The document discusses planning and organizing personal selling in rural markets. It defines key terms like planning, organizing, and personal selling. Personal selling involves a seller learning a buyer's wants and satisfying them through a sale. The objectives of personal selling are to find prospects, convert them to customers, and keep them satisfied. Personal selling tasks include order-getting, order-taking, and sales support. In rural markets, personal selling develops long-term client relationships through personalized interactions compared to other marketing tools. It tends to use fewer resources and involve negotiated pricing for complex products requiring after-sale support.
Maskells model for World Class ManufacturingAmaresh Prusty
Maskell's model of world class manufacturing outlines four key elements: a new approach to quality that focuses on resolving root causes of problems, just-in-time production techniques, changing workforce management through greater employee responsibility and cross-training, and flexibility in production and design to meet customer needs. The goals are zero defects, eliminating unnecessary inventory, improving supply chain relationships, and gaining a competitive advantage through flexibility and innovation.
Service Marketing Communication and PROMOTION - Module 6Azam FA
What is the relevance of marketing communication?
What are the elements of marketing communication mix?
What is the purpose and relevance of each element of marketing communication mix?
Latest trends in production and operational managementKirti Gupta
The document discusses recent trends in production and operational management, including global competition, supply chain management, business process reengineering, total quality management, lean manufacturing, worker involvement, and cycle time reduction. Companies go global to reduce costs, improve supply chains, access international markets, and respond to demand changes. Supply chain management oversees materials, information, and finance as they move from supplier to manufacturer. Business process reengineering and total quality management aim to improve processes, products, services, and company culture. Lean manufacturing works to eliminate waste from production. Worker involvement and cycle time reduction can help companies gain competitive advantages.
Inventory Management
Use of Inventory
Types of Costs
ABC Analysis
VED Analysis
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
Types of Inventory Management System
Assumptions of EOQ
Basic Fixed Order Quantity Model (EOQ)
EOQ Curve
ABC and VED Classification
Function / Use of Inventory
This document discusses aggregate planning, which involves determining production levels for the intermediate future of 6-18 months. Aggregate planning begins with forecasting demand and adjusting production rates, staffing levels, and inventory levels. It requires input from various functional areas regarding capacity, customer needs, demand forecasts, suppliers, and resources. The objectives of aggregate planning are to meet demand, provide stable work and customer service levels, and develop an economic strategy. It aims to minimize costs and inventory while maximizing profit, customer service, and plant utilization.
The document discusses Kaizen, a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement. Some key points:
- Kaizen focuses on making small, incremental changes to improve productivity and minimize waste. It involves all employees and little cost.
- It originated in postwar Japan when experts like Deming taught Japanese companies. Toyota widely adopted kaizen to link JIT, kanban and other practices.
- Kaizen aims to eliminate muri (overburden), mura (unevenness), and muda (waste). Case studies show how companies like Sidhi Vinayak Fab and Madura Fashion implemented kaizen to improve processes.
- Kaizen is an ongoing process using techniques like PDCA cycles and 5
The presentation provided an overview of facility layout, including definitions, objectives, and types of layouts. The key objectives of a good facility layout are to have the quickest flow of materials at the lowest cost with the least amount of handling. The main types of layouts discussed were process, product, fixed-position, and combination layouts. Advantages of a well-designed facility layout include improved utilization of space, labor, and equipment as well as reduced costs, delays, and accidents. Potential problems in layout include requirements for raw materials, plant location, workforce, and transportation.
The document discusses planning and organizing personal selling in rural markets. It defines key terms like planning, organizing, and personal selling. Personal selling involves a seller learning a buyer's wants and satisfying them through a sale. The objectives of personal selling are to find prospects, convert them to customers, and keep them satisfied. Personal selling tasks include order-getting, order-taking, and sales support. In rural markets, personal selling develops long-term client relationships through personalized interactions compared to other marketing tools. It tends to use fewer resources and involve negotiated pricing for complex products requiring after-sale support.
Maskells model for World Class ManufacturingAmaresh Prusty
Maskell's model of world class manufacturing outlines four key elements: a new approach to quality that focuses on resolving root causes of problems, just-in-time production techniques, changing workforce management through greater employee responsibility and cross-training, and flexibility in production and design to meet customer needs. The goals are zero defects, eliminating unnecessary inventory, improving supply chain relationships, and gaining a competitive advantage through flexibility and innovation.
Service Marketing Communication and PROMOTION - Module 6Azam FA
What is the relevance of marketing communication?
What are the elements of marketing communication mix?
What is the purpose and relevance of each element of marketing communication mix?
Latest trends in production and operational managementKirti Gupta
The document discusses recent trends in production and operational management, including global competition, supply chain management, business process reengineering, total quality management, lean manufacturing, worker involvement, and cycle time reduction. Companies go global to reduce costs, improve supply chains, access international markets, and respond to demand changes. Supply chain management oversees materials, information, and finance as they move from supplier to manufacturer. Business process reengineering and total quality management aim to improve processes, products, services, and company culture. Lean manufacturing works to eliminate waste from production. Worker involvement and cycle time reduction can help companies gain competitive advantages.
