The document discusses various barriers to ocular drug delivery and routes to overcome these barriers. The key barriers include anatomical barriers like the cornea and conjunctiva, physiological barriers like tear turnover and drainage, and blood-ocular barriers. Methods to improve bioavailability and provide controlled drug delivery include adjusting viscosity, using prodrugs, penetration enhancers, and ocular inserts. Inserts can be non-erodible like Ocusert or erodible like Lacriserts, SODI, and Mindisc to continuously deliver drugs to the eye.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF OCUSERTS OF CIPROFLOXACIN HClMohammad Adil
Conventional ocular drug delivery system i.e., eye drops, ointments, gels etc., had become less popular pertaining to their disadvantages like evaporation by tears, pre-corneal loss, drug metabolism, drug-protein interaction, drainage, sticking of eye lids, induced lacrimation, poor patient compliance, systemic side effect and blurred vision etc. That’s why fundamentals of controlled release by means of ocular inserts were utilized to increase problem pre-corneal drug residence time.
This project title “Formulation and Evaluation of Ocuserts of Ciprofloxacin HCl” revealed following results:
Compatibility study using FTIR was performed to check the compatibility of drug with various excipient. Characteristics peaks obtained with pure drug were compared with that produced with different excipients that confirmed the compatibility of drug with excipients.
Ocusert of Ciprofloxacin HCl was prepared using different material i.e., PVP K-30, PVA, PEG 400 and glycerin.
Prepared ocuserts were evaluated for various parameters viz., percentage moisture loss, percentage moisture absorbs, thickness, weight variation, drug content and In-vitro diffusion.
The percentage (%) moisture absorption and loss of ocular insert were found to be 26% and 27% respectively.
The thickness of ocular insert was found to be uniformed and its mean while measuring at different points was found to be 0.124mm.
The weight of ocular inserts was found to be in the range of 12.2 - 12.6mg which indicated decent distribution of the drug, polymer and plasticizer.
The drug content of ocular insert was found to be 99.89%.
Percentage drug release from Ciprofloxacin HCl Ocusert was found to be 41.969% in 8 hr.
It was concluded that prepared Ocusert of Ciprofloxacin HCl could be a better alternative to conventional ocular formulations that retained on ocular surface for longer duration and released drug in controlled manner.
Barrier of drugs permeation through ocular route by Sushil Kumar SinghSushil Singh
Barriers of Drugs Permeation Through Ocular Route. this topic explain about ocular route and barriers system. and classification of different injection routes takes the ocular drugs.
Approaches Of Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System or GRDDSAkshayPatane
Approaches Of Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System
Includes:
Floating and Non-Floating drug delivery system with their subtypes
Like Non-effervescent system, Effervescent system, Raft forming system,
High Density system, Expandable system, Muco-adhesive system,
Super porous hydrogel system and Magnetic Systems, etc.
This presentation includes the detail information about the physics of tablet compression and compaction, Compression, Effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profiles,solubility.
SUSTAINED RELEASE (SR) & CONTROL RELEASE.pptxRAHUL PAL
Sustained-release medications are usually labeled with “SR” at the end of their name. These medications prolong the medication's release from a tablet or capsule so that you'll get the medication's benefits over a longer period of time.
CR = controlled release, SR = sustained release, ER = extended release, IR = immediate release. *
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) modern pharmacy unit-5 Study of consolidation parameters; Diffusion parameters, Dissolution
parameters and Pharmacokinetic parameters, Heckel plots, Similarity factors – f2
and f1, Higuchi and Peppas plot, Linearity Concept of significance, Standard
deviation , Chi square test, students T-test , ANOVA test
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF OCUSERTS OF CIPROFLOXACIN HClMohammad Adil
Conventional ocular drug delivery system i.e., eye drops, ointments, gels etc., had become less popular pertaining to their disadvantages like evaporation by tears, pre-corneal loss, drug metabolism, drug-protein interaction, drainage, sticking of eye lids, induced lacrimation, poor patient compliance, systemic side effect and blurred vision etc. That’s why fundamentals of controlled release by means of ocular inserts were utilized to increase problem pre-corneal drug residence time.
This project title “Formulation and Evaluation of Ocuserts of Ciprofloxacin HCl” revealed following results:
Compatibility study using FTIR was performed to check the compatibility of drug with various excipient. Characteristics peaks obtained with pure drug were compared with that produced with different excipients that confirmed the compatibility of drug with excipients.
