I typed it by references from the books.
I share it as acknowledge deeply to everyone who help me along the way of learning to write paper.
I hope it useful for someone who search those guidelines. Good luck~^^
The rationale of your research is the objective of the study. The reason should explain why the research was started in the first place. It's an essential part of your work since it demonstrates the significance and uniqueness of your research. As a result, it's often referred to as the study's reason. Your analysis would be arranged in an ideal world: observation, justification, hypothesis, objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions. To begin writing your rationale, offer background information on all the research on your study topic. Then consider, "What is missing?" or "What are the research's unanswered questions?" Identify the gaps in the literature and explain why they must be filled. Finally, it resolves to serve as the foundation for your investigation.
Visit Here - https://pubrica.com/academy/physician-writing/how-to-write-the-rationale-for-research/
IMRAD format
An acronym for Introduction – Method – Results – and – Discussion. The IMRaD format is a way of structuring a scientific article. It is often used in health care and the natural sciences. Unlike theses in the social sciences, the IMRaD format does not include a separate theory chapter
Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
They may be classified as:
Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines; and
Foreign, if conducted in foreign lands RELATED STUDIES
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
A survey or review of related literature and studies is very important because such reviewed literature and studies serve as a foundation of the proposed study. This is because related literature and studies guide the researcher in pursuing his research venture. Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
The rationale of your research is the objective of the study. The reason should explain why the research was started in the first place. It's an essential part of your work since it demonstrates the significance and uniqueness of your research. As a result, it's often referred to as the study's reason. Your analysis would be arranged in an ideal world: observation, justification, hypothesis, objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions. To begin writing your rationale, offer background information on all the research on your study topic. Then consider, "What is missing?" or "What are the research's unanswered questions?" Identify the gaps in the literature and explain why they must be filled. Finally, it resolves to serve as the foundation for your investigation.
Visit Here - https://pubrica.com/academy/physician-writing/how-to-write-the-rationale-for-research/
IMRAD format
An acronym for Introduction – Method – Results – and – Discussion. The IMRaD format is a way of structuring a scientific article. It is often used in health care and the natural sciences. Unlike theses in the social sciences, the IMRaD format does not include a separate theory chapter
Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
They may be classified as:
Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines; and
Foreign, if conducted in foreign lands RELATED STUDIES
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
A survey or review of related literature and studies is very important because such reviewed literature and studies serve as a foundation of the proposed study. This is because related literature and studies guide the researcher in pursuing his research venture. Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
A research paper writing is a problem for every newcomer in the research field. This slide deck explains research writing in simple words and examples.
In this presentation, aimed at students in engineering, science and technology, I present some personal thoughts on what is expected in a technical report. Aimed particularly at students about to write their first lab report, it also contains useful information for students who need to write a dissertation or a software design document. It relects what I like to see in a report when I am marking it, but some of the principles are general I think. Within the constraints of the medium, I have also tried to present this it in much the same way that I would expect a report to be presented. Comments welcome.
Writing a Scientific Report or PaperResults of careful laborsarantatersall
Writing a Scientific Report or Paper
Results of careful laboratory work are not useful unless they can be presented in a clear, concise manner to others for comment and evaluation. Such presentations are usually in the form of a scientific paper published in a reputable scientific journal. Scientific communications have many things in common, which leads to a rather standard style of writing that allow the results and meaning of experimentation to be quickly grasped by the reader. Scientists do not expect to read attractive, stimulating prose to obtain information from technical scientific papers. The experimental design, results and explanation of results are what are attractive and stimulating not the cleverness of the prose. The following discussion should be useful in helping you prepare your laboratory reports, which are scientific reports.
Read it carefully before beginning your reports. Your laboratory instructor may make additional comments. The specific format of a scientific paper varies among journals. However, the format presented below is the most commonly used. It is the format you must use in your scientific writing for this course.
Part I: Format of a Scientific Report
The scientific report will be composed of seven sections. Each section will have a heading immediately followed by the text, figures or graphs. The order of the sections is: title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and literature cited.
A) Format regulations:
· typed
· double spaced
· 10-12 font, Times New Roman
· 1 inch margins
· pages numbered
· titled sections
· untitled hypothesis
· Quotes are
NOT
allowed. Everything must be properly paraphrased.
· No website references are permitted as sources. No exceptions.
· Everything must be properly cited. It is considered plagiarism if it is not.
· Write in third person, past tense
The overall presentation/grammar/spelling will be evaluated. Although this is not an English class, these elements are important to the proper communication of science. Before you turn in your final version, use the spell check function and reread your report. You should also take the time to visit the Center for Academic Success to participate in the Read, Write, and Cite Workshop series for additional help on writing your reports.
Note: Never write statements like the following: “My lab report is about…”, “My hypothesis is…”,
or any version of this type of statement.