Inventory Management
Use of Inventory
Types of Costs
ABC Analysis
VED Analysis
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
Types of Inventory Management System
Assumptions of EOQ
Basic Fixed Order Quantity Model (EOQ)
EOQ Curve
ABC and VED Classification
Function / Use of Inventory
This document discusses aggregate planning, which involves determining production levels for the intermediate future of 6-18 months. Aggregate planning begins with forecasting demand and adjusting production rates, staffing levels, and inventory levels. It requires input from various functional areas regarding capacity, customer needs, demand forecasts, suppliers, and resources. The objectives of aggregate planning are to meet demand, provide stable work and customer service levels, and develop an economic strategy. It aims to minimize costs and inventory while maximizing profit, customer service, and plant utilization.
The document discusses Kaizen, a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement. Some key points:
- Kaizen focuses on making small, incremental changes to improve productivity and minimize waste. It involves all employees and little cost.
- It originated in postwar Japan when experts like Deming taught Japanese companies. Toyota widely adopted kaizen to link JIT, kanban and other practices.
- Kaizen aims to eliminate muri (overburden), mura (unevenness), and muda (waste). Case studies show how companies like Sidhi Vinayak Fab and Madura Fashion implemented kaizen to improve processes.
- Kaizen is an ongoing process using techniques like PDCA cycles and 5
The presentation provided an overview of facility layout, including definitions, objectives, and types of layouts. The key objectives of a good facility layout are to have the quickest flow of materials at the lowest cost with the least amount of handling. The main types of layouts discussed were process, product, fixed-position, and combination layouts. Advantages of a well-designed facility layout include improved utilization of space, labor, and equipment as well as reduced costs, delays, and accidents. Potential problems in layout include requirements for raw materials, plant location, workforce, and transportation.
Operation management - Importance & Type of layoutSid Gham
The document discusses different types of facility layouts used in manufacturing. It describes product layouts, which arrange facilities in a straight line to repetitively produce highly standardized products. Process layouts group similar processes together and are more flexible for customized products. Fixed position layouts are used when products cannot be moved due to size or weight constraints. Cellular layouts group machines for similar product families to provide flexibility for medium volume products. Hybrid layouts combine elements of product and process layouts to balance efficiency and flexibility.
This document provides an overview of information systems and supply chain management in retail organizations. It discusses key aspects of the retail supply chain including information flows at points of sale, data warehousing, electronic data interchange (EDI), logistics of merchandise flow from vendors to distribution centers to stores, and coordination between retailers and vendors. Efficient supply chain management can improve sales, profit margins, and lower operating costs through coordinated planning and reduced inventory levels.
This document provides background information on consumer behavior and discusses various influences on consumer decision making. It covers key topics like the definition of consumer behavior, influences from different behavioral science disciplines, why studying consumer behavior is important, factors that influence buying behavior like culture, social factors and personal factors, and consumer decision making models. It also discusses research approaches to study consumers, different demographic and psychographic variables, and the relationship between involvement levels and decision making types.
This document summarizes key concepts about organizational buying and the business buying process. It discusses how organizational buying differs from consumer buying, including that business markets have fewer and larger buyers that are geographically concentrated. It also outlines the different buying situations organizations face, including straight rebuys, modified rebuys, and new tasks. Additionally, it identifies the various roles in organizational buying centers and the environmental, organizational, interpersonal, and individual influences that impact business buying decisions. Finally, it provides an overview of the typical steps in the business purchasing/procurement process.
Components and Elements of Customer Relationship Managementannamlingam1980
CRM involves developing and maintaining long-term relationships with customers. It aims to understand customers and support all customer-facing parts of a business. The document outlines the major components of a CRM system including human resource management, customer service, sales force automation, lead management, marketing, workflow automation, analytics, and reporting. It describes each component and how CRM supports customer data collection, employee skills analysis, sales processes, marketing effectiveness, and business reporting and analysis.
This case study examined the implementation of an integrated materials management strategy on a large 4.2 billion pound civil infrastructure project in the UK. The strategy focused on pulling materials as needed, delivering them to the work site on time, minimizing vehicles on site, and increasing workflow reliability. It defined objectives based on these principles, designed a system around marketplaces, collection runs, supplier agreements, satellite stores and inventory management, then implemented the strategy in three steps. The results included cost savings, high supply reliability, reduced inventory and lead times, improved performance, transparency and standardization.