Ocusert of Ciprofloxacin HCl was prepared using different material i.e., PVP K-30, PVA, PEG 400 and glycerin.
Prepared ocuserts were evaluated for various parameters viz., percentage moisture loss, percentage moisture absorbs, thickness, weight variation, drug content and In-vitro diffusion.
The percentage (%) moisture absorption and loss of ocular insert were found to be 26% and 27% respectively.
The thickness of ocular insert was found to be uniformed and its mean while measuring at different points was found to be 0.124mm.
The weight of ocular inserts was found to be in the range of 12.2 - 12.6mg which indicated decent distribution of the drug, polymer and plasticizer.
The drug content of ocular insert was found to be 99.89%.
Percentage drug release from Ciprofloxacin HCl Ocusert was found to be 41.969% in 8 hr.
It was concluded that prepared Ocusert of Ciprofloxacin HCl could be a better alternative to conventional ocular formulations that retained on ocular surface for longer duration and released drug in controlled manner.
Barrier of drugs permeation through ocular route by Sushil Kumar SinghSushil Singh
Barriers of Drugs Permeation Through Ocular Route. this topic explain about ocular route and barriers system. and classification of different injection routes takes the ocular drugs.
Approaches Of Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System or GRDDSAkshayPatane
Approaches Of Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System
Includes:
Floating and Non-Floating drug delivery system with their subtypes
Like Non-effervescent system, Effervescent system, Raft forming system,
High Density system, Expandable system, Muco-adhesive system,
Super porous hydrogel system and Magnetic Systems, etc.
This presentation includes the detail information about the physics of tablet compression and compaction, Compression, Effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profiles,solubility.
SUSTAINED RELEASE (SR) & CONTROL RELEASE.pptxRAHUL PAL
Sustained-release medications are usually labeled with “SR” at the end of their name. These medications prolong the medication's release from a tablet or capsule so that you'll get the medication's benefits over a longer period of time.
CR = controlled release, SR = sustained release, ER = extended release, IR = immediate release. *
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) modern pharmacy unit-5 Study of consolidation parameters; Diffusion parameters, Dissolution
parameters and Pharmacokinetic parameters, Heckel plots, Similarity factors – f2
and f1, Higuchi and Peppas plot, Linearity Concept of significance, Standard
deviation , Chi square test, students T-test , ANOVA test
BARRIERS OF DRUG PERMEATION OF OCCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMTanvi Mhashakhetri
CONTENTS :
Introduction
Physiology of the Eye
Ideal characteristics of OCDDS
Advantages Of Ocular Drug Delivery System
Disadvantages Of Ocular Drug Delivery System
Mechanism of drug absorption
Barriers in Ocular Drug Delivery System
INTRODUCTION :
The eye is a complex organ made up of diversified cells with specified protective mechanism.
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat opthalmic diseases.
Several type of dosage form can be applied as the delivery systems for the ocular delivery of the drugs but the most prescribed dosage form is the eye drop solutions .
Presence of Barriers make it difficult to deliver drugs in therapeutic amounts as intended sites.
IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OCDDS :
Sterility
Isotonicity
Buffer / pH adjustment
Less Irritation
Precorneal residence time
Minium protein binding
ADVANTAGES OF OCDDS :
Increased residence time and bioavilability
Increase accurate dosing
Quick absorption and effect
Better patient compliance
To provide sustained and controlled drug delivery
Self administration of drug possible
DISADVANTAGES OF OCDDS :
Dosage form cannot be terminated During Emergency
Occasional loss during Sleep or while Rubbing Eye
Insertion techniques are difficult
Short contact time of drug solution and eye surface
Instability of dissolved drug
MECHANISM OF OCULAR DRUG ABSORPTION :
Topically applied drug can be absorbed from , two routes :
CORNEAL ABSORPTION :
The outermost layer, the epithelium is the rate-limiting barrier .
Transcellular transport is the major mechanism of ocular absorption for Lipophilic drugs.
Small ionic and hydrophilic molecules appear to gain access to the anterior chamber through paracellular pathway.
2) NON-CORNEAL ABSORPTION:
It involves penetration across the sclera and conjunctiva into the intraocular tissues.
This mechanism of absorption is usually nonproductive, as drug penetrating is taken up by the local capillary beds and removed to the general circulation.
