Effective software cost estimation is the most challenging and important activities in software development. Developers want a simple and accurate method of efforts estimation. Estimation of the cost before starting of work is a prediction and prediction always not accurate. Software effort estimation is a very critical task in the software engineering and to control quality and efficiency a suitable estimation technique is crucial. This paper gives a review of various available software effort estimation methods, mainly focus on the algorithmic model and non algorithmic model. These existing methods for software cost estimation are illustrated and their aspect will be discussed. No single technique is best for all situations, and thus a careful comparison of the results of several approaches is most likely to produce realistic estimation. This paper provides a detailed overview of existing software cost estimation models and techniques. This paper presents the strength and weakness of various cost estimation methods. This paper focuses on some of the relevant reasons that cause inaccurate estimation. Pa Pa Win | War War Myint | Hlaing Phyu Phyu Mon | Seint Wint Thu "Review on Algorithmic and Non-Algorithmic Software Cost Estimation Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26511.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/-/26511/review-on-algorithmic-and-non-algorithmic-software-cost-estimation-techniques/pa-pa-win
The data design action translates data objects into data structures at the software component level.
Data Design is the first and most important design activity. Here the main issue is to select the appropriate data structure i.e. the data design focuses on the definition of data structures.
Data design is a process of gradual refinement, from the coarse "What data does your application require?" to the precise data structures and processes that provide it. With a good data design, your application's data access is fast, easily maintained, and can gracefully accept future data enhancements.
Database systems that were based on the object data model were known originally as object-oriented databases (OODBs).These are mainly used for complex objects
The data design action translates data objects into data structures at the software component level.
Data Design is the first and most important design activity. Here the main issue is to select the appropriate data structure i.e. the data design focuses on the definition of data structures.
Data design is a process of gradual refinement, from the coarse "What data does your application require?" to the precise data structures and processes that provide it. With a good data design, your application's data access is fast, easily maintained, and can gracefully accept future data enhancements.
Database systems that were based on the object data model were known originally as object-oriented databases (OODBs).These are mainly used for complex objects
Historical social & economic context of computingBurhan Ahmed
Historical social & economic context of computing.
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Email Recovery
Email Recovery is needed when user gets their email files corrupt, deleted and in un used form.
Every email client application when found some of their email files corrupt then they shows the corruption error to user so that they can start to repair them using any recovery solution and access it again after recovery.
About Email recovery software :-
Microsoft Outlook and Outlook Express store email , contacts, notes, journals, tasks and calendar.
Sometimes email messages get deleted and that is panic too much. To retrieve this deleted emails, Email Recovery software is used.
Here is the presentation for Transport Layer Questions from the book Andrew S. Tanenbaum (Computer Networks) and B A Forouzan ( Data Communication and Networking)
In the present paper, applicability and
capability of A.I techniques for effort estimation prediction has
been investigated. It is seen that neuro fuzzy models are very
robust, characterized by fast computation, capable of handling
the distorted data. Due to the presence of data non-linearity, it is
an efficient quantitative tool to predict effort estimation. The one
hidden layer network has been developed named as OHLANFIS
using MATLAB simulation environment.
Here the initial parameters of the OHLANFIS are
identified using the subtractive clustering method. Parameters of
the Gaussian membership function are optimally determined
using the hybrid learning algorithm. From the analysis it is seen
that the Effort Estimation prediction model developed using
OHLANFIS technique has been able to perform well over normal
ANFIS Model.
Insights on Research Techniques towards Cost Estimation in Software Design IJECEIAES
Software cost estimation is of the most challenging task in project management in order to ensuring smoother development operation and target achievement. There has been evolution of various standards tools and techniques for cost estimation practiced in the industry at present times. However, it was never investigated about the overall picturization of effectiveness of such techniques till date. This paper initiates its contribution by presenting taxonomies of conventional cost-estimation techniques and then investigates the research trends towards frequently addressed problems in it. The paper also reviews the existing techniques in well-structured manner in order to highlight the problems addressed, techniques used, advantages associated and limitation explored from literatures. Finally, we also brief the explored open research issues as an added contribution to this manuscript.
Historical social & economic context of computingBurhan Ahmed
Historical social & economic context of computing.
Watch my videos on snack here: --> --> http://sck.io/x-B1f0Iy
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
Email Recovery
Email Recovery is needed when user gets their email files corrupt, deleted and in un used form.
Every email client application when found some of their email files corrupt then they shows the corruption error to user so that they can start to repair them using any recovery solution and access it again after recovery.
About Email recovery software :-
Microsoft Outlook and Outlook Express store email , contacts, notes, journals, tasks and calendar.