Coding refers to the process of assigning symbols or codes to parts and materials to identify them systematically. Effective coding systems are simple, unique, compact and flexible enough to meet future needs. Coding helps organize large numbers of materials by bringing similar items together, avoiding duplicates, and making materials easy to store, identify and track. Common coding systems include numerical, alphabetical, alphanumeric and mnemonic systems which use numbers, letters or a combination to encode materials. Coding provides benefits like reduced storage sizes and easier material accounting, but risks include potential for codes to be misunderstood or forgotten.
Facility Location Planning
What is facility location ?
Operations Strategies for Multiple Facilities
Factors affecting Facility Location Planning
Dimensional Analysis
Brown and Gibson Model for Site location
Locating Foreign Operations Facilities
This document discusses 9 common methods for store management and codification: 1) Alphabetical codification 2) Numerical codification 3) Mnemonic codification 4) Combined alphabetical and numerical codification 5) Decimal codification 6) British/Brisch codification 7) Kodak codification 8) Colour codification 9) NATO codification. Each method is briefly described in 1-2 sentences with examples provided for some methods.
The document discusses the use of technology in retail operations. It explains that management information systems are used for point-of-sale data collection, inventory control, and internal communication. Emerging technologies help retailers like Walmart and Amazon control costs and enhance supply chains. In India, companies like GCMMF and Asian Paints use technology to achieve differentiation. The document then provides examples of technologies used in retail like credit cards, barcodes, e-commerce, mobile, and in-store technologies like kiosks, digital signage, and interactive hangers to enhance customer experience.
This document discusses consumer dynamics and factors that influence changes in consumer attitudes. It defines consumer dynamics as the study of forces that determine consumer responses to their economic, social, and cultural environments. Consumer attitudes are learned and influence their behavior, but can change based on internal factors like needs and external factors like their environment. Marketers aim to change consumer attitudes by altering the motivational functions of products, associating products with influential groups or events, addressing conflicting attitudes, modifying brand components, and challenging beliefs about competitors' brands. Changes in a consumer's inherent traits, environment, knowledge, and motivation can all impact their attitudes.
There are two main types of production systems: continuous and intermittent. Continuous systems produce standardized outputs in large volumes and have dedicated machinery. They require unskilled labor and mechanized material handling. Intermittent systems produce a variety of outputs in smaller batches and require changing machine setups. They employ skilled labor and less mechanized material handling. Continuous systems include flow and mass production, while intermittent systems are batch, job order, and project based production.
The document traces the evolution of manufacturing and operations management from the industrial revolution to modern concepts like supply chain management, e-commerce, and mass customization. Key developments include the rise of the factory system and assembly line techniques in the early 1900s, the growth of automation and flexible manufacturing systems in the 20th century, the emergence of statistical process control and total quality management, and the three generations of mass customization driven by new technologies and customer demands.
Capacity planning is the process of determining the production capacity needed by an organization to meet changing demands. It involves assessing existing capacity, forecasting future needs, identifying options to modify capacity, evaluating financial and technological alternatives, and selecting the most suitable option. Capacity planning can be classified as long term or short term based on time horizon and finite or infinite based on resources employed. Long term planning accommodates major changes like new products or facilities while short term addresses intermediate fluctuations through overtime or subcontracting. Factors affecting capacity planning include controllable aspects like labor and facilities as well as less controllable issues like absenteeism or machine breakdowns.
The document outlines 10 key factors that influence product design: 1) customer requirements, 2) facilities for operators, 3) cost/price ratio, 4) product quality, 5) process capability, 6) material requirements, 7) work methods, 8) effects on existing products, 9) government standards, and 10) packaging. Product designers must consider user needs, ease of use, costs, quality, production processes, materials, innovation, compatibility with other products, regulations, and packaging design. The goal is to create a product that solves customer problems effectively at a reasonable cost.
Service blueprinting is a tool used to design or redesign services by mapping customer experiences and the service system. It provides a visual representation of both frontstage and backstage customer contact points and roles of employees. The key components of a blueprint include mapping customer actions and points of contact, frontstage and backstage employee actions, and support processes. To develop a blueprint, one identifies the service process, customer segment, maps the process from the customer perspective, employee/technology actions, and links support functions. Benefits include facilitating innovation, recognizing roles and dependencies, and designing critical customer touchpoints.
This document discusses perception and its elements. Perception is described as how people interpret sensory impressions to form a view of the world. It is based on incomplete information but guides behavior. Perception in marketing refers to how consumers identify, organize, and interpret information to create meaning. The elements of perception discussed include sensation, absolute and differential thresholds, and subliminal perception.
Production and operation management ppt @ bec doms bagalkot Babasab Patil
Production management involves understanding production systems and dynamics to achieve quality, productivity, delivery performance and customer satisfaction at low cost. Advanced methodologies like CAD, CIM, JIT and lean manufacturing help optimize production through integrated information systems. Operations management coordinates production activities like planning, scheduling and quality control to efficiently transform inputs into outputs. Strategic decisions consider strengths, weaknesses and the environment to formulate operations strategies to maximize competitiveness.
