The document summarizes key aspects of Roman art and architecture from the Republican to Imperial eras. It describes early realistic portraits from the Republican period and sculptures depicting Augustus that promoted Roman ideals of leadership. Major monuments from the Imperial period discussed include the Ara Pacis, which symbolized peace and prosperity under Augustus, and the Colosseum, featuring arches, vaults and other architectural elements. Hadrian and later rulers also commissioned significant architectural works like villas and the Pantheon.

1. Rome

2. VERISTIC (Topographical) Blunt, unidealized portraits, intended to convey Republican virtues through physiognomy (the study of the face): --seriousness --experience --loyalty --determination Rome: Republican-era sculpture

3. BATTLE OF ACTIUM (31 BC) Naval Battle, Ionian Sea Octavian vs. combined forces of Marc Antony and Cleopatra (Egyptian Ptolomeic Queen) Octavian: adopted son of Julius Caesar Caesarion: son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra; Marc Antony, aligned with Cleopatra, tried to promote Caesarion as the true heir of Caesar

4. 27 BC: AUGUSTUS (“Supreme Ruler”) Roman Empire

5. Octavian Augustus

6. Greek idealism: generic (the perfectibility of human nature) Roman idealism: specific (highly propagandistic) Rome: Imperial sculpture Greece: Doryphoros Rome: Augustus

7. Rome: Imperial sculpture Augustus of Prima Porta

8. Rome: Imperial sculpture—Augustus of Prima Porta Ideal: generic idea Ideal: specific individual

9. Rome: Imperial sculpture—Augustus of Prima Porta Cupid: Son of Venus; father of Aeneas  Dolphin: Symbol of Venus; born from the sea  Julio-Claudian line: Claimed to be descended from Aeneas

10. Rome: Imperial sculpture—Augustus of Prima Porta (Cuirass)  Parthian  Standard Roman soldier 

11. Rome: Imperial sculpture—Augustus of Prima Porta (Cuirass)  Caelus: canopy of the sky  Moon: descending Sun: ascending  Apollo: sun   Diana: moon Mother Earth figure with  cornucopia (horn of plenty): Wealth and bounty of the new age that is dawning

12. Rome: Imperial sculpture—Augustus of Prima Porta (Cuirass) Return of standards signifies the dawn of a new era under of pride and patriotism under Augustus, which will lead to Roman prosperity.

13. Ara Pacis Augustae Ara: altar Pacis: peace Augustae: Augustan “ The Altar of Augustan Peace” Rome: early Imperial art—Augustan propaganda ARA PACIS

14. Context: CAMPUS MARTIUS Rome: early Imperial art—Augustan propaganda ARA PACIS

15. Rome: early Imperial art—Augustan propaganda ARA PACIS  Aeneas Shrine   Sow

16. Peace and bounty carried over earth and sea, blown by wind and carried by waters to four corners of the earth + Rome: early Imperial art—Augustan propaganda ARA PACIS

17. POMPEII MT. VESUVIUS Roman painting

18. NERO: --He commits suicide in 68 AD. --The Senate declares him an enemy of the state and Galba, a Roman governor in Spain, marches on Rome. --Nero commits suicide and Galba becomes emperor --Galba is assassinated and two other emperors quickly come and go --The eastern armies declare their general, Vespasian, as emperor.

19. Vespasian

20. Rome: Imperial portraiture—Vespasian (return to veristic style)

21. Vespasian Flavian Ampitheater: “ COLOSSEUM”

22.  Doric (Tuscan)  Corinthian pilasters  Corinthian  Ionic Roman architecture: The COLOSSEUM

23. Roman architecture: arch construction VOUSSOIRS: wedge-shaped blocks which comprise an arch KEYSTONE: Central voussoirs

24.   FORCE ABSORBS FORCE = STABILITY   Roman architecture: arch construction

25. ARCADE: Series of arches Roman architecture: arch construction

26. Roman architecture: arch construction VAULT: an arch extended in space

27. Roman monuments: arches Arch of Titus TRIUMPHAL ARCH (Triumph)

28. Triumphal Columns Column of Trajan Roman monuments: columns

29. Roman monuments: The Column of Trajan Celebrates victory over the Dacians

30. Roman architecture: Forums—Basilicas

31. Roman architecture: Basilicas  APSE APSE  NAVE: main hall NAVE  APSE: semi-ciruclar space at ends

32. Roman Imperial portraiture: Hadrian  Bearded:  To appear more “ Greek”

33. Roman architecture: Villa Adriana (Hadrian’s Villa), Tivoli

34. Roman architecture: Villa Adriana (Hadrian’s Villa), Tivoli Antinoos: Hadrian’s lover CANOPUS: Surrounded by statues of Antinoos as Narcissus

35. PANTHEON: All the (planetary) gods Hadrianic architecture: The Pantheon

36. Diocletian The TETRARCHY: Four rulers (Augusti and Caesari)

37. Constantine (the Great) Battle of the Milvian Bridge, 312 AD

38. The Vision of Constantine CHI RHO “ Chi” + “rho” + istos “ Christos”

39. The Arch of Constantine SPOLIA

40. The Arch of Constantine Carved for the arch: a less classical style Spolia—recycled from earlier monuments: classical style