Sometimes email messages get deleted and that is panic too much. To retrieve this deleted emails, Email Recovery software is used.
Here is the presentation for Transport Layer Questions from the book Andrew S. Tanenbaum (Computer Networks) and B A Forouzan ( Data Communication and Networking)
In the present paper, applicability and
capability of A.I techniques for effort estimation prediction has
been investigated. It is seen that neuro fuzzy models are very
robust, characterized by fast computation, capable of handling
the distorted data. Due to the presence of data non-linearity, it is
an efficient quantitative tool to predict effort estimation. The one
hidden layer network has been developed named as OHLANFIS
using MATLAB simulation environment.
Here the initial parameters of the OHLANFIS are
identified using the subtractive clustering method. Parameters of
the Gaussian membership function are optimally determined
using the hybrid learning algorithm. From the analysis it is seen
that the Effort Estimation prediction model developed using
OHLANFIS technique has been able to perform well over normal
ANFIS Model.
Insights on Research Techniques towards Cost Estimation in Software Design IJECEIAES
Software cost estimation is of the most challenging task in project management in order to ensuring smoother development operation and target achievement. There has been evolution of various standards tools and techniques for cost estimation practiced in the industry at present times. However, it was never investigated about the overall picturization of effectiveness of such techniques till date. This paper initiates its contribution by presenting taxonomies of conventional cost-estimation techniques and then investigates the research trends towards frequently addressed problems in it. The paper also reviews the existing techniques in well-structured manner in order to highlight the problems addressed, techniques used, advantages associated and limitation explored from literatures. Finally, we also brief the explored open research issues as an added contribution to this manuscript.
A survey of predicting software reliability using machine learning methodsIAESIJAI
In light of technical and technological progress, software has become an urgent need in every aspect of human life, including the medicine sector and industrial control. Therefore, it is imperative that the software always works flawlessly. The information technology sector has witnessed a rapid expansion in recent years, as software companies can no longer rely only on cost advantages to stay competitive in the market, but programmers must provide reliable and high-quality software, and in order to estimate and predict software reliability using machine learning and deep learning, it was introduced A brief overview of the important scientific contributions to the subject of software reliability, and the researchers' findings of highly efficient methods and techniques for predicting software reliability.
Software Defect Prediction Using Local and Global AnalysisEditor IJMTER
The software defect factors are used to measure the quality of the software. The software
effort estimation is used to measure the effort required for the software development process. The defect
factor makes an impact on the software development effort. Software development and cost factors are
also decided with reference to the defect and effort factors. The software defects are predicted with
reference to the module information. Module link information are used in the effort estimation process.
Data mining techniques are used in the software analysis process. Clustering techniques are used
in the property grouping process. Rule mining methods are used to learn rules from clustered data
values. The “WHERE” clustering scheme and “WHICH” rule mining scheme are used in the defect
prediction and effort estimation process. The system uses the module information for the defect
prediction and effort estimation process.
The proposed system is designed to improve the defect prediction and effort estimation process.
The Single Objective Genetic Algorithm (SOGA) is used in the clustering process. The rule learning
operations are carried out sing the Apriori algorithm. The system improves the cluster accuracy levels.
The defect prediction and effort estimation accuracy is also improved by the system. The system is
developed using the Java language and Oracle relation database environment.
Function Point Software Cost Estimates using Neuro-Fuzzy techniqueijceronline
Software estimation accuracy is among the greatest challenges for software developers. As Neurofuzzy based system is able to approximate the non-linear function with more precision so it is used as a soft computing approach to generate model by formulating the relationship based on its training. The approach presented in this paper is independent of the nature and type of estimation. In this paper, Function point is used as algorithmic model and an attempt is being made to validate the soundness of Neuro fuzzy technique using ISBSG and NASA project data.
SOFTWARE COST ESTIMATION USING FUZZY NUMBER AND PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATIONIJCI JOURNAL
Software cost estimation is a process to calculate effort, time and cost of a project, and assist in better
decision making about the feasibility or viability of project. Accurate cost prediction is required to
effectively organize the project development tasks and to make economical and strategic planning, project
management. There are several known and unknown factors affect this process, so cost estimation is a very
difficult process. Software size is a very important factor that impacts the process of cost estimation.
Accuracy of cost estimation is directly proportional to the accuracy of the size estimation.
Failure of Software projects has always been an important area of focus for the Software Industry.