The document discusses the relationship between economics, environment, and ethics. It summarizes that we are facing issues today because of ignoring the fundamental relationship between the three. The economy relies on ecosystem services provided by the environment, but the environment is being degraded by waste and emissions. Ethical practices also constitute an unseen force guiding economic behavior.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Operation management - Importance & Type of layoutSid Gham
The document discusses different types of facility layouts used in manufacturing. It describes product layouts, which arrange facilities in a straight line to repetitively produce highly standardized products. Process layouts group similar processes together and are more flexible for customized products. Fixed position layouts are used when products cannot be moved due to size or weight constraints. Cellular layouts group machines for similar product families to provide flexibility for medium volume products. Hybrid layouts combine elements of product and process layouts to balance efficiency and flexibility.
This document provides an overview of information systems and supply chain management in retail organizations. It discusses key aspects of the retail supply chain including information flows at points of sale, data warehousing, electronic data interchange (EDI), logistics of merchandise flow from vendors to distribution centers to stores, and coordination between retailers and vendors. Efficient supply chain management can improve sales, profit margins, and lower operating costs through coordinated planning and reduced inventory levels.
This document provides background information on consumer behavior and discusses various influences on consumer decision making. It covers key topics like the definition of consumer behavior, influences from different behavioral science disciplines, why studying consumer behavior is important, factors that influence buying behavior like culture, social factors and personal factors, and consumer decision making models. It also discusses research approaches to study consumers, different demographic and psychographic variables, and the relationship between involvement levels and decision making types.
This document summarizes key concepts about organizational buying and the business buying process. It discusses how organizational buying differs from consumer buying, including that business markets have fewer and larger buyers that are geographically concentrated. It also outlines the different buying situations organizations face, including straight rebuys, modified rebuys, and new tasks. Additionally, it identifies the various roles in organizational buying centers and the environmental, organizational, interpersonal, and individual influences that impact business buying decisions. Finally, it provides an overview of the typical steps in the business purchasing/procurement process.
Components and Elements of Customer Relationship Managementannamlingam1980
CRM involves developing and maintaining long-term relationships with customers. It aims to understand customers and support all customer-facing parts of a business. The document outlines the major components of a CRM system including human resource management, customer service, sales force automation, lead management, marketing, workflow automation, analytics, and reporting. It describes each component and how CRM supports customer data collection, employee skills analysis, sales processes, marketing effectiveness, and business reporting and analysis.
This case study examined the implementation of an integrated materials management strategy on a large 4.2 billion pound civil infrastructure project in the UK. The strategy focused on pulling materials as needed, delivering them to the work site on time, minimizing vehicles on site, and increasing workflow reliability. It defined objectives based on these principles, designed a system around marketplaces, collection runs, supplier agreements, satellite stores and inventory management, then implemented the strategy in three steps. The results included cost savings, high supply reliability, reduced inventory and lead times, improved performance, transparency and standardization.
Coding refers to the process of assigning symbols or codes to parts and materials to identify them systematically. Effective coding systems are simple, unique, compact and flexible enough to meet future needs. Coding helps organize large numbers of materials by bringing similar items together, avoiding duplicates, and making materials easy to store, identify and track. Common coding systems include numerical, alphabetical, alphanumeric and mnemonic systems which use numbers, letters or a combination to encode materials. Coding provides benefits like reduced storage sizes and easier material accounting, but risks include potential for codes to be misunderstood or forgotten.
Facility Location Planning
What is facility location ?
Operations Strategies for Multiple Facilities
Factors affecting Facility Location Planning
Dimensional Analysis
Brown and Gibson Model for Site location
Locating Foreign Operations Facilities
This document discusses 9 common methods for store management and codification: 1) Alphabetical codification 2) Numerical codification 3) Mnemonic codification 4) Combined alphabetical and numerical codification 5) Decimal codification 6) British/Brisch codification 7) Kodak codification 8) Colour codification 9) NATO codification. Each method is briefly described in 1-2 sentences with examples provided for some methods.
The document discusses the use of technology in retail operations. It explains that management information systems are used for point-of-sale data collection, inventory control, and internal communication. Emerging technologies help retailers like Walmart and Amazon control costs and enhance supply chains. In India, companies like GCMMF and Asian Paints use technology to achieve differentiation. The document then provides examples of technologies used in retail like credit cards, barcodes, e-commerce, mobile, and in-store technologies like kiosks, digital signage, and interactive hangers to enhance customer experience.
This document discusses consumer dynamics and factors that influence changes in consumer attitudes. It defines consumer dynamics as the study of forces that determine consumer responses to their economic, social, and cultural environments. Consumer attitudes are learned and influence their behavior, but can change based on internal factors like needs and external factors like their environment. Marketers aim to change consumer attitudes by altering the motivational functions of products, associating products with influential groups or events, addressing conflicting attitudes, modifying brand components, and challenging beliefs about competitors' brands. Changes in a consumer's inherent traits, environment, knowledge, and motivation can all impact their attitudes.
