whole genome analysis
history
needs
steps involved
human genome data
NGS
pyrosequencing
illumina
SOLiD
Ion torrent
PacBio
applications
problems
benefits
complete Single Nucleotide Polymorphiitsm Detection methods with Advance techniques with its applications
Single nucleotide polymorphisms are single base variations between genomes within a species.
There are at least 10 million polymorphic sites in the human genome.
SNPs can distinguish individuals from one another
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Chemical Cleavage Of Mismatch
Single-stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)
MutS Protein-binding Assays
Mismatch Repair Detection (MRD)
Heteroduplex Analysis (HA)
Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC)
UNG-Mediated T-Sequencing
RNA-Mediated Finger printing with MALDI MS Detection
Sequencing by Hybridization
Direct DNA Sequencing
Single-feature polymorphism (SFP)
Invader probe
Allele-specific oligonucleotide probes
PCR-based methods
Allele specific primers
Sequence Polymorphism-Derived (SPD) markers
Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLinG)
Minisequencing primers
Allele-specific ligation probes
Original Next Gen Seq Methods set of slides prepared for Technorazz Vibes 2016. There is also a shorter version.
This starts with an introduction to qPCR followed by an introduction to Library Complexity. Microarrays are discussed as well along with a very short introduction to FISH. Finally discussion of Next gen seq methods is done where generation of sequencers are discussed and a short discussion of the ILLUMINA protocol. Finally comparison of ILLUMINA amongst other 3rd gen sequencer, description of the standard pipeline and the omics technologies that have risen from this seq data.
Genotyping by Sequencing is a robust,fast and cheap approach for high throughput marker discovery.It has applications in crop improvement programs by enhancing identification of superior genotypes.
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Is A Modern And Cost Effective Sequencing Technology Which Enables Scientists To Sequence Nucleic Acids At Much Faster Rate. In This Presentation, You Will Learn About What is NGS, Idea Behind NGS, Methodology And Protocol, Widely Adapted NGS Protocols, Applications And References For Further Study.
whole genome analysis
history
needs
steps involved
human genome data
NGS
pyrosequencing
illumina
SOLiD
Ion torrent
PacBio
applications
problems
benefits
complete Single Nucleotide Polymorphiitsm Detection methods with Advance techniques with its applications
Single nucleotide polymorphisms are single base variations between genomes within a species.
There are at least 10 million polymorphic sites in the human genome.
SNPs can distinguish individuals from one another
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Chemical Cleavage Of Mismatch
Single-stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)
MutS Protein-binding Assays
Mismatch Repair Detection (MRD)
Heteroduplex Analysis (HA)
Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC)
UNG-Mediated T-Sequencing
RNA-Mediated Finger printing with MALDI MS Detection
Sequencing by Hybridization
Direct DNA Sequencing
Single-feature polymorphism (SFP)
Invader probe
Allele-specific oligonucleotide probes
PCR-based methods
Allele specific primers
Sequence Polymorphism-Derived (SPD) markers
Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLinG)
Minisequencing primers
Allele-specific ligation probes
Original Next Gen Seq Methods set of slides prepared for Technorazz Vibes 2016. There is also a shorter version.
This starts with an introduction to qPCR followed by an introduction to Library Complexity. Microarrays are discussed as well along with a very short introduction to FISH. Finally discussion of Next gen seq methods is done where generation of sequencers are discussed and a short discussion of the ILLUMINA protocol. Finally comparison of ILLUMINA amongst other 3rd gen sequencer, description of the standard pipeline and the omics technologies that have risen from this seq data.
Genotyping by Sequencing is a robust,fast and cheap approach for high throughput marker discovery.It has applications in crop improvement programs by enhancing identification of superior genotypes.
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Is A Modern And Cost Effective Sequencing Technology Which Enables Scientists To Sequence Nucleic Acids At Much Faster Rate. In This Presentation, You Will Learn About What is NGS, Idea Behind NGS, Methodology And Protocol, Widely Adapted NGS Protocols, Applications And References For Further Study.
How to do successful gene expression analysis - Siena 20100625Biogazelle
Despite its conceptual and practical simplicity, qPCR based expression analysis involves multiple steps, all of which need to be perfect in order to obtain reliable results in the end. This presentation describes points of attention, potential pitfalls and suggestions for improvements on every step along the workflow. By implementing these guidelines in your experiments you increase the chance of doing successful gene expression analysis.