Implementation phase is not the only phase for Software projects to fail, instead planning and estimation
steps are the most crucial ones, which lead to their failure. More than 50% of the total projects fail which
go beyond the estimated time and cost. The Standish group‘s CHAOS reports failure rate of 70% for the
software projects. This paper presents the existing algorithms for software estimation and the relevant
concepts of Fuzzy Theory and PSO. Also explains the proposed algorithm with experimental results.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Productivity Factors in Software Development for PC PlatformIJERA Editor
Identifying the most relevant factors influencing project performance is essential for implementing business strategies by selecting and adjusting proper improvement activities. The two major classification algorithms CRT and ANN that were recommended by the Auto Classifier tool in SPSS Modeler used for determining the most important variables (attributes) of software development in PC environment. While the accuracy of classification of productive versus non-productive cases are relatively close (72% vs 69%), their ranking of important variables are different. CRT ranks the Programming Language as the most important variable and Function Points as the least important. On the other hand, ANN ranks the Function Points as the most important followed by team size and Programming Language.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOFTWARE ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES ijseajournal
Many information technology firms among other organizations have been working on how to perform estimation of the sources such as fund and other resources during software development processes. Software development life cycles require lot of activities and skills to avoid risks and the best software estimation technique is supposed to be employed. Therefore, in this research, a comparative study was conducted, that consider the accuracy, usage, and suitability of existing methods. It will be suitable for the project managers and project consultants during the whole software project development process. In this project technique such as linear regression; both algorithmic and non-algorithmic are applied. Model, composite and regression techniques are used to derive COCOMO, COCOMO II, SLIM and linear multiple respectively. Moreover, expertise-based and linear-based rules are applied in non-algorithm methods. However, the technique needs some advancement to reduce the errors that are experienced during the software development process. Therefore, this paper in relation to software estimation techniques has proposed a model that can be helpful to the information technology firms, researchers and other firms that use information technology in the processes such as budgeting and decision-making processes.
A NOVEL APPROACH TO ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION OF C PROGRAMS USING MACHIN...IJCI JOURNAL
There has always been a struggle for programmers to identify the errors while executing a program- be it
syntactical or logical error. This struggle has led to a research in identification of syntactical and logical
errors. This paper makes an attempt to survey those research works which can be used to identify errors as
well as proposes a new model based on machine learning and data mining which can detect logical and
syntactical errors by correcting them or providing suggestions. The proposed work is based on use of
hashtags to identify each correct program uniquely and this in turn can be compared with the logically
incorrect program in order to identify errors.
ENSEMBLE REGRESSION MODELS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT EFFORT ESTIMATION: A COMP...ijseajournal
As demand for computer software continually increases, software scope and complexity become higher than ever. The software industry is in real need of accurate estimates of the project under development. Software development effort estimation is one of the main processes in software project management. However, overestimation and underestimation may cause the software industry loses. This study determines which technique has better effort prediction accuracy and propose combined techniques that could provide better estimates. Eight different ensemble models to estimate effort with Ensemble Models were compared with each other base on the predictive accuracy on the Mean Absolute Residual (MAR) criterion and statistical tests. The results have indicated that the proposed ensemble models, besides delivering high efficiency in contrast to its counterparts, and produces the best responses for software project effort estimation. Therefore, the proposed ensemble models in this study will help the project managers working with development quality software.
EMPIRICAL APPLICATION OF SIMULATED ANNEALING USING OBJECT-ORIENTED METRICS TO...ijcsa
The work is about using Simulated Annealing Algorithm for the effort estimation model parameter
optimization which can lead to the reduction in the difference in actual and estimated effort used in model
development.
The model has been tested using OOP’s dataset, obtained from NASA for research purpose.The data set
based model equation parameters have been found that consists of two independent variables, viz. Lines of
Code (LOC) along with one more attribute as a dependent variable related to software development effort
(DE). The results have been compared with the earlier work done by the author on Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and it has been observed that the
developed SA based model is more capable to provide better estimation of software development effort than
ANN and ANFIS
AN APPROACH FOR SOFTWARE EFFORT ESTIMATION USING FUZZY NUMBERS AND GENETIC AL...csandit
One of the most critical tasks during the software development life cycle is that of estimating the effort and time involved in the development of the software product. Estimation may be performed by many ways such as: Expert judgments, Algorithmic effort estimation, Machine
learning and Analogy-based estimation. In which Analogy-based software effort estimation is the process of identifying one or more historical projects that are similar to the project being developed and then using the estimates from them. Analogy-based estimation is integrated with Fuzzy numbers in order to improve the performance of software project effort estimation during
the early stages of a software development lifecycle. Because of uncertainty associated with attribute measurement and data availability, fuzzy logic is introduced in the proposed model.But hardly a historical project is exactly same as the project being estimated due to some distance associated in similarity distance. This means that the most similar project still has a
similarity distance with the project being estimated in most of the cases. Therefore, the effort needs to be adjusted when the most similar project has a similarity distance with the project being estimated. To adjust the reused effort, we build an adjustment mechanism whose
algorithm can derive the optimal adjustment on the reused effort using Genetic Algorithm. The proposed model Combine the fuzzy logic to estimate software effort in early stages with Genetic algorithm based adjustment mechanism may result to near the correct effort estimation.