Significant for drug molecules with poor corneal permeability.
Anatomical Barriers
When a dosage form is topically administered there are two routes of entry, either through the cornea or via the non- corneal route.
The cornea is a very tight multilayered tissue that is mainly composed of five sections:
-Epithelium,
-Bowman’s membrane,
-Stroma
-Descemet’s membrane
and
- Endothelium.
Corneal Route
Out of five layers it’s the epithelium which acts as the principal barrier .
It acts as a major barrier to hydrophillic drug transport throgh intercellular spaces.
On the other hand stroma , allow hydrophilic drugs to easily pass through but it acts as a significant barrier for lipophilic drugs.
Thus for a drug to have optimum bioavailability, it should have the right balance between lipophilicity and hydrophilicity.
The remaining layers
Routes of Ocular Delivery.
COMPOSITION OF EYE.
MECHANISM OF OCULAR ABSORPTION.
Barriers of Drug Permeation.
Anatomical Barrier.
CORNIAL CROSS SECTION.
Physiological Barrier.
Blood-Occular Barriers.
Routes of Ocular Drug Delivery.
Topical Route & Novel Route ocular drug delivery.
Methods to Overcome Barriers.
Bioavailability Improvement & Controlled Ocular Drug Delivery
ocular drug delivery systems in drug delivery systemsArun Pandiyan
DEFENITION:
Drug delivery systems are designed to enhance the targeted delivery of medications, improving their effectiveness while minimizing side effects. Various approaches include nanoparticles, liposomes, and implantable devices, offering controlled release or targeted delivery to specific tissues. These systems aim to optimize therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Oral Drug Delivery:- Tablets, capsules, and liquids are commonly used for systemic drug delivery. Controlled-release formulations provide sustained drug release over time
Injectable Drug Delivery:- Intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections allow rapid drug delivery into the bloodstream. Depo injections provide sustained release over weeks or months.
Transdermal Drug Delivery:- Patches and topical formulations deliver drugs through the skin. Ensures a controlled and prolonged release of medication.
Inhalation Drug Delivery:- Aerosolized medications for respiratory conditions. Rapid absorption through the lung's extensive surface area.
Implantable Drug Delivery:- Devices like pumps or reservoirs placed under the skin for continuous drug release. Common for long-term conditions requiring a steady dosage.
Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery:- Nanocarriers (liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles) enhance drug solubility and improve targeted delivery. Effective for delivering drugs to specific cells or tissues.
Targeted Drug Delivery:- Ligand-based systems use specific molecules to target drugs to particular cells or tissues. Minimizes side effects by focusing on diseased areas.
Gastrointestinal Drug Delivery:- Drug formulations designed for specific release in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Examples include enteric-coated capsules.
Intrathecal Drug Delivery:- Direct delivery of drugs into the spinal canal. Often used for pain management or neurological conditions.
Ocular Drug Delivery:- Eye drops, ointments, or implants for treating ocular conditions. Ensures targeted drug delivery to the eyes.
These systems cater to diverse medical needs, offering tailored solutions for optimal therapeutic outcomes.
Slide 1: Title Slide
- Title: Ocular Drug Delivery Systems:
- Presenter Name and Affiliation
Slide 2: Introduction
- Importance of efficient drug delivery to the eye for the treatment of ocular diseases.
- Challenges with conventional eye drops and the need for improved drug absorption and residence time.
- Objectives of ocular drug delivery systems: enhancing drug bioavailability, prolonging drug release, and providing targeted delivery.
Slide 3: Overview of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
- Definition of ocular drug delivery systems as specialized techniques and formulations for drug administration to the eye.
- Importance of improving drug delivery to achieve therapeutic efficacy.
- Goals: enhancing drug bioavailability, prolonging drug release, and providing targeted delivery.
Slide 4: Types of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
- Topical Formulations:
- Eye Drops: Traditional method with limited drug absorption.
- Ointments and Gels: Improved residence time but may cause blurred vision.
- Sprays and Aerosols: Effective for certain medications but challenging for accurate administration.
Slide 5: Types of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems (continued)
- Solid Drug Delivery Systems:
- Inserts and Implants: Sustained release of drugs over an extended period.
- Microparticles and Nanoparticles: Enhanced drug stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery.
Slide 6: Types of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems (continued)
- Contact Lenses:
- Drug-Eluting Lenses: Act as reservoirs to release drugs gradually.