Setting up a qPCR experiment is so simple that it actually becomes dangerous. Without appropriate controls and data normalization, results can be misleading at best. This presentation addresses selection and validation of suitable reference genes as well as the use of the global mean normalization method to obtain accurate data. Also discussed are tools for data generation and analysis.
Characterization of Novel ctDNA Reference Materials Developed using the Genom...Thermo Fisher Scientific
Liquid biopsy diagnostic technologies have revolutionized cancer testing and therapeutic monitoring. Non-invasive sample collection removes the need for invasive and dangerous biopsies to diagnose cancer and monitor therapeutic efficacy. As liquid biopsy technologies become more sensitive, screening for early detection of cancer DNA using a blood test could become routine clinical practice. However, such technologies cannot be developed without high quality reference materials. In this study, ctDNA reference materials using the NIST Genome in a Bottle GM24385 cell line DNA were developed in a human plasma-EDTA matrix. The allelic frequency (AF), size and stability of the materials were analyzed.
Towards Precision Medicine: Tute Genomics, a cloud-based application for anal...Reid Robison
Tute Genomics is cloud-based software that can rapidly analyze entire human genomes. The cost of whole genome sequencing is dropping rapidly and we are in the middle of a genomic revolution. Tute is opening a new door for personalized medicine by helping researchers & healthcare organizations analyze human genomes.
Please note: This presentation accompanies a recorded webinar at:
https://www1.gotomeeting.com/register/347794241
Biomarkers for studying gene regulation and cell function can be efficiently analyzed by multiplexed methods. Dr. Jim Lazar from OriGene Technologies will provide an overview of four different but related detection technologies that can be used to analyze genetic variants, microRNA expression, transcription factor binding, and protein expression on the Luminex xMAP platform. OriGene’s broad panel of assays and tools for discovery, analysis and validation of multiple classes of important biomarkers will allow researcher to develop more accurate descriptions of biologically complex systems.
In this presentation we showcase the latest advancements in myeloid genomic profiling: The Ion Torrent Oncomine Myeloid Assay GX.
Learn how this solution addresses key challenges in myeloid molecular testing and see recent data from the University of Pennsylvania.
Learn more at www.oncomine.com/myeloid
Genome Editing Comes of Age; CRISPR, rAAV and the new landscape of molecular ...Candy Smellie
Information is no longer a bottleneck, emphasis is shifting to the ‘what does it all mean’
In a translational context we hope that by answering that question we will be able to is to characterise the genetics that drive disease, and indeed develop drugs and diagnostics that are personalised to patients.
Genome editing provides the link between the information here, and this outcome here, by allowing scientists to recapitulate specific genetic alterations in any gene in any living tissue to probe function, develop disease models and identify therapeutic strategies. So, not only do we now have unparalleled access to genetic information, but we now have the tools to most accuartely understand what this genetic information – with genome editing allowing us to explore the genetic drivers of disease in physiological models.
AAV is a single-stranded, linear DNA virus with a a 4.7 kb genome which for the purpose of genome editing is replaced almost in entirety with the targeting vector sequence (except for the iTRs)
It is in effect a highly effective DNA delivery mechanism
After entry of the vector into the cell, target-specific homologous DNA is believed to activate and recruit HR-dependent repair factors can induce HR at rates approximately 1,000 times greater than plasmid based double stranded DNA vectors, but the mechanism by which it achieves this is still largely unknown
By including a selection cassette can select for cells that have integrated the targeting vector, and then screen for clones which have undergone targeted insetion rather than random integration, which will generally be around 1%.
A next Generation Sequencing Approach to Detect Large Rearrangements in BRCA1...Thermo Fisher Scientific
We have developed an amplicon-based NGS approach for FFPE
samples that can detect SNVs, small mutations and LRs
simultaneously. We have implemented a comprehensive
bioinformatics algorithm that detects LRs at high sensitivity, even in
the absence of control sample(s). This significantly reduces the cost
and labor for BRCA1/2 genetic analyses.
Similar to Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR): Reporting and minimizing the uncertainty in data accuracy. (20)
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR): Reporting and minimizing the uncertainty in data accuracy.
1. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
Reporting and minimizing the uncertainty in data accuracy
Ann Cuypers
Environmental Biology
Centre for Environmental Sciences
Hasselt University
Belgium
2. Hallo
Reverse transcription and quantitative (real-time) PCR
Gene expression analysis
Steady state mRNA levels
Highly sensitive to technical variation
Accuracy and precision depends on
Minimizing technical errors
Normalization to stably expressed reference genes
Remans et al. (2014) Plant Cell Commentary
2
3. Outline
MIQE guidelines
Selecting reference genes for RT-qPCR
Reporting and minimizing the uncertainty in data accuracy
3
4. MIQE guidelines
Uniform standard for reporting qPCR data
Bustin et al. (2010): Practical implementation of MIQE
International consortium of academic scientists
4
5. MIQE guidelines checklist
Sample/Template details Checklist
Source If cancer, was biopsy screened for adjacent normal tissue?
Method of preservation Liquid N2/RNAlater/formalin
Storage time (if appropriate) If using samples >6 months old
Handling fresh/frozen/formalin
Extraction method TriZol/columns
RNA: DNA-free Intron-spanning primers/no RT control
Concentration Nanodrop/ribogreen/microfluidics
RNA: integrity Microfluidics/3':5' assay
Inhibition-free Method of testing
Assay optimisation/validation
Accession number RefSeq XX_1234567
Amplicon details exon location, amplicon size
Primer sequence even if previously published
Probe sequence* identify LNA or other substitutions
In silico BLAST/Primer-BLAST/m-fold
empirical primer concentration/annealing temperature
Priming conditions oligo-dT/random/combination/target-specific
PCR efficiency dilution curve
Linear dynamic range spanning unknown targets
Limits of detection LOD detection/accurte quantification
Intra-assay variation copy numbers not Cq
RT/PCR
Protocols detailed description, concentrations, volumes
Reagents supplier, Lot number
Duplicate RT DCq
NTC Cq & melt curves
NAC DCq beginning:end of qPCR
Positive control inter-run calibrators
Data analysis
Specialist software e.g., QBAsePlus
Statistical justification e.g., biological replicates
Transparent, validated
normalisation e.g., GeNorm summary
5
7. 0.5
1
2
4
8
0 100 250 500
RelativeRBOHFexpression
Correct interpretation?
Normalized data
No further data available
7
-2
µM Zn
8. Outline
MIQE guidelines
Selecting reference genes for RT-qPCR
Reporting and minimizing the uncertainty in data accuracy
8
9. Selecting reference genes for RT-qPCR
Golden standard
Multiple reference genes
Validated minimal expression variation
Selection flowchart
Select genes to validate
Different sources
Validate candidate reference genes
Minimum 10 genes
Using the same cDNA as for GOI measurements
Apply evaluation algorithm (geNorm, Normfinder, GRAYNORM)
Revalidation of chosen reference genes
Related or repeated experiments
9
11. Outline
MIQE guidelines
Selecting reference genes for RT-qPCR
Reporting and minimizing the uncertainty in data accuracy
11
12. Uncertainty in Data Accuracy
Origin?
Quantification
Minimizing
A new algorithm for selecting reference genes: GrayNorm
Reporting
Histogram
Table
12
13. Uncertainty in data accuracy: origin
SAMPLE 1
Control
SAMPLE 2
Treated
Technical variation t1 t2SAMPLE-SPECIFIC
Gene of interest (GOI)
Reference gene (REF)
t1RQGOI
t1RQREF
Measurements:
t2RQGOI
t2RQREF
Normalization: t1/t1NRQGOI t2/t2NRQGOI
13
14. Uncertainty in data accuracy: origin
SAMPLE 1
Control
SAMPLE 2
Treated
Technical variation t1 = 1 t2 = 2SAMPLE-SPECIFIC
Gene of interest (GOI)
Reference gene (REF)
1RQGOI
1RQREF
Measurements:
2RQGOI
2RQREF
Normalization: 1NRQGOI 1NRQGOI
Reference genes correct for sample-specific technical variation
Example: RNA input for SAMPLE 1 = 1/2 RNA input for SAMPLE 2
14
15. Uncertainty in data accuracy: origin
SAMPLE 1
Control
SAMPLE 2
Treated
Technical variation t1 = 1 t2 = 2SAMPLE-SPECIFIC
Normalization: 1NRQGOI 1NRQGOI