AN APPROACH FOR SOFTWARE EFFORT ESTIMATION USING FUZZY NUMBERS AND GENETIC AL...cscpconf
One of the most critical tasks during the software development life cycle is that of estimating the effort and time involved in the development of the software product. Estimation may be performed by many ways such as: Expert judgments, lgorithmic effort estimation, Machine learning and Analogy-based estimation. In which Analogy-based software effort estimation is
the process of identifying one or more historical projects that are similar to the project being developed and then using the estimates from them. Analogy-based estimation is integrated with Fuzzy numbers in order to improve the performance of software project effort estimation during the early stages of a software development lifecycle. Because of uncertainty associated with tribute measurement and data availability, fuzzy logic is introduced in the proposed model. But hardly a historical project is exactly same as the project being estimated due to some distance associated in similarity distance. This means that the most similar project still has a similarity distance with the project being estimated in most of the cases. Therefore, the effort needs to be adjusted when the most similar project has a similarity distance with the project being estimated. To adjust the reused effort, we build an adjustment mechanism whose
algorithm can derive the optimal adjustment on the reused effort using Genetic Algorithm. The proposed model Combine the fuzzy logic to estimate software effort in early stages with Genetic algorithm based adjustment mechanism may result to near the correct effort estimation.
An approach for software effort estimation using fuzzy numbers and genetic al...csandit
One of the most critical tasks during the software development life cycle is that of estimating the
effort and time involved in the development of the software product. Estimation may be
performed by many ways such as: Expert judgments, Algorithmic effort estimation, Machine
learning and Analogy-based estimation. In which Analogy-based software effort estimation is
the process of identifying one or more historical projects that are similar to the project being
developed and then using the estimates from them. Analogy-based estimation is integrated with
Fuzzy numbers in order to improve the performance of software project effort estimation during
the early stages of a software development lifecycle. Because of uncertainty associated with
attribute measurement and data availability, fuzzy logic is introduced in the proposed model.
But hardly a historical project is exactly same as the project being estimated due to some
distance associated in similarity distance. This means that the most similar project still has a
similarity distance with the project being estimated in most of the cases. Therefore, the effort
needs to be adjusted when the most similar project has a similarity distance with the project
being estimated. To adjust the reused effort, we build an adjustment mechanism whose
algorithm can derive the optimal adjustment on the reused effort using Genetic Algorithm. The
proposed model Combine the fuzzy logic to estimate software effort in early stages with Genetic
algorithm based adjustment mechanism may result to near the correct effort estimation.
Application of Genetic Algorithm in Software Engineering: A ReviewIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract. The software engineering is comparatively new and regularly changing field. The big challenge of meeting strict project schedules with high quality software requires that the field of software engineering be automated to large extent and human resource intervention be minimized to optimum level. To achieve this goal the researcher have explored the potential of machine learning approaches as they are adaptable, have learning ability. In this paper, we take a look at how genetic algorithm (GA) can be used to build tool for software development and maintenance tasks.
Similar to Review on Algorithmic and Non Algorithmic Software Cost Estimation Techniques (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26511 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 891
The conditions of the software projects are not stable and
the state is continuouslychangingsoseveralmethodsshould
be presented for estimation that each method is appropriate
for a special project[9].
3. ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES
Generally, there are many methods for software cost
estimation, which are divided into four categories:
Algorithmic, Non-Algorithmic, Parametric and Machine
learning Models. All categories are required for performing
an accurate estimation. If the requirements are known
better, their performance will be better. In this section
overview of four estimation models are discussed.
A. Algorithmic Models These models work based on the
special algorithm. These model usually need data atfirst
and make result by using the mathematical relation.
Nowadays,manysoftwareestimation methodsusethese
models. Algorithm models are classified into some
different models. Each algorithmic model uses an
equation to do theestimation:Effort=f(x1,x2,……….,xn)
where (x1……xn) is the vector of the cost factor. The
differences among the existing algorithmic methodsare
related to choosing the cost factor and function.