- Mucoadhesive Lenses: Improve drug retention and bioavailability.
Slide 7-45: Advantages of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
- Increased Bioavailability: Enhanced drug absorption and residence time for improved therapeutic efficacy.
- Targeted Delivery: Localized treatment of ocular tissues, minimizing systemic side effects.
- Prolonged Drug Release: Controlled release systems reduce the frequency of administration.
- Patient Compliance: Convenience and ease of use improve patient adherence to treatment regimens.
Slide 46: Challenges and Future Perspectives
- Barrier Properties: Overcoming the ocular barriers for effective drug penetration.
- Biocompatibility: Ensuring the drug delivery system is well-tolerated by ocular tissues.
- Manufacturing and Regulatory Considerations: Meeting quality standards and regulatory requirements for commercial production.
- Future Developments: Nanotechnology, biomaterials, and gene therapy for advancing ocular drug delivery systems.
Slide 47: Conclusion
- Recap of the importance of ocular drug delivery systems for improving treatment outcomes.
- Potential benefits of enhanced drug bioavailability, targeted delivery, and prolonged drug release.
- Acknowledgment of challenges and the promising future of ocular drug delivery systems.
Slide 48: Thank You
- Contact
Introduction to ODDS
Anatomy and Physiology of eye
Disease and Disorders of Eye
Factors affecting Ocular absorption of drugs
Intra Ocular Barriers
Methods to overcome barriers- Novel Ocular Formulations
Evaluation of ODDS
Conclusions
References
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Barriers and routes of occular drug delivery system
1. BARRIERS AND ROUTES OF
OCCULAR DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEM…..
BY : SHRESTHA
M.PHARM 1ST YEAR
AL – AMEEN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
1
2. INTRODUCTION
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the
need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Eye is the most easily accessible site for topical
administration of a medication.
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the
drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye
for prolong period of time.
2
4. BARRIER’S OF OCCULAR DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEM……
These barriers can be broadly classified as
• Anatomical barriers
• Physiological barriers
• Blood-ocular barriers
4
5. ANATOMICAL BARRIER…
When a dosage form is topically administered there are two
routes of entry, either through the cornea or via the non
corneal route.
• The cornea is a very tight multi-layered tissue that is mainly
composed of five sections:
epithelium,
bowman’s membrane
stroma,
descemet’s membrane and
endothelium.
5
7. Out of these it’s the epithelium which acts as the principal barrier..
• It acts as a major barrier to hydrophilic drug transport
through intercellular spaces.
• On the other hand stroma , which consists of multiple layers of
hexagonally arranged collagen fibers containing aqueous pores or
channels allow hydrophilic drugs to easily pass through but it acts as a
significant barrier for lipophilic drugs.
Thus for a drug to have optimum bioavailability, it should have the
right balance between lipophilicity and hydrophilicity. The remaining
layers are leaky and do not act as significant barriers
7
8. Non-corneal route by passes the cornea and involves movement
across conjunctiva and sclera.
This route is important especially for large and hydrophilic
molecules such as peptides, proteins and si RNA (small or short
interfering RNA).
The conjunctiva is more permeable than cornea especially for
hydrophilic molecules due to much lower expression of tight
junction proteins relative to corneal epithelium.
8
9. PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS…..
The eye’s primary line of defence is its tear film.
• Bioavailability of topically administered drugs is further
reduced by precorneal factors such as solution drainage ,
tear dilution, tear turnover, and increased lacrimation.
• The lacrimal fluid is an isotonic aqueous solution containing
a mixture of proteins (such as lysozyme) as well as lipids.
9
10. Rapid clearance from the precorneal area by lacrimation and
through nasolacrimal drainage and spillage further reduces contact
time between the tissue and drug molecules.
•This in turn lowers the exact time for absorption leading to reduced
bioavailability.
• The average tear volume is 7-9 μL with a turnover rate of 16% per
minute
• Thus drugs administered as eye drops need to be isotonic and non
Irritating to prevent significant precorneal loss.
10
11. BLOOD – OCCULAR BARRIERS…
The blood-ocular barrier normally keeps most
drugs out of the eye. However, inflammation
breaks down this barrier allowing drugs and large
molecules to penetrate into the eye.
• Blood-aqueous barrier : It is formed by non pigmented ciliary
epithelial cells of ciliary body and endothelial cells of blood
vessels in iris.