There are two main types of production systems: continuous and intermittent. Continuous systems produce standardized outputs in large volumes and have dedicated machinery. They require unskilled labor and mechanized material handling. Intermittent systems produce a variety of outputs in smaller batches and require changing machine setups. They employ skilled labor and less mechanized material handling. Continuous systems include flow and mass production, while intermittent systems are batch, job order, and project based production.
The document traces the evolution of manufacturing and operations management from the industrial revolution to modern concepts like supply chain management, e-commerce, and mass customization. Key developments include the rise of the factory system and assembly line techniques in the early 1900s, the growth of automation and flexible manufacturing systems in the 20th century, the emergence of statistical process control and total quality management, and the three generations of mass customization driven by new technologies and customer demands.
Capacity planning is the process of determining the production capacity needed by an organization to meet changing demands. It involves assessing existing capacity, forecasting future needs, identifying options to modify capacity, evaluating financial and technological alternatives, and selecting the most suitable option. Capacity planning can be classified as long term or short term based on time horizon and finite or infinite based on resources employed. Long term planning accommodates major changes like new products or facilities while short term addresses intermediate fluctuations through overtime or subcontracting. Factors affecting capacity planning include controllable aspects like labor and facilities as well as less controllable issues like absenteeism or machine breakdowns.
The document outlines 10 key factors that influence product design: 1) customer requirements, 2) facilities for operators, 3) cost/price ratio, 4) product quality, 5) process capability, 6) material requirements, 7) work methods, 8) effects on existing products, 9) government standards, and 10) packaging. Product designers must consider user needs, ease of use, costs, quality, production processes, materials, innovation, compatibility with other products, regulations, and packaging design. The goal is to create a product that solves customer problems effectively at a reasonable cost.
Service blueprinting is a tool used to design or redesign services by mapping customer experiences and the service system. It provides a visual representation of both frontstage and backstage customer contact points and roles of employees. The key components of a blueprint include mapping customer actions and points of contact, frontstage and backstage employee actions, and support processes. To develop a blueprint, one identifies the service process, customer segment, maps the process from the customer perspective, employee/technology actions, and links support functions. Benefits include facilitating innovation, recognizing roles and dependencies, and designing critical customer touchpoints.
This document discusses perception and its elements. Perception is described as how people interpret sensory impressions to form a view of the world. It is based on incomplete information but guides behavior. Perception in marketing refers to how consumers identify, organize, and interpret information to create meaning. The elements of perception discussed include sensation, absolute and differential thresholds, and subliminal perception.
Production and operation management ppt @ bec doms bagalkot Babasab Patil
Production management involves understanding production systems and dynamics to achieve quality, productivity, delivery performance and customer satisfaction at low cost. Advanced methodologies like CAD, CIM, JIT and lean manufacturing help optimize production through integrated information systems. Operations management coordinates production activities like planning, scheduling and quality control to efficiently transform inputs into outputs. Strategic decisions consider strengths, weaknesses and the environment to formulate operations strategies to maximize competitiveness.
The document discusses the relationship between economics, environment, and ethics. It summarizes that we are facing issues today because of ignoring the fundamental relationship between the three. The economy relies on ecosystem services provided by the environment, but the environment is being degraded by waste and emissions. Ethical practices also constitute an unseen force guiding economic behavior.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Scientific temper and attitude refer to traits like critical thinking, objectivity, open-mindedness, and respect for evidence. Developing a scientific attitude in students is the aim of science teaching. Some key aspects of scientific attitude are questioning beliefs, reasoning logically, honestly reporting observations, and accepting ideas that are supported by evidence. Fostering skills like curiosity, perseverance, and skepticism in students can help cultivate their scientific temper.
This document discusses the aims and objectives of teaching biological science. It begins by defining biological science as the study of life and living organisms. It then lists several objectives of teaching biological science, including developing students' scientific outlook, curiosity about their surroundings, and respect for nature. The document also discusses the values of teaching biological science, which include encouraging curiosity and knowledge, and keeping an open mind. It emphasizes that teaching biological science should help students become responsible democratic citizens and appreciate diverse perspectives. Overall, the document provides an overview of the goals and importance of teaching biological science.
This presentation discusses using information and communication technologies (ICT) applications in biology learning. It introduces the topic, noting the presenter and institution. The document provides references on the advantages and limitations of ICT in education, using ICT to integrate science teaching and learning, and the impact of ICT in education.
The term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment. It becomes necessary to maintain the viability and purity of the microorganism by keeping the pure culture free from contamination.
1) The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and concepts related to solution concentrations. It defines oxidizing and reducing agents and gives examples of each.
2) A redox reaction involves the simultaneous oxidation and reduction of reactants. In redox reactions, the total increase in oxidation number equals the total decrease.
