microspheres,types, advantages and disadvantages,methods of preparation, evaluation or characterization of microspheres and applications of microspheres in various pharmaceutical fields.
microspheres,types, advantages and disadvantages,methods of preparation, evaluation or characterization of microspheres and applications of microspheres in various pharmaceutical fields.
Skin acts as a major target as well as a principal barrier for topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the stratum corneum. Several methods have been tried to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or skin enhancers. Vesicular system is one of the most convenient methods for transdermal delivery of active substances and in that ethosomes are most useful vesicular systems. Ethosomal carriers are systems containing soft vesicles, composed of hydroalcoholic or hydro/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols is relatively high. The high concentration of ethanol brings increase in fluidity of lipids hence increase in permeability of the skin and improves the drug penetration. Ethosomal formulation may contain many drugs such as acyclovir, salbutamol, Insulin, cyclosporine, fluconazole, minodixil, etc. These are prepared by hot method and cold methods. The size of Ethosomal formulation can be decreased by sonication and extrusion method. The high concentration of ethanol makes the ethosomes unique and useful for transcellular delivery, delivery of hormones, anti-arthritis, anti-HIV etc. Thus, it can be a logical conclusion that ethosomal formulation possesses promising future in effective dermal/transdermal delivery of bioactive agents.
A Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS) can be defined as a new approach that combines innovative development, formulations, new technologies, novel methodologies for delivering pharmaceutical compounds in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired pharmacological effects
Transfersome: A Novel Vesicular Carrier to Enhance Permeation of Flurbiprofen...VaibhavBhagwat13
Transfersome is novel and advance form of Liposome. Due to its flexibility (highly deformable) and self-optimizing drug carrier vesicles passage across the skin.
In this ppt ,i have covered the introduction of microspheres,various preparation methods of microspheres, advantages and disadvantage of microspheres,types and evaluation parameters of the microspheres.
A nanocarrier is nano material being used as a transport module for another substance, such as a drug. Commonly used nanocarriers include micelles, polymers, carbon-based materials, liposomes and other substances.Nanocarriers are currently used in drug delivery and their unique characteristics demonstrate potential use in chemotherapy. Nanocarriers include polymer conjugates, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based carriers, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and gold Nanoparticles.Lipid-based carriers include both liposomes and micelles.
Examples of gold nanoparticles are gold nanoshells and nanocages.Different types of nonmaterial being used in nano carriers allows for hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs to be delivered throughout the body.
potential problem with nanocarriers is unwanted toxicity from the type of nonmaterial being used. Inorganic nonmaterial can also be toxic to the human body if it accumulates in certain cell organelles new research is being conducted to invent more effective, safer nanocarriers.
Nano pharmaceuticals offer the ability to detect diseases at much earlier stages and the diagnostic applications could build upon conventional procedures using nano particles.
Nano pharmaceuticals represent an emerging field where the sizes of the drug particle or a therapeutic delivery system work at the nanoscale.
Nano pharmaceuticals have enormous potential in addressing this failure of traditional therapeutics which offers site-specific targeting of active agents.
Magnetic nanoparticles, bound to a suitable antibody, are used to label specific molecules, structures or microorganisms.
Gold nanoparticles tagged with short segments of DNA can be used for detection of genetic sequence in a sample.
Multicolor optical coding for biological assays has been achieved by embedding different-sized quantum dots into polymeric microbeads.
Nan pore technology for analysis of nucleic acids converts strings of nucleotides directly into electronic signatures.C-dots (Cornell dots) are the smallest silica-based nanoparticles with the size <10 nm.
There are three main reasons for the popularity of herbal medicine
1. There is a growing concern over the reliance and safety of drugs.
2. Modern medicine is failing to effectively treat many of the most common health condition.
3. Many natural measures are being shown to produce better results than drugs or surgery without the side effects
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
Skin acts as a major target as well as a principal barrier for topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the stratum corneum. Several methods have been tried to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or skin enhancers. Vesicular system is one of the most convenient methods for transdermal delivery of active substances and in that ethosomes are most useful vesicular systems. Ethosomal carriers are systems containing soft vesicles, composed of hydroalcoholic or hydro/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols is relatively high. The high concentration of ethanol brings increase in fluidity of lipids hence increase in permeability of the skin and improves the drug penetration. Ethosomal formulation may contain many drugs such as acyclovir, salbutamol, Insulin, cyclosporine, fluconazole, minodixil, etc. These are prepared by hot method and cold methods. The size of Ethosomal formulation can be decreased by sonication and extrusion method. The high concentration of ethanol makes the ethosomes unique and useful for transcellular delivery, delivery of hormones, anti-arthritis, anti-HIV etc. Thus, it can be a logical conclusion that ethosomal formulation possesses promising future in effective dermal/transdermal delivery of bioactive agents.
A Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS) can be defined as a new approach that combines innovative development, formulations, new technologies, novel methodologies for delivering pharmaceutical compounds in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired pharmacological effects
Transfersome: A Novel Vesicular Carrier to Enhance Permeation of Flurbiprofen...VaibhavBhagwat13
Transfersome is novel and advance form of Liposome. Due to its flexibility (highly deformable) and self-optimizing drug carrier vesicles passage across the skin.
In this ppt ,i have covered the introduction of microspheres,various preparation methods of microspheres, advantages and disadvantage of microspheres,types and evaluation parameters of the microspheres.
A nanocarrier is nano material being used as a transport module for another substance, such as a drug. Commonly used nanocarriers include micelles, polymers, carbon-based materials, liposomes and other substances.Nanocarriers are currently used in drug delivery and their unique characteristics demonstrate potential use in chemotherapy. Nanocarriers include polymer conjugates, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based carriers, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and gold Nanoparticles.Lipid-based carriers include both liposomes and micelles.
Examples of gold nanoparticles are gold nanoshells and nanocages.Different types of nonmaterial being used in nano carriers allows for hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs to be delivered throughout the body.
potential problem with nanocarriers is unwanted toxicity from the type of nonmaterial being used. Inorganic nonmaterial can also be toxic to the human body if it accumulates in certain cell organelles new research is being conducted to invent more effective, safer nanocarriers.
Nano pharmaceuticals offer the ability to detect diseases at much earlier stages and the diagnostic applications could build upon conventional procedures using nano particles.
Nano pharmaceuticals represent an emerging field where the sizes of the drug particle or a therapeutic delivery system work at the nanoscale.
Nano pharmaceuticals have enormous potential in addressing this failure of traditional therapeutics which offers site-specific targeting of active agents.
Magnetic nanoparticles, bound to a suitable antibody, are used to label specific molecules, structures or microorganisms.
Gold nanoparticles tagged with short segments of DNA can be used for detection of genetic sequence in a sample.
Multicolor optical coding for biological assays has been achieved by embedding different-sized quantum dots into polymeric microbeads.
Nan pore technology for analysis of nucleic acids converts strings of nucleotides directly into electronic signatures.C-dots (Cornell dots) are the smallest silica-based nanoparticles with the size <10 nm.
There are three main reasons for the popularity of herbal medicine
1. There is a growing concern over the reliance and safety of drugs.
2. Modern medicine is failing to effectively treat many of the most common health condition.
3. Many natural measures are being shown to produce better results than drugs or surgery without the side effects
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
kri.pptx
1. National Expressway, Banmore Near Gwalior M.P
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Clobetasol
Propionate Transferosomal Gel
ShriRam College of Pharmacy
4. • The development of topical medicine administration has received
a lot of attention over the past few decades since it offers a variety
of benefits. A typical adult's skin has a surface area of around 2
mm, weighs 3 kg, and gets roughly one-third of the blood that the
body circulates.
• Topical delivery of drug means the application of drug to skin for
the localized effect, and in transdermal drug delivery system
(TDDS) skin is used as a potential route for the delivery of the
systemic action of drugs.
5. • TDDS is One of the medication delivery method that has excellent patient
compliance. Some potential benefits of transdermal route over other
traditional routes, such as oral route and parenteral route, include avoiding
first-pass metabolism, predictable and extended duration of activity,
minimizing undesirable side effects, improving physiological and
pharmacological response, utility of short half-life drugs, avoiding the
fluctuation in drug levels, inter-patient variations, and most importantly, it
provides patients convenience.
6. • The major obstacle to dermal and transdermal drug delivery is the
permeation characteristics of the stratum corneum, which limits drug
transport, making this route of administration frequently insufficient
for the medical use.
• Stratum corneum is one of the top layer of the epidermis consists of
keratinized, flattened remnants of once actively dividing epidermal
cells, i.e. impermeable in water and behaves as tough flexible
membrane.
• Many technologies and systems have been investigated to evade this
barrier including the electrophoresis, iontophoresis, chemical
permeation enhancers, microemulsions, sonophoresis, and as well as
utilizing vesicular systems such as liposome, niosome, ethosome, and
transferosome, and the most promising technique to formulate novel
vesicular carrier for delivery through the skin as it delivered drug at
sustained or controlled manner.
9. • Transferosomes enjoy a benefit as phospholipids vesicles utilized
for transdermal medication conveyance. Due to their self optimized
and super adaptable film properties, they progressively convey drug
either into or through the skin, relies upon the decision of
organization or application, alongside high productivity.