• Blood-retinal barrier :Non-fenestrated capillaries of the
retinal circulation and tight-junctions between retinal epithelial
cells preventing passage of large molecules
from chorio-capillaris into the retina.
11
14. ROUTES OF OCCULAR DRUG DELIVERY
There are 3 different routes for drug delivery through ocular
route are….
a. Instillation into the conjunctival sac / Topical
route
b. Periocular injection / Novel routes
c. Intraocular injection
14
17. INTRAVITREAL INJECTION….
Intravitreal injection (IVI) involves delivering of the drug
formulation directly into the vitreous humor through pars
plana.
• This method provides direct access to the vitreous and
avoids both the cornea and also the scleral blood vessels.
• Formulations such as solution, suspension or a depot
formulation can be administered through this route. Mainly
given to treat diabetic retinopathy.
• IVI administration is associated with adverse effects such
as retinal detachment, cataract,etc.
17
20. SUBCONJUNCTIVAL INJECTIONS….
This injection delivers the drug beneath the conjunctival
membrane that lines the inner surface of eyelid. It allows for
circumvention of both cornea and conjunctiva allowing the
drug direct access to the sclera.
• It is much less invasive with lesser side effects when
compared to intravitreal injections.
• The method is an excellent route for delivering hydrophilic
drugs as it bypasses their rate-limiting barriers allowing more
drugs to enter into the vitreous.
20
22. RETROBULBAR AND PERIBULBAR ROUTE
Retrobulbar injection is given through eyelid and orbital fascia
and it places the drug into retrobulbar space.
• This mode administers the drug to the back of the eye ball
and is used to deliver drugs such as antibiotics and
corticosteroids.
• This route is especially applicable for the delivery of
anesthetic agents as it causes minor or no change in IOP( intra
ocular pressure) though in certain orbital diseases the reverse is also
possible.
• Yet, it is a very delicate procedure as it may damage the optic
nerve and thus requires proper expertise and equipment.
22
24. PERIBULBAR ROUTE…….
Peribulbar route : Peribulbar route for drug
delivery involves injections above and/or below
the globe. It is also a viable route for the delivery
of aesthesia especially in cases of cataract
surgery, It is a safer route compared to the
retrobulbar route with reduced risk of injury.
Though it a safer method unlike retrobulbar
injection multiple cases of elevated intraocular
pressure after peribulbar injections have been
reported.
24
26. SUB- TENON INJECTIONS……
Sub- tenon injections are administered into a cavity between tenon’s
capsule and sclera using a blunt cannula.
• Sub- tenon route appears to be a better and safer route for delivering
anesthesia relative to retrobulbar and peribulbar administration since it
does not require sharp needles.
• Steroids injected through this route have also been shown to be
effective in the treatment of uveitis, cystoid macular edema.
26
28. INTRAOCULAR INJECTION
1. INTRACAMERAL INJECTION:
• Intracameral route is similar to intravitreal injections but
this injection delivers drug to the anterior chamber.
• Drugs administered through this route are limited to anterior
chamber with very limited access to the posterior segment.
• It is generally employed for anterior segment procedures
such as cataract surgery.
28
31. BIOAVAILABILITY IMPROVEMENT….
A) VISCOSITY ADJUSTMENT
Viscosity-increasing polymers are usually added to
ophthalmic drug solutions on the premise that an increased
vehicle viscosity should correspond to a slower elimination
from the preocular area, which lead to improved precorneal
residence time and hence a greater transcorneal penetration
of the drug into the anterior chamber.
It has minimal effects in humans in terms of improvement in
bioavailability.
The polymers used include polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl
cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and
hydroxypropyl cellulose.
31
32. B) Prodrug:
The principle of prodrug is to enhance corneal drug
permeability through modification of the hydrophilicity (or
lipophilicity) of the drug.
Within the cornea or after corneal penetration, the prodrug is either
chemically or enzymatically metabolized to the active parent
compound.
Thus, the ideal prodrug should not only have increased
lipophilicity and a high partition coefficient, but it must also
have high enzyme susceptibility.
Enzyme systems identified in ocular tissues include esterase,
ketone reductase, and steroid 6-hydroxylase.
32
33. Some examples of suitable prodrug include the
antiviral medications ganciclovir and acyclovir.