3) Disproportionation reactions involve the same element in a compound being both oxidized and reduced. The reverse is called a comproportionation reaction.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document discusses the concept of equilibrium in economics. It defines equilibrium as a state of balance where opposing forces neutralize each other. In microeconomics, market equilibrium occurs when supply equals demand. In macroeconomics, equilibrium is reached when aggregate demand equals aggregate supply. The document provides examples of economic disequilibrium and equilibrium, and examines how prices adjust via demand and supply mechanisms to reach equilibrium. Key terms in Hindi are also defined.
This document summarizes Crystal Field Theory, which considers the electrostatic interactions between metal ions and ligands. It describes ligands and metal ions as point charges that can have attractive or repulsive forces. This causes the d orbitals of the metal ion to split into two sets depending on if the field created by the ligands is weak or strong. The theory explains color in coordination compounds as being caused by d-d electron transitions under the influence of ligands. However, it has limitations like not accounting for other metal orbitals or the partial covalent nature of metal-ligand bonds.
Dr. Laxmi Verma teaches Microeconomics at the BA-1 level and her topic is on utility in Unit 1 of the course. She teaches at Shri Shankracharya Mahavidyalya in Junwani.
Dr. Laxmi Verma is teaching a class of B.A-1 students. The subject is Indian Economy and the topic being covered is New Economic Reform. The document provides basic context about an economics lecture being given to undergraduate students on recent reforms in the Indian economy.
An iso-product curve shows the different combinations of two factors of production, such as labor and capital, that result in the same level of output. It is represented graphically, with the two factors on the x and y axes and points of equal output connected to form an iso-product curve. Key properties are that iso-product curves slope downward to the right, are convex to the origin, and do not intersect, as each curve represents a different output level. Higher iso-product curves correspond to higher output levels. Iso-product curves allow producers to identify input combinations that achieve maximum output efficiently.
This document discusses demand theory and the relationship between supply and demand. It covers the following key points:
1) Demand theory explains how consumer demand for goods and services relates to their prices in the market. It forms the basis for the demand curve, which shows that as price increases, demand decreases.
2) Demand depends on the utility of goods in satisfying wants and needs as well as a consumer's ability to pay. Supply and demand determine market prices and reach equilibrium when supply equals demand.
3) The demand curve has a negative slope, showing an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. A change in non-price factors like income can shift the demand curve. The law of supply and
Land reform in India has involved abolishing intermediaries like rent collectors and establishing ceilings on land ownership to redistribute surplus land to the landless. The goals were to remove impediments to agricultural production from the previous feudal system and eliminate exploitation. Key reforms included abolishing rent collectors, regulating tenancy, imposing landholding ceilings, consolidating fragmented holdings, and promoting cooperative farming. Impacts included reducing disparities, giving ex-landlords other work, increasing revenue, and empowering small farmers and laborers. Land reform aimed to promote social justice and economic growth through a more equitable distribution of agricultural land.
