The document discusses returns to scale in production. It defines returns to scale as the degree to which output changes with a change in all input factors. There are three types of returns to scale: constant, where a change in inputs leads to a proportional change in output; increasing, where more output is generated than the input change; and decreasing, where less output results than the input change. The document provides examples of each type of returns to scale and notes the assumptions needed for the law of returns to scale to apply, such as all inputs being variable and technology remaining constant.

1. RETURNS TO
SCALE
Presented by:
Shivam Jhajj (Roll No. 05)

2. What is ?
Inputs Outputs
Land
Labor Goods or
Capital Services
Machinery
Raw Material

3. Production Function
Production Function is an equation which specifies
the maximum no. of output which can be generated
from the available set of inputs.
Q= f ( L,K,M….)
Q= Quantity
L= Labor
K= Capital
M= Machinery

4. Long Run
As in short-run, only one factor of production is considered
variable, all others are fixed.
On the other hand, if the production is to be increased for long
run, all the factors of production are considered variable.

5. Two Input Production Function
Set of inputs will vary from firm to firm.
So, for simplifying the equation, we assume that a firm
produces only one output with two inputs, labor (L)
and capital (K).
Q= f (L,K)

6. ISO-QUANT CURVE
Same quantity
of output is produced
while changing the
quantities of inputs.
I.e., with more units of
capital, the lesser units
of labor are to be
employed to have
same level of output.

7. Features of Iso-quant
Iso-quant have a negative slope.
Iso-quant are convex to origin.
Two iso-quant curves never intersect each other.
Upper isoquant represents higher level of output.
 No iso-quant curve touches either of the axis, X or Y

8. RETURNS TO SCALE
 Degree by which output will change as a result of
change in quantity of all the factors of input
 Applies in long run.
Three stages of returns to scale:-
1. Constant returns to scale.
2. Increasing returns to scale.
3. Decreasing returns to scale.

9. Assumptions of the law
All the factors of production are variable. (such as
land, labor, capital)
Technology remains constant.
Outputs are measured in physical terms.
The market is perfectly competitive.

10. Constant returns to scale
When change
in output is
proportional
to change in
input.

11. Increasing returns to scale
When change
in output is
proportionally
more than
change in
input.

12. Decreasing returns to scale
When change
in output is
proportionally
less than
change in
input.

13. Thank You