Reference genes correct for sample-specific technical variation
ASSUMPTION: perfect reference genes
15
Example: RNA input for SAMPLE 1 = 1/2 RNA input for SAMPLE 2
16. Uncertainty in data accuracy: origin
SAMPLE 1
Control
SAMPLE 2
Treated
Biological variation
in reference gene
b1 b2SAMPLE-SPECIFIC
Gene of interest (GOI)
Reference gene (REF)
RQGOI
b1RQREF
Measurements:
RQGOI
b2RQREF
Normalization: 1/b1NRQGOI 1/b2NRQGOI
Imperfect reference genes
16
17. Uncertainty in data accuracy: origin
Example: REF expression in SAMPLE 1 = 1/2 REF expression in SAMPLE 2
SAMPLE 1
Control
SAMPLE 2
Treated
Biological variation
in reference gene
b1 = 1 b2 = 2SAMPLE-SPECIFIC
Gene of interest (GOI)
Reference gene (REF)
RQGOI
1RQREF
Measurements:
RQGOI
2RQREF
Normalization: 1/1NRQGOI 1/2NRQGOI
Reference gene-specific biological variation
is inversely imposed on GOI
17
18. Uncertainty in data accuracy: origin
SAMPLE 1
Control
SAMPLE 2
Treated
Biological variation
in reference gene
t1 t2
SAMPLE-SPECIFIC
Gene of interest (GOI)
Reference gene (REF)
t1RQGOI
t1b1RQREF
Measurements:
t2RQGOI
t2b2RQREF
Normalization: 1/b1NRQGOI 1/b2NRQGOI
Technical variation
b1 b2
18
Reference genes correct for technical variation,
but impose biological variation on GOI
19. Uncertainty in data accuracy: origin
SAMPLE 1
Control
SAMPLE 2
Treated
Reference gene (REF) t1b1RQREF t2b2RQREF
Technical and biological variation
RQREF of near perfect reference genes
RQREF of experiment with high technical quality
Two possible assumptions
19
20. Uncertainty in data accuracy: origin
Assumption 1: perfect reference genes – no BIOLOGICAL variation
SAMPLE 1
Control
SAMPLE 2
Treated
Biological variation
in reference gene
Biological variation
in reference gene
t1 t2
SAMPLE-SPECIFIC
Gene of interest (GOI)
Reference gene (REF)
t1RQGOI
t1b1RQREF
Measurements:
t2RQGOI
t2b2RQREF
Normalization: 1NRQGOI 1NRQGOI
Technical variation
b1 = b2 b2 = b1
Normalized data are accurate
20
21. Uncertainty in data accuracy: origin
Assumption 2: perfect technical experiment – no TECHNICAL variation
SAMPLE 1
Control
SAMPLE 2
Treated
Biological variation
in reference gene
Biological variation
in reference gene
t1 = t2 t2 = t1
SAMPLE-SPECIFIC
Gene of interest (GOI)
Reference gene (REF)
t1RQGOI
t1b1RQREF
Measurements:
t2RQGOI
t2b2RQREF
Normalization: 1/b1NRQGOI 1/b2NRQGOI
Technical variation
b1 b2
Non-normalized data are more accurate
21
22. Uncertainty in data accuracy: quantification
The “truth” lies between normalized and non-normalized data
Normalized data: correction for technical variation
Non-normalized data: no biological variation is imposed
“Gene expression sensitivity” (GES) test
Statistics on normalized data
Statistics on non-normalized data
BOTH SHOULD BE SIGNIFICANT
22
23. Uncertainty in data accuracy: minimize!
The “truth” lies between normalized and non-normalized data
Normalized data: correction for technical variation
Non-normalized data: no biological variation is imposed
Distance between normalized and non-normalized data
Uncertainty
Created by using the normalisation factor = 1/NF
GrayNorm algorithm:
combination of reference genes with lowest deviation from 1 of
1/NF
23
24. 0.5
1
2
4
8
0 100 250 500
RelativeRBOHFexpression
Uncertainty in data accuracy
The “truth” lies between normalized and non-normalized data
24
0.5
1
2
4
8
0 100 250 500
RelativeRBOHFexpression
µM Zn
-2
µM Zn
-2
Normalized relative quantities Normalized relative quantities
Non-normalized relative quantities
25. Uncertainty in Data Accuracy
Origin?
Quantification
Minimizing
A new algorithm for selecting reference genes: GrayNorm
Reporting
Histogram
Table
25
26. Data representation
Histogram of normalized and non-normalized data
Statistics on normalized data
Statistics on non-normalized data (sensitivity analysis)
Both should be significant!
26
0.5
1
2
4
8
0 100 250 500
RelativeRBOHFexpression
µM Zn
-2
*
*
*
*
*