This document discusses different types of structural isomerism that can occur in coordination compounds. It defines structural isomerism as compounds having the same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties due to different structures or orientations. The types of structural isomerism discussed include ionization isomerism, solvate/hydrate isomerism, linkage isomerism, coordination isomerism, ligand isomerism, polymerization isomerism, geometrical isomerism (cis/trans), and optical isomerism. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of isomerism.
More from Shri Shankaracharya College, Bhilai,Junwani (20)
1. Name – Dr. Laxmi verma
Class- B.A -1
Subject- Micro Economics
Topic-Returns to Scale
Unit-2
shri shankracharya
Mahavidyalya
2. पैमाने के प्रतिफल : Returns to Scale
पैमाने के प्रतिफल उत्पादन फलन की दीर्घकालीन प्रवृति को सूतिि करिे हैं । दीर्घकाल में कोई
उत्पति का साधन स्थिर नहीीं रहिा । सभी उत्पति के साधन पररविघनशील हो जािे हैं ििा उन्हें
आवश्यकिानुसार पररवतिघि भी तकया जा सकिा है । सभी उत्पति साधनोीं के पररविघनशील होने के
कारण उत्पादन का पैमाना (Scale of Production) पररवतिघि तकया जा सकिा है ।
👉उत्पादन िकनीक में सुधार, श्रम-तवभाजन, तवतशष्टीकरण आतद उत्पादन में आन्तररक एवीं बाह्य
बििें (Internal & External Economies) प्राप्त होिी हैं तकन्तु ये आन्तररक और बाह्य बििें
सदैव थिायी नहीीं रहिीीं बस्ि कु छ समय के बाद ये बििें हातनयोीं (Diseconomies) का रूप ले
लेिी हैं ।
🔅पैमाने के प्रतिफल की अवथिाएँ (Conditions of Returns to Scale):
1. पैमाने के बढ़िे प्रतिफल
2. पैमाने के स्थिर प्रतिफल
3. पैमाने के र्टिे प्रतिफल
3. 1. पैमाने के बढ़ते प्रततफल (Increasing Returns to Scale):
👉जब सभी उत्पति के साधनोीं को एक तनतिि अनुपाि में बढ़ाया जािा है िब पैमाने के बढ़िे प्रतिफल के अन्तर्घि
उत्पादन उस तनतिि अनुपाि से अतधक अनुपाि में बढ़ जािा है
👉 इस प्रकार यतद उत्पति साधनोीं को 10% बढ़ाया जािा है िो उत्पादन में 10% से अतधक की वृस्ि होिी है ।
👉पैमाने के बढ़िे प्रतिफल उत्पादन पैमाने में वृस्ि, श्रम-तवभाजन ििा तवतशष्टीकरण के कारण उत्पन्न होिे हैं । श्रम-
तवभाजन एवीं तवतशष्टीकरण श्रम की उत्पादकिा में वृस्ि करिा है ।
👉 पैमाने के आकार में वृस्ि के कारण तवतशष्ट एवीं अतधक क्षमिा वाली मशीनरी का प्रयोर् तकया जा सकिा है । ये
सभी र्टक पैमाने में बढ़िे प्रतिफल उत्पन्न करिे हैं ।
👉इस प्रकार पैमाने के बढ़िे प्रतिफल में,
🏹उत्पादन में आनुपातिक वृस्ि > साधनोीं की मात्रा में आनुपातिक वृस्ि
👉पैमाने के बढ़िे तनयम को दू सरे शब्ोीं में भी व्यक्त तकया जा सकिा है । इस तनयमानुसार साधनोीं की तनतिि वृस्ि से
क्रमशः अतधक उत्पादन प्राप्त तकया जा सकिा है अिवा उत्पादन में एक समान वृस्ि प्राप्त करने के तलए क्रमशः
साधनोीं की र्टिी मात्रा में वृस्ि की आवश्यकिा पड़ेर्ी । इस किन को समोत्पाद वक्र (Iso-Product Curve) की
सहायिा से स्पष्ट तकया जा सकिा है ।
4. तित्र 1 में पैमाने के बढ़िे प्रतिफल को समोत्पाद वक्र IP1 , IP2 , IP3
ििा IP4 की सहायिा से प्रदतशघि तकया र्या है । ये समोत्पाद वक्र
उत्पादन में एक समान वृस्ि (अिाघि् 100 इकाई) को प्रदतशघि करिा
है । OS पैमाने (Scale) को प्रदतशघि कर रही है तजस पर उत्पादन
तकया जा रहा है । समोत्पाद वक्र पैमाना रेखा OS को क्रमशः तबन्दु P,
Q, R ििा T तबन्दु पर काट रहे हैं ।
👉ये सभी तबन्दु P, Q, R ििा T तदये र्ये पैमाने पर क्रमशः 100,
200, 300 ििा 400 इकाई उत्पादन करने के तलए आवश्यक दो
उत्पति साधन A ििा B के सींयोर्ोीं को प्रदतशघि कर रहे हैं ।
👉तित्र में OP > PQ > QR > RT है अिाघि् उत्पादन में एक समान