Transferosomes are better than the standard liposomes in versatile
property and along these lines more appropriate for the skin
entrance. Transferosomes pressing themselves along the
intracellular fixing lipid of the layer corneum and defeat the skin
infiltration trouble.
10. • Transferosomes have high vesicle deformability, which allows the
section because of the mechanical pressure of encompassing, in a self-
collecting way. Adaptable nature of transferosomes layer is
accomplished by expansion of reasonable surface-dynamic segments in
phospholipids in legitimate proportion.
• Adaptability in transferosomes layer diminishes the danger of vesicle
burst in the skin and allows transferosomes to follow the normal water
slope across the epidermis when applied under nonocclusive condition.
• Transferosomes precipitously enter the flawless layer corneum
alongside two courses in the intracellular lipid that contrast in their
bilayers properties.
12. Aim and Objectives
Aim: Formulation development and evaluation of clobetasol
Propionatetransferosomal gel
Objectives:
Preformulation study
Formulation of candy
Evaluation of candy
Stability study of candy.
14. Plan of Work
1. Literature review
2. Based on Drug
3. Based on Formulation
4. Selection of Drug and Polymer
5. Preformulation study of Drug
• Organoleptic characterization
• FT-IR spectroscopy
• UV-visible spectroscopy
• Melting point
• Partition coefficient
• Solubility
15. Plan of Work
5. Preformulation study of Drug
• Organoleptic characterization
• FT-IR spectroscopy
• UV-visible spectroscopy
• Melting point
• Partition coefficient
• Solubility
16. Plan of Work
6. Preparation of Transferosomal Gel
Characterization of
TransferosomalMorphology
• Vesicle size and size distribution
• Entrapment efficiency (%)
• In vitro release study
• Preparation of transferosomal gel
• Evaluation of transferosomal gel
• Percentage drug content
• Percentage drug release
• Drug release kinetic study
17.
18. • Appearance: CP occurs as a white, almost white or
cream-coloured, crystalline powder and is odourless.
• Melting Range: CP has a melting range of
approximately 195.5-197.0°C.
• Solubility: Clobetasol propionate Drug is soluble in
organic solvents such as), ethanol
• (C2H5OH), Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) and Dimethyl
Formamide (DMF), which should be purged with as an inert
gas. The solubility of clobetasol propionate in ethanol is
approximately
1 mg/ml and approximately 25 mg/ml in DMSO and DMF38.
• LogP: 2.48 (LogP)
19. S. No. MATERIALS MANUFACTURER
1. Phospholipids Lipoid, Germany.
2. Clobetasol propionate Leisha pharam Pvt. Ltd. Bhiwadi
3. Cholesterol Thomas baker (chemical), Mumbai.
4. Ethanol Changshu yangquan chemical, China.
5. Methanol Finar Pvt.Lltd. Ahmedabad
6. Span 80 Avarice Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, G.B nagar, India.
7. Tween 20 Molychem, Mumbai.
8. Tween 80 Thomas baker (chemical), Mumbai.
9. Sodium chloride Thomas baker (chemical), Mumbai.
10. Disodium hydrogen
phosphate Thomas baker (chemical), Mumbai.
11. Potassium dihydrogen
phosphate Molychem, Mumbai.
Material and Methods
20. S. No. INSTRUMENTS MANUFACTURER
1. UV/VIS Spectrophotometer UV-1700 Shimadzu
2. Weighing balance Shimadzu
3. Microscope Kyowa Getnar
4. pH meter Lab india pH/con meter
5. Centrifuge machine Remi
6. Sonicator Digital ultrasonic cleaner
7. FTIR FTIR-8400S Shimadzu, japan
8. Rota evaporator Super scientific pvt. ltd, vadodara
9. Particle size and zeta potential Malvern
Material and Methods
21. Experimental Work
• Preformulation studies
• Organoleptic properties
• Melting point
• Solubility
• Drug- excipients compatibility study
• Partition coefficient studies
• Physical appearance
• Vesicles size, polydispersity index, and zeta
potential
• Entrapment efficiency determination
25. 8.1 Preformulation studies
8.1.1 Preparation of standard curve of clobetasol propionate in methanol
Table 6: Absorbance of different dilutions of drug at 238 nm in
methanol
Con.(µg/ml)Absorbance
1 0.036±0.031
2 0.147±0.009
3 0.251±0.083
4 0.360±0.0047
5 0.457±0.0018
6 0.545±0.056
7 0.638±0.037
8 0.744±0.006
9 0.852±0.0918
10 0.948±0.052