B. Non-Algorithmic Model Contrary to the Algorithmic
methods, methods of this group are based on analytical
comparisons and inferences. For using the Non
Algorithmic methods some information about the
previous projects which are similar to the
underestimate project is required and usually
estimation process in these methods is done according
to the analysis of the previous datasets. Here, three
methods have been selected for accessingbecausethese
methods are more popular than the other None
Algorithmic methods and many papers about their uses
have been published in recent years.
C. MACHINE LEARNING METHODS Most techniques about
cost estimation use statistical methods, which are not
able to present reason and strong results.Thisapproach
could be appropriate because they can increase the
accuracy of estimation by training rules of estimation
and repeating the run cycles. It is categorized into two
main methods, neural networks and fuzzy methods
which are :
Neural networks include several layers which each layer is
composed of several elements called neuron. Neurons, by
investigating the weights defined for inputs, produce the
outputs. Outputs will be the actual effort, which is the main
goal of estimation. Backpropagation neural network is the
best selection for software estimation problem because it
adjusts the weights by comparing the network outputs and
actual results. In addition, training is done effectively.
Majority of researches on using the neural networks for
software cost estimation are focused on modeling the
Cocomo method, for example in [5] a neural network has
been proposed for estimation of software cost according to
the following figure. Figure (1) shows the layers, inputs and
the transfer function of the mentioned neuralnetwork.Scale
Factors(SF) and effort multipliers(EM) are an input of the
neural network, pi and qj are respectively the weight of SFs
and EMs.[6]
Fuzzy Method The systems, which work based on the fuzzy
logic try to simulate human behavior and reasoning.Inmany
problems, where decision making is very difficult and
conditions are vague, fuzzy systems are an efficient tool in
such situations. Fuzzy technique always supports the facts
that may be ignored. Following four stages in the fuzzy
approach:
Stage 1: produce trapezoidal numbers for the linguistic
terms.
Stage 2: develop the complexity matrix by producing a new
linguistic term.
Stage 3: determine the productivity rate and the attempt for
the new linguistic terms.
Stage 4: determine the effort required to completeataskand
to compare the existing method. For examplein[3] COCOMO
technique has been implemented by usingthefuzzymethod.
Fig (2) displays all following mentioned steps.
Step (1) fuzzification has been done by scale factors, cost
drivers and size.
Step (2) principals of COCOMO are considered.
Step (3) defuzzification is accomplishedtofindtheeffort[6].
4. The parametric-estimating method is a mathematical
representation of cost estimating relationships that provide
a logical and predictable correlation between the cost as a
dependent variable and the cost estimating factors as the
independent variables associated with the project being
estimated (Duverlie and Clastelain, 1999; Dysert, 2003;
International Society of Parametric Analysis [ISPA], 2008).
Parametric models are developed by applying regression
analysis to historical project data (obtained from past
projects).
4. ALGORITHMIC METHODS
These methods are designed to provide some mathematical
equations to perform software cost estimation. These
mathematical equations arebased onresearch and historical
data and use some inputs for example Source Lines of Code,
a number of functions to perform, and some cost driverslike
as language, design methodology, skill-levels, risk
assessments, etc. Algorithmic methods developed many
models such as COCOMO models, Putnam model, and
function points based models [3].
A. COCOMO Model
One very widely used algorithmic cost estimation model is
the Constructive CostModel (COCOMO) whichwasproposed
by Boehm [4]. The basic COCOMO model has a simple form:
MAN-MONTHS = K1* (KDLOC) K2 Where K1 and K2 are two
parameters which are dependent on the application and
development environment. Estimates from the basic
COCOMO model can be made more accurate by taking into
account other factors concerning the required
characteristics of the software to be developed, the
qualification and experience of the development team, and
the software development environment. The complexity of
the software has the following factor:
Reliability
Database size
Required efficiency for memory and execution time
The capability of an analyst and programmer
Team experience in the application area
Experience of the team in the programming language
and computer
Use of software engineering and tools
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26511 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 892
Cost models generally use some costindicator forestimation
and notice to all specification artifacts and activities.
COCOMO 81(constructive cost model) proposed by Barry
Bohem is the most popular method which categorized in
algorithmic methods. This method uses some equationsand
parameters, which have been derived from previous
experiences about software projects for estimation. There
are three forms of the constructive cost model: 1. Basic
COCOMO which gives an initial rough estimate of man-
months and development time. 2. Intermediate COCOMO
which gives a more detailed estimate for small to medium
size projects. 3. Complete COCOMO which gives a more
detailed estimate for large projects.
There are three modes of development.
1. Organic mode
* Relatively small simple software projects.
