04 -35±2 80±3.6 38±1.5 1.50±0.13 0.43 0.992
Transferosomes
(5% v/v)
180±3.5 0.22±0.03 -34±3 81±3.2 26±1.5 1.34±0.13 0.42 0.990
Transferosomes
(10%)
188±5.5 0.22±0.02 -35±2.5 79±3.5 29.5±3 1.42±0.12 0.45 0.992
Hyaluosomes 180±4.5 0.15±0.03 0.15±0.03 82±2 17±1.5 1.0±0.4 0.46 0.995
Table 4 Size, PDI, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE %), release kinetics for the prepared liposomal systems.
Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
The zeta potential recorded for the prepared liposomal
systems was negative and ranged from -28 to -40 mV (Table
1). Zeta potentialis the magnitude of the electrostatic charge
and it gives an idea about the stability of the colloidal
system. The greater the zeta potential, the more stable the
colloidal system and the lower tendency of the particles to
aggregate and lower PDI. The zeta potential (-28 mV)
recorded for the conventional liposomes was the lowest.
This may incompletely clarify their generally tall PDI,
compared with other non-conventional liposomes. It is
worth specifying that hyaluosomes recordedthebiggest zeta
potential and this might be attributed to consolidationofthe
anionic hydrophilic polymer hyaluronic acid that exists
overwhelmingly in ionized shapes at pH 7.4[113]. EE%
evaluated for the arranged diverse liposomal frameworks
extended from 55% to 84% while the routine liposomes
appeared altogether p < 05 lower EE%; no statistically
significant (P > 0.05) Contrasts were recorded among EE%
for the distinctive non ordinary liposomal frameworks pg
liposomes, ethosomes, transferosomes and hyaluosomes.
Nearness of the film added substances eminently pg ethanol
tween 80 and hyaluronic acid appears to create moresteady
vesicles with less inclinations to total and become less leaky
to the entrapped drug molecules, compared with the
conventional liposomes.
11. CONCLUSIONS
Skin saturation upgrade innovation may be a quickly
developing field which would expressively increment the
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number of drugs which is appropriate for transdermal
medicate conveyance. Approaches the investigation for the
perfect skin entrance enhancer has been the accentuation of
critical inquire about exertion over a number of times. We
hypothesize that the developed new liposomal carrier
system possessing a gelatinized core can contribute in the
successful delivery of hydrophilic drugs. The
characterization of theprepared liposomes andtheresults of
the hydrophilic molecule-release experiments showed
favorable rheological properties, high entrapment
efficiencies and sustained drug release and better stability.
Ultra-flexible Liposomes improve the infiltration
independent of the drug's measure compared to liquid
liposomes. This data proposes that liposomes can either
improve or decrease skin entrance depending on the atomic
weight of the sedate and the liposome composition. All
deformable liposomes displayed tall hEGF substance with a
somewhat higher stack for anionic deformable liposomes.
hEGF containing anionic deformable liposomes shown the
foremost maintainedhEGFin vitro dischargeandguaranteed
a station on the ex vivo human skin as comparedtoimpartial
and cationic deformable liposomes. . The novel gel center
phospholipid vesicles hyaluosomes as a promising
transdermal definition framework since they illustrated
ideal rheological characteristics suchasthermalgelationand
shear-thinning behaviours for better retention at the site of
application on the skin and spreading ability respectively.y
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