वृस्ि (अिाघि् 100 इकाई) प्राप्त करने के तलए दो साधनोीं की क्रमशः
कम मात्राओीं की आवश्यकिा पड़ेर्ी । यही पैमाने के बढ़िे प्रतिफल
का तनयम है ।
5. b. पैमाने के स्थिर प्रततफल (Constant Returns to Scale):
👉इसके अनुसार यतद उत्पति के समस्त साधनोीं को एक तनतिि अनुपाि में बढ़ाया जाये
िो उत्पादन भी उसी तनतिि अनुपाि से बढ़िा है ।
👉इस प्रकार यतद उत्पति साधनोीं में 10% वृस्ि की जािी है िो उत्पादन भी 10% बढ़िा
है । इसी प्रकार तजस अनुपाि में उत्पति साधनोीं में कमी की जािी है, ठीक उसी अनुपाि
में उत्पादन में भी कमी हो जािी है ।
👉दू सरे शब्ोीं में, पैमाने के स्थिर प्रतिफल के अन्तर्घि उत्पादन में एक समान वृस्ि प्राप्त
करने के तलए क्रमशः साधनोीं की समान मात्राओीं की आवश्यकिा पड़ेर्ी ।
6. तित्र 2 से स्पष्ट है तक उत्पादन में समान वृस्ि (अिाघि् 100 इकाई) के
तलए स्थिर अनुपाि वाली दो साधनोीं A ििा B की मात्राओीं की
आवश्यकिा पड़ेर्ी ।
👉तित्र में, PQ = QR = RT
जो स्थिर पैमाने के प्रतिफल को स्पष्ट करिा है ।
7. 3.पैमाने के ह्रासमान प्रततफल (Decreasing Returns to Scale):
👉इसके अनुपाि उत्पति के साधनोीं को तजस अनुपाि में बढ़ाया जािा है उससे कम अनुपाि में उत्पादन में
वृस्ि होिी है । दू सरे शब्ोीं में, उत्पादन में एक समान वृस्ि प्राप्त करने के तलए साधनोीं की क्रमशः
अतधकातधक मात्राओीं की आवश्यकिा होर्ी ।
👉पैमाने के ह्रासमान प्रतिफल उत्पन्न होने का मुख्य कारण यह है तक पैमाने का आकार बड़ा हो जाने के
कारण उत्पादक उत्पादन कायघ में कतठनाई अनुभव करिा है और आन्तररक एवीं बाह्य बििें इस दशा में
आन्तररक एवीं बाह्य हातनयोीं (Internal & External Diseconomies) में पररवतिघि हो जािी हैं तजसके
कारण पैमाने के ह्रासमान प्रतिफल उत्पन्न होिे हैं
8. तित्र 3 में स्पष्ट तकया र्या है तक उत्पादन में समान वृस्ि (अिाघि् 100
इकाई) के तलए बढ़िे अनुपाि में उत्पति के साधनोीं की आवश्यकिा
पड़ेर्ी ।
: तित्र में, PQ < QR < RT
जो पैमाने के ह्रासमान प्रतिफल को स्पष्ट करिा है ।
पैमाने के ह्रासमान प्रतिफल में,
✒उत्पादन में आनुपातिक पररविघन < साधनोीं की मात्रा में आनुपातिक
वृस्ि
9. िीनोीं पैमाने के प्रतिफलोीं को समोत्पाद वक्रोीं की सहायिा से एक ही तित्र में प्रदतशघि तकया जा सकिा है (देखें तित्र 4)
तित्र में OS पैमाना रेखा है ।
🔅इस रेखा को िीन भार्ोीं में बाँटा जा सकिा है:
(i) तबन्दु P से तबन्दु S िक → PQ > QR > RS
अिाघि् पैमाने के बढ़िे प्रतिफल
(ii) तबन्दु S से तबन्दु K िक → ST = TK
अिाघि् पैमाने के स्थिर प्रतिफल
(iii) तबन्दु K से तबन्दु V िक → KM < MN < NV
अिाघि् पैमाने के ह्रासमान प्रतिफल
10. पैमाने के प्रतिफल के तनधाघरक ित्व
A. पैमाने के बढ़ते प्रततफल के लार्ू होने के कारणोीं में तनम्नतलस्खि ित्व सस्ितलि हैं:
(1) साधनोीं की अतवभाज्यिाएँ
(2) श्रम-तवभाजन
(3) तवतशष्टीकरण
B. पैमाने के स्थिर प्रततफल तनम्नतलस्खि कारणोीं के कारण प्राप्त होिे हैं:
पैमाने के बढ़िे प्रतिफल सदैव उपस्थिि नहीीं रहिे । अतवभाज्य साधनोीं के पूणघ तवदोहन की दशा में पैमाने
के प्रतिफल प्राप्त होिे हैं इस दशा में फमघ के उत्पादन पैमाने में पररविघनोीं का साधनोीं के प्रयोर् की
कु शलिा पर कोई प्रभाव नहीीं पड़िा । पैमाने के स्थिर प्रतिफल के वल अल्पकाल के तलए उपस्थिि होिे हैं
तजसके बाद पैमाने के ह्रासमान प्रतिफल उत्पन्न होिे हैं ।
11. C. पैमाने के ह्रासमान प्रततफल:
पैमाने के ह्रासमान प्रतिफल मुख्यिः बढ़िे सींर्ठन एवीं प्रबन्ध (Increasing Organization and
Management Main Decreasing Returns to Scale) की समस्याओीं के कारण उत्पन्न होिे हैं ।
👉तनम्नतलस्खि तबन्दुओीं को पैमाने के ह्रासमान प्रतिफल का कारण कहा जा सकिा है:
(1) यद्यतप उत्पति के साधनोीं को आनुपातिक रूप से बढ़ाया जािा है तफर भी सींर्ठन एवीं प्रबन्ध को उसी
अनुपाि में नहीीं बढ़ाया जा सकिा । फलिः पैमाने के ह्रासमान प्रतिफल उत्पन्न होिे हैं ।
(2) बड़े पैमाने पर कायघ जोस्खमपूणघ होिा है ।
(3) पैमाने को एक सीमा के बाद बढ़ाने पर हातनयाँ उत्पत्र होनी हैं । पैमाने के ह्रासमान प्रतिफल का यह
मुख्य कारण है ।
(4) उत्पति के साधन पूणघ थिानापन्न नहीीं होिे तजसके कारण सीमान्त उत्पादन में कमी होिी है ।
