Recommended
Recommended
More Related Content
Similar to 1 Project Title Name of the student School o.docx
Similar to 1 Project Title Name of the student School o.docx (20)
More from aulasnilda
More from aulasnilda (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
1 Project Title Name of the student School o.docx
- 1. 1 Project Title Name of the student School of Economics, The University of Sydney Research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Economics Semester 1, 2020 2 Statement of Originality I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no
- 2. material previously published or written by another person. Nor does it contain any material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at the University of Sydney or at any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgment is made in this thesis. Any contributions made to the research by others with whom I have had the benefit of working at the University of Sydney is explicitly acknowledged. I also declare that the intellectual content of this study is the product of my own work and research, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s conception and design is acknowledged. Name of student Date 3 Acknowledgement
- 3. 4 Abstract 100 words 3-5 key words 5 At the very least, you should have the following sections (content) in your final report. Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... ..................................... 2 Method ............................................................................................... ............................................ 3 Background: Debate on the relationship between health and economic growth .............................
- 4. 4 Theoretical Framework on the link between health and economic growth ..................................... 5 Empirical results from the macroeconomic studies on health and economic growth ...................... 6 Empirical results from the microeconomic studies on health and economic growth ...................... 7 Conclusion ............................................................................................... ......................................... References ............................................................................................... ............................................... Appendix ............................................................................................... .............................................. 6 1 Introduction The Topic: is the broad subject matter being addressed in a study. Introduced in the first paragraphs. The Research Problem: an area of conflict, concern, or controversy, a gap. State the problem in the
- 5. opening paragraph (i.e., something that needs a solution). Identify an issue. Reference the problem using the literature. Significance: Why the research problem is important. For example, the proposed study is significant since it addresses the sustainable development goals of zero hunger and eradication of poverty. Background and Justification: The evidence and relevance from the literature and published or archival data showing the problem exists. Include key references. You should also have a theoretical basis for the study. Deficiencies in the Evidence: Include a brief discussion that details the area of need (in relation to the problem) and the deficiency or lack of evidence in the literature. Research Aim/Objective/Purpose: Major intent or objective of the study. Create a sentence that begins with “The purpose/objective of this study is . . .” Clearly identify and define the central concepts or ideas of the study. Research questions: can be quantitative (more closed. Often on probable cause/effect) or qualitative (more open ended - descriptive /interpretive /process oriented)
- 6. or a mix of both. Contribution of the study. For example, the study addresses a specific gap in the literature and hence, adds value to the scholarly literature on the subject. Key finding - summary of findings in two lines. e.g. I find that education does not have any impact on happiness, however, income does increase happiness - $1 increase in per capita monthly income is associated with 1 percentage point increase in happiness. 2 Method As explained before in the previously-posted research guidelines, points to be considered for a literature review-based research are as follows (at the very least) • How was the literature selected? Search strategy. • What keywords and procedures were used to search the literature? • What databases were used? • What criteria were used for retaining or discarding the literature? • How was the literature reviewed? Authors may do a complete reading of each piece of
- 7. literature, analyze methods and findings only, or conduct a staged review (i.e., an initial review of abstracts, and/or introduction, followed by an in-depth review) to analyze the literature. • How are the main ideas and themes from the literature identified and analyzed? If you have conducted any data analysis, add a separate paragraph on data details and explain how yiu intend to analyze the data. Also briefly explain why you are doing this? 7 Finally, how do you plan to organize your literature review? - For example, I attempt to answer my key research question (on the relationship between health and economic growth) by organizing my literature review in the following manner. First, in Section 3, I discuss the debate in the literature on the relationship between health and economic growth. Next, in Section 4, I discuss the theoretical
- 8. framework for the link between health and economic growth. In Section 5, I discuss the empirical results from the macroeconomic studies on health and economic growth. In Section 6, I discuss the empirical results from the macroeconomic studies on health and economic growth. Section 7 is Conclusion which summarizes my key findings from the literature. In this section, I also discuss the policy implications of my results & key limitations of the study; as well as offer directions for future research. Note: additionally, if you have done any data analysis in your literature review, add a separate section in the main review. For example, in this example, Section 7 could be " Results of data analysis on the health indicators and GDP growth in Australia in 2019. 3 Background: Debate on the relationship between health and economic growth 4 Theoretical Framework on the link between health and economic growth 3.1 Static framework 3.4 Dynamic framework 5 Empirical results from the macroeconomic studies on health
- 9. and economic growth Here you report key findings and discuss results (please note that having Findings & discussion as separate sub-sections is just one of several ways of organizing a literature review. Not all topics are suitable for this structure). 5.1 Findings Here you can report main findings in a table and just refer to the table as explained in the previous guideline (see Table 1 at the end of the document - a template). 5.2 Discussion of findings You know what to write here. Follow marking rubric and try to stick to the expectations of D and HD criteria. For example, do not simply summarize results. Interpret, critically discuss 8 6 Empirical results from the microeconomic studies on health and economic growth 6.1 Findings 6.2 Discussion of findings
- 10. 7 Conclusion 7.1 Summary of findings & Policy Implications of key findings 7.2 Limitations of the study 7.3 Directions for future research References/Bibliography Appendix. Here you can include additional materials which support the analysis but which need not be included in the main body of the report. For examples, details of survey design, variable construction, additional results etc. 9 Table 1: Summary of Key Findings on the link between Health & Economic growth Author Country Year of publication
- 11. Data (name of survey and unit of analysis – national/state/individual) Sample size (if applicable) Period of study Model /Method (if applicable) Key findings Maccini & Yang Indonesia 2009 Indonesia Family Life
- 12. Survey (IFLS). Unit of analysis – individuals 4,615 women and 4,277 men 2000 Instrumental variable regression *Higher early-life rainfall has positive effects on the adult outcomes of women, but not of men Bleakely & Bleakely
- 13. Global 2010 Various sources NA various Literature review The relationship between health and economic growth is inconclusive since researchers have not been able to satisfactorily address the issue of – endogeneity arising from reverse causality – a serious methodological concern in this literature Mincer, NA 1984 NA NA NA