(1)
Title
Section
Create a title that briefly conveys to the reader the purpose of the paper. The title of your report must be informative. Many readers scan journal article titles and the decision whether or not to pursue an article is based on the information in the title. Generally, this information includes: primary factor(s) manipulated or studied; outcome of manipulation (the response or effects); and organism studied, if relevant. An example of an informative title would be: "The Effect of Varying Serotonin Conce ...
1 Project Title Name of the student School o.docxaulasnilda
1
Project Title
Name of the student
School of Economics, The University of Sydney
Research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Economics
Semester 1, 2020
2
Statement of Originality
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no
material previously published or written by another person. Nor does it contain any material which has
been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at the University of Sydney or at any other
educational institution, except where due acknowledgment is made in this thesis.
Any contributions made to the research by others with whom I have had the benefit of working at the
University of Sydney is explicitly acknowledged.
I also declare that the intellectual content of this study is the product of my own work and research,
except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s conception and design is acknowledged.
Name of student
Date
3
Acknowledgement
4
Abstract
100 words
3-5 key words
5
At the very least, you should have the following sections (content) in your final report.
Contents
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................
2 Method ...........................................................................................................................................
3 Background: Debate on the relationship between health and economic growth .............................
4 Theoretical Framework on the link between health and economic growth .....................................
5 Empirical results from the macroeconomic studies on health and economic growth ......................
6 Empirical results from the microeconomic studies on health and economic growth ......................
7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................
References ..............................................................................................................................................
Appendix .............................................................................................................................................
6
1 Introduction
The Topic: is the broad subject matter being addressed in a study. Introduced in the first paragraphs.
The Research Problem: an area of conflict, concern, or controversy, a gap. State the problem in the
opening paragraph (i.e., something that needs a solution). Identify an issue. Reference the problem
using the literature.
Significance: Why the research problem is important. For example, the proposed study is significant
since it addresses the sustainable development goals of zero hunger and eradication of poverty.
.
1 Project Title Name of the student School o.docxteresehearn
1
Project Title
Name of the student
School of Economics, The University of Sydney
Research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Economics
Semester 1, 2020
2
Statement of Originality
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no
material previously published or written by another person. Nor does it contain any material which has
been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at the University of Sydney or at any other
educational institution, except where due acknowledgment is made in this thesis.
Any contributions made to the research by others with whom I have had the benefit of working at the
University of Sydney is explicitly acknowledged.
I also declare that the intellectual content of this study is the product of my own work and research,
except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s conception and design is acknowledged.
Name of student
Date
3
Acknowledgement
4
Abstract
100 words
3-5 key words
5
At the very least, you should have the following sections (content) in your final report.
Contents
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................
2 Method ...........................................................................................................................................
3 Background: Debate on the relationship between health and economic growth .............................
4 Theoretical Framework on the link between health and economic growth .....................................
5 Empirical results from the macroeconomic studies on health and economic growth ......................
6 Empirical results from the microeconomic studies on health and economic growth ......................
7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................
References ..............................................................................................................................................
Appendix .............................................................................................................................................
6
1 Introduction
The Topic: is the broad subject matter being addressed in a study. Introduced in the first paragraphs.
The Research Problem: an area of conflict, concern, or controversy, a gap. State the problem in the
opening paragraph (i.e., something that needs a solution). Identify an issue. Reference the problem
using the literature.
Significance: Why the research problem is important. For example, the proposed study is significant
since it addresses the sustainable development goals of zero hunger and eradication of poverty.
.
Thesis Writing
Parts of a Research (Experimental Design)
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chapter 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
References
Appendix
Curriculum Vitae
FORM AND STYLE IN RESEARCH WRITING
A comprehensive guide on the art of writing the discussion section of a dissertation, manuscript, thesis or scientific paper. writing out the interpretation and description of scientific findings in light of what was already known, in a simple, authoritative and persuasive manner.
Running head HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1 .docxcowinhelen
Running head: HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
How to Write a Research Proposal:
A Formal Template for Preparing a Proposal for Research Methods
Insert Name Here
Dallas Baptist University
HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PROPOSAL 2
Abstract
The abstract is a brief summary of the entire proposal, typically ranging from 150 to 250 words.
It is different from a thesis statement in that the abstract summarizes the entire proposal, not just
mentioning the study’s purpose or hypothesis. Therefore, the abstract should outline the
proposal’s major headings: the research question, theoretical framework, research design,
sampling method, instrumentation, and data and analysis procedures. A good abstract accurately
reflects the content of the proposal, while at the same time being coherent, readable, and concise.
Do not add any information in the abstract that is not previously discussed throughout the
proposal. Notice this paragraph is not indented; the abstract will be the only paragraph in the
entire proposal that is not indented. Because it highlights the entire proposal, it would be wise to
wait and write the abstract last. This way, one merely has to reword information that was
previously written.
HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PROPOSAL 3
How to Write a Research Proposal:
A Formal Template for Preparing a Proposal for Research Methods
When social scientists desire to conduct an experiment, they first develop a proposal. A
proposal introduces the problem, purpose, and significance of a study as well as the
experimenter’s research question and hypothesis. It also gives a brief explanation of the theory
guiding the study, a review of relevant literature pertaining to the theory, and the procedure for
the experiment. The proposal should be written in American Psychological Association (APA)
format. Without an elaborate Introduction, the experimenter will leave his or her readers
wondering what exactly the purpose of the experiment is. The introduction explains in detail
several components of the experiment that must be included in any proposal. After reading the
Introduction, the reader should conclude why the experimenter is conducting the research and
how this research will affect the academic community and society at large. For this paragraph in
particular, it is sufficient to grab the reader’s attention, introduce the topic at hand, and provide a
brief definition of the theory from which the study is based.
Statement of the Problem
The “Statement of the Problem” is an imperative part of the proposal, for in order for
research to be conducted, one must notice a problem in the existing literature that has not been
previously addressed. For this section, the following questions should be answered: Why does
this research study need to be conducted? What specific issues does this study raise that have not
been observed in other literature pert ...
Format for Research Papers California State Universit.docxshericehewat
Format for Research Papers
California State University, Bakersfield
Department of Biology
A scientific research report is a form of
communication in which the investigator
succinctly presents and interprets data collected in
an investigation. Writing such reports is similar to
the writing in other scientific disciplines except
that the format will differ as will the criteria for
grading.
Writing the Report
The questions and hypotheses that initiate
an investigation, the resultant data gathered, and
the background information obtained by reading
the literature will lead to conclusions. Your
research report presents these conclusions and the
appropriate evidence (data and relevant literature).
Before writing the report, construct an
outline that logically presents the information to
support your conclusions. Organize the data into
tables and figures to present the evidence in a
logical order. Many authors prefer to construct a
draft by rapidly putting down ideas with little
regard to sentence structure, and to make
corrections later. Others prefer to make revisions
as they proceed. Write the report with a target
audience of other students with experience in
biology equivalent to that of the class for which
the report is written.
Proper use of English is considered
paramount in grading. Your major responsibility
is to make the reader understand exactly what you
mean by using words with precision, clarity, and
economy. Every sentence should be exact and say
something of importance (no "padding").
Economy and accuracy require using
straightforward English sentences (subject, verb,
and object). Follow a consistent pattern of tenses.
Write in the active voice unless you have good
reason to use the passive voice. The active is the
natural voice, the one in which people commonly
speak and write.
Quotations are to be avoided. All
sentences should be based on your understanding
of source material that you then write as your own
original sentences. When discussing the works of
others, do not include extraneous information,
such as first names or scientific affiliations. In
scientific writing, the major idea of a paragraph (or
sentence) is placed first. Evidence for the idea,
modifications, exceptions, etc., then follow. This
allows readers to quickly skim research reports by
reading the first sentence in each paragraph.
After finishing a draft, review it to see if
the paragraphs and sentences follow a logical
sequence. Examine the arrangement of paragraphs
within a section; some may belong in another
section. Make sure that the transitions from one
idea to another are clear. Study each sentence to
see if it can be clarified, shortened, or omitted.
Rewrite as necessary to achieve clarity. This type
of review and rewriting is best done after not
looking at the manuscript for a few days. Then,
you should ...
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Result and discussion section checklist for writing scientific paper.
1. Scientific writing
4.7. 1 Result section checklist
After finishing writing your result, please check again those points:
1. I don’t merely describe all of the results, but interpret the important
results for the reader. I use words like significant, moderate,
unexpectedly, surprisingly and interestingly,” to interpret the results
and not just give a list of results.
2. If appropriate, I have pointed out any problems or inconsistencies
with the data (not the same as limitation of the paper).
3. If my results are statistical, I have done all the necessary tests to
determine the validity of the result.
4. If my paper does not have a separate “Discussion” section, I have
included references that compare my findings with the results in
previous research papers.
5. I have used the past tense to talk about the specific results of my
paper but I have used the present tense to talk about description of
figures or tables and generalizations based on my results of general
statements about my whole field.
6. My tables have title on the top but my figures have captions on the
bottom.
4.7.2 Discussion/Conclusion checklist
1. I discuss only the most significant findings and do not simply repeat
the results section with more commentary.
2. I have noted any problems with the methods or data. I note the
implications of these problems and how they might affect the
2. validity of my conclusions.
3. My discussion section includes references from other papers to
either support or compare my research.
4. I have explained why my results differ from previous research if
applicable.
5. I have analyzed why my results differ from previous research if
applicable.
6. I have analyzed the structure of papers in my field to understand the
relationship between the results, discussion and conclusion sections.
7. I have identified and clearly explained the importance of the findings
for the field as a whole.
8. I have mentioned whether my results support or differ from previous
research in the field. If they differ, I have attempted to explain why.
9. I have mentioned some possible areas for further research, the
importance of the findings or the implications and possible
applications of the research (not all are required in all fields).