* Small team with good application experience work to a set
of less than rigid requirements.
Similar to previously developed projects.
* Relatively small and require little innovation.
2. Semi-Detached mode
* Intermediate(in size and complexity) software projects in
which team with mixed experience level must meet a mix of
rigid and less than rigid requirements.
3. An embedded mode Software project that must be
developed within a set of tight hardware software and
operational constraints.
BASIC COCOMO
BasicCOCMO is an empirical estimation for estimatingeffort,
cost, and schedule for software projects. It was derived from
the large data set from 63 software projects ranging in size
from 200 to 100000 lines of code, and programming
languages ranging from assembly to PL/I. This data was
analyzed to discover a set of formula that was the best fit to
the observation these formula link the size of the system. In
COCOMO 81 effort is be calculated as PM= a*Size^6ΠEmi i=1
to 15 Where a & b are the domain constant in the model. It
contains 15 effort multipliers. This estimation scheme
accounts the experience and dataofthepastprojectswhichis
extremely complex to understand and apply the same.
INTERMEDIATE COCMO
In 1997, an enhanced scheme for estimating the effort for
software development activities, which is called asCOCOMO
II. COCOMO II has some special features which distinguish
for another one the uses of this method are very hidden and
its result usually accurate. In COCOMOIIeffortrequirements
can be calculated as PM=a* size ^B*ΠEmi i=1 to 17 Where
E=B+0.01*ΣSFj j=1 to 5 COCOMO II is associated with 31
factors LOC measures as the estimation variable, 17 cost
drivers, 5 scale factor, 3 adaptation percentage of
modification, 3 adaptation cost drives and requirements
volatility.
The Detailed COCOMO Model
The detailed COCOMO model differs from the intermediate
model is only one major aspect. The detailed model uses
different effort multipliers for each phase of a project. These
phase-dependent effort multipliers yield better estimates
than the intermediate model[11].
B. Putnam Model
The Putnam model is an empirical effort estimation model.
Putnam used his productivity levels observations to derive
the software equation: Technical constant C= size * B1/3 *
T4/3 Total PM B=1/T4 *(size/C)3 T = Required
Development Time in yearsSize= estimatedin LOCWhere:C
= parameter dependent on the development environment
and is determined on the basis of historical data of the past
projects. Rating for C=2,000 is poor C=8000 is good
C=12,000 is excellent. This model is very sensitive to the
development time, decreasing the development time can
greatly increase the person-monthsneeded fordevelopment
[6][12]. One significant problem with this model is that it is
based on knowing, or being able to estimate accurately, the
size of the software to be developed. There is often great
uncertainty in the software size. It may result in the
inaccuracy of estimation.
C. Function Point Analysis
The Function Point Analysis is a method of quantifying the
size and complexity of a software system in terms of the
functions that the systems deliver to the user. A number of
proprietary models for cost estimation have adapted to this
type of approach, like as ESTIMACS and SPQR/20. This is a
measurement which is based on the functionality of the
program. It was first introduced by Albrecht [1]. The total
number of FP depends on the counts of distinct in terms of
format or processing logic types. Following two steps in
counting function points:
Counting to the user functions: The raw function counts
are arrived at by considering a linear combination of five
basic software components. These components are external
inputs, external outputs, external inquiries, logic internal
files, and external interfaces, each at one of threecomplexity
levels: simple, average or complex. The sum of these
numbers, weighted according to the complexity level, is the
number of FC.
Adjusting for environmentalprocessingcomplexity:The
final function points are arrived at by multiplying function
count by an adjustment factor that is determined by
considering 14 aspects of processing complexity. This
adjustment factor allows the function count to be modified
by at most 35% or -35%.
D. Linear Models Commonly these models have the
simple structure and trace a clear equation as
below:
EFFORT = a0 +Σ n ai xi i=0 Where, a1, a2 ,an are selected
according to the information of project, only allowed values
for xi are -1, 0, +1.[16]
E. Seer-sem Models
This model has been proposed in 1980 by Galorath Inc[9].
Most parameters in seer-sem are commercial and, business
projects usually use seer-sem as their main cost estimation
method. Size of the software is the most importantfeaturein
seer-sem method and a parameter namely Se is defined as
effective size. Se is computed by determining the five
indicators: new size, existing size, ramp redesign and retest
as below:
Se=new size + existing Size(0.4 redesign + 0.25 reimp +
0.35 retest) After computing the Se the estimated effort is
calculated as below: EFFORT= td = D - 0.2 × (Se / Cte )0.4
Where D = relevant to the staffing aspects It is determined
based on the complexity degree in staffs structure. Cte is
computed according to the productivity and efficiencyof the
project method. It is used widely in a commercialproject. [7]
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5. NON ALGORITHMIC METHODS
Non Algorithmic methods use some information about the
previous projects which are similar to the underestimate
project is required and usually cost estimation process in
these methods is done according to the analysis of the
previous datasets.