33
34. C) Penetration enhancers
The transport characteristics across the cornea can be
maximized by increasing the permeability of the corneal
epithelial membrane.
The stratified corneal epithelial cell layer is a ‘tight’ ion
transporting tissue, because of the high resistance being
exhibited by the par cellular pathway.
So, one of the approaches used to improve ophthalmic drug
bioavailability lies in increasing transiently the permeability
characteristics of the cornea with appropriate substances
known as penetration enhancers or absorption promoters.
It has disadvantages like ocular irritation and toxicity
34
35. CONTROLLED AND CONTINUOUS
OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY
INSERTS
CLASSIFICATION :
1 .NON ERODIBLE INSERTS
i. Ocusert
ii. Contact lens
2 .ERODIBLE INSERTS
i. Lacriserts
ii. SODI
iii. Mindisc
35
36. 1) NON ERODIBLE
INSERTS
The Ocusert therapeutic system is a flat, flexible, elliptical
device designed to be placed in the inferior cul-de-sac
between the sclera and the eyelid and to release Pilocarpine
continuously at a steady rate for 7 days. Mainly used for
treatment of glaucoma .
36
38. 2) ERODIBLE INSERTS:
The solid inserts absorb the aqueous tear fluid and gradually
erode or disintegrate. The drug is slowly leached from the
hydrophilic matrix.
Three types :
1.LACRISERTS
2.SODI
3.MINIDISC
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39. LACRISERTS:
Sterile rod shaped device made up of propyl cellulose without
any preservative.
For the treatment of dry eye syndromes
It weighs 5 mg and measures 1.27 mm in diameter with a
length of 3.5 mm.
It is inserted into the inferior fornix
39
40. SODI
SODI: Soluble ocular drug inserts
Small oval wafer
Sterile thin film of oval shaped of polyacrylamide
incorporating drug .
SODI of pilocarpine and tetracycline
Weighs 15-16 mg
Use – glaucoma
40
41. MINIDISC:
Countered disc with a convex front and a concave
back surface
•Diameter – 4 to 5 mm
• Composition : silicon based polymer
• Drug release about 170 hrs
41
42. INPLANTS
Implants have been widely employed to extend the
release of drugs in ocular fluids and tissues
particularly in the posterior segment.
Implants can be broadly classified into two
categories based on their degradation properties:
(1) Biodegradable
(2) Non biodegradable
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43. NANOPARTICLE…..
•These are polymeric colloidal particles, ranging from
10 nm to 1000 nm, in which the drug is dissolved,
entrapped, encapsulated, or adsorbed.
•Encapsulation of the drug leads to stabilization of the
drug.
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44. LIPOSOMES……..
The behaviour of liposomes as an ocular drug
delivery system has been observed to be, in part,
due to their surface charge. Positively charged
liposomes seem to be preferentially captured at the
negatively charged corneal surface as compared
with neutral or negatively charged liposomes.
• It reduced the toxicity of
the drug It provides the
sustained Release and
site specific delivery.
44
45. NIOSOMES….
Noisome are bilayered structural vesicles made up of non-
ionic surfactant which are capable of encapsulating both
lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds.
It was noted that when vesicular systems were formed when a
mixture of cholesterol and single alkyl chain non ionic
surfactant was hydrated
Niosomes reduce the systemic drainage and improve the
residence time, which leads to increase ocular bioavailability
45
VICINITY : area near or surrounding a particular space
Macula helps to get sharp and central vision which helps to see the object that are straight ahead.
Conjunctiva keeps the eye moist and lubricated is thin membrane which covers the front part of eye and inner surface of eye lid
Optic nerve transfer visual info from retina to vision centre of the brain by electrical impulse
Corneal epithelium. The corneal epithelium provides an optimal surface for the tear film to spread across the surface of the eye to keep it moist and healthy and to maintain clear, stable vision
Bowman’s membrane : is non regenerating layer located b/w epithelial basement membrane and the anterior corneal stomata main goal is to elevate symptoms of “”recurrent corneal erosion.””
Corneal endothelium. The single layer of cells that forms the endothelium maintains the fluid content within the cornea. Damage to the corneal endothelium can cause swelling (edema) that can affect vision and corneal health.
Pavement epithelium; cells with flat and oblong nuclie
BAB ;The ciliary epithelium and capillaries of the iris.
Complication of diabetes which affect the eye “diabetic retinopathy”