A. Expert Judgment Method Expert judgment techniques
involve consulting with cost estimation expert or a group of
the estimation experts to use their experience and
understanding of the proposed project to arrive at an
estimate of its cost. It is the most used methods for cost
estimation. Most companies used expert judgment method
for generating the cost of the product [4] [12]. This method
using the following estimating steps: a. Project leader
presents each expert with a specification and an estimation
form. b. The experts fill out forms anonymously. c. Project
leader calls a group meeting in which the experts discuss
cost estimation issues with theproject leader andeach other.
d. Project leader prepares and distributes a summary of the
cost estimation on an iteration form. e. Again experts fill out
forms, anonymously. f. Steps d and step e are iterated for as
many rounds as appropriate.
Estimation based on Expert Judgment is done by getting
advice from experts who have extensive experiences in
similar projects. This method is usually used when there is a
limitation in finding data and gathering requirements.
Consultation is the basic issue in this method. One of the
most common methods which work according to this
technique in Delphi. Delphi arranges an especial meeting
among the project experts and tries to achieve the true
information about the project from there debates. Delphi
includes some steps:
The coordinator gives an estimation from each expert.
Each expert presents his own estimation
The coordinator gathers all forms and sums up them on
a form and ask experts to start another iteration.
Steps (ii-iii) are repeated until approval is gained.
A. Estimating by Analogy
Cost estimating by analogy means comparing the proposed
project to previously completed similar project where the
project development informationisknown. Actualdatafrom
the completed projects are extrapolated to cost estimatethe
proposed project. Analogy method can be used either at the
system level or at the component level [12]. This method
using the following estimating steps: a. Find out the
necessary characteristics of the proposed project. b. Choose
the most similar completed projects whose characteristics
have been stored in the historical database. c. Find the
estimate for the proposed project from the most similar
completed project by analogy.
It means creating estimates for new projects by comparing
the new projects to similar projects from the part. In this
method, several similar completed software projects are
noticed and estimation of effort and cost are done according
to their actual cost and effort. As the Algorithmic technique
have a disadvantage of the need to calibrate the model. So
the alternative approach is ‘Analogy by Estimation’.
Estimation based on analogy is accomplished at the total
system levels and subsystem levels. By accessing the result
of previous actual projects. We can estimate the cost and
effort of a similar project. The steps of this method are
considered as 1. Choosing analogy 2. Investigating
similarities and differences 3. Examining of analogy quality.
4. providing the estimation.
B. Parkinson’s Law
Using Parkinson‟s Law “Work expands to fill the available
volume”[8], the costisdetermined bytheavailable resources
rather than based on an objective assessment., If the
software has to be delivered in 20 months and 4 people are
available, the effort is estimated to be 80 PM. Although it
sometimes gives a good estimation, this method is not
recommended as it may provide very unrealistic estimates.
Parkinson‟s Law does not promote good software
engineering practice [2]. E. Price-to-win The cost is
estimated to be the best price to win the project. The cost
estimation is based on the customer's budget instead of the
software functionality. For example, if a reasonable
estimation for a project costs 100 PM but the customer can
only effort 60 PM. It is common that the estimatoris asked to
modify the estimation to fit 60 PM effort in order to win the
project. This is again not a good practice sinceitisverylikely
to cause a bad delay of delivery or force the estimation team
to work overtime[10][2].
C. Top-Down Estimating Method
The top-down estimating method is known as Macro Model.
Using this estimating method, overall cost estimation forthe
project is derived from the global properties of the software
project, and then the project is partitioned into various low-
level mechanism or components. The method of using this
approach is the Putnam model. The top-down method is
more applicable to early cost estimation when only global
properties are known. In the early phaseofthesoftware cost
estimation, top-down is very useful because there is no
detailed information available [4].
D. Bottom-up Estimating Method
Using a bottom-up cost estimating method, the cost of each
software component is estimated and then combines the
results to arrive at an estimated cost of the overall project.
The bottom-up method aims at constructing the estimate of
a system from the knowledge accumulated about the small
software components and their interactions. The method of
using this approach is COCOMO's detailed model [4].
6. The Strength and Weakness ofAlgorithmicandNon-
Algorithmic Software Cost Estimation Techniques
According to the study of software cost estimation
techniques, it is evident that no one method is necessarily
better or worse than the other, in fact, their advantage and
disadvantage are often complementary to each other. The
algorithmic methods are based on mathematics and some
experimental equations. They are usually hard to learn and
they need much data about the current project state. But if
enough data is available, these methods present reliable
results. On the other hand for non-algorithmic methods, it is
necessary to have enough informationaboutthesimilar type
of previous projects, because these methods perform the
cost estimation by analysis of the historical data. They are
easy to learn because they follow human behavior.
According to the estimation experience, it is recommended
that a combination of models and expert judgment
estimation methods are useful to get reliable, accurate cost
estimation for software development. We should use expert
judgment method or analogy method forknown projectsand
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projects parts if the similarities of them can be got since it is
fast and under this circumstance, reliable. For large, lesser-
known projects, it is better to use algorithmic methods. In
this case, many researchers recommend the estimation
models that do not require a source line of code as an input.
If we approach cost estimation by parts, we may use expert
judgment for some known parts. In this way, we can take
advantage of both the rigor of models and the speed of
expert judgment method oranalogy.Becausethe advantages
and disadvantages of each technique are complementary, a
combination will reduce the weakness of anyone technique,
augment their individual strengths and help to cross-check
one technique against another.
Table1. The Strength of Algorithm and Non-Algorithmic Software Cost Estimation Techniques
Sr. No Method Type Strength
1 COCOMO Algorithmic Clear results, it’s very common
2 LOC Algorithmic Very easy in implementation to estimate the size of the software
3 Putnam model Algorithmic A Probabilistic model, it‟s used in a very large project
4
Seer-Sem
model
Algorithmic Used in very large projects
5 Linear model Algorithmic
It‟s the best method of prediction using a linear regression
technique
6 Analogy Non-Algorithmic
Works based on actual experience and especial expert is not
important
7
Expert
judgment
Non-Algorithmic Fast prediction, adapt for special projects
8 Parkinson Non-Algorithmic Correlates with some experience
9 Price to win Non-Algorithmic It‟s often gets the contract
10 Top-down Non-Algorithmic
Requires minimal project detail, usually faster and easier to
implement and system-level focus
11 Bottom-down Non-Algorithmic
More detailed basis, more stable and encourage individual
commitment
Table2. The Weakness of Algorithm and Non-Algorithmic Software Cost Estimation Techniques
Sr. No Method Type Weakness
1 COCOMO Algorithmic A lot of data is required, It is not suitable for any project
3 LOC Algorithmic
Prediction of the line is tough in the early stages, not good for a
very large project and language-dependent.
4 Putnam model Algorithmic For only use large projects
5
Seer-Sem model Algorithmic
it‟s required 50 input parameters which are increases the
complexity and uncertainty
6 Linear model Algorithmic
Little difference between actual and predicted results and error
is also needed to calculate.
7 Analogy Non-Algorithmic
Much information about past projects is required in some
situations there are no similar project
8 Expert judgment Non-Algorithmic Success depends on expert, usually is done incomplete
9 Parkinson Non-Algorithmic Reinforces poor practice
10 Price to win Non-Algorithmic Generally produces large overruns
11 Top-down Non-Algorithmic Less detailed basis and less stable
12 Bottom -down Non-Algorithmic
May overlook system-level costs, requires more effort, a lot of
time-consuming
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my special thanks to all my teachers
who gave me their time and guidance, and all my friends
who helped in the task of developing this paper. Finally, I
would like especially to thank my parents for their
continuous support and encouragement throughout my
whole life.
8. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have discussed a comparative study of
different types of software cost estimation techniques and
also described the advantages and disadvantages of these
techniques. This paper presents some of the relevant
reasons that cause inaccurate estimation. To produce a
meaningful and reliable cost estimate, we must improve our
understanding of softwareprojectattributes andtheir causal
relationships. It has been seen that all cost estimation
methods are specific for some specific type of projects. It is
very difficult to decide which method is better than to all
other methods because every method or model has its own
significance or importance. Finding the most important
reason for the software project failure has been the object of
many researchers in the last decade. According to the result
of this paper, the root causes for software project failure is
inaccurate estimation in stages of the project. To decrease
the project failures software project managers are used to
select the best estimation method based on the different
conditions and status of the project and also describe
comparing the estimation technique. There is no estimation
method which could present the best estimatesin all various
situation and technique can be suitablein thespecialproject.
To improve the performance of the existing method and
introducing the new methods for estimation based on
today’s software project requirements can be the future
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works in this area. The future work is to study the new
software cost estimation technique that can help us toeasily
understand the software cost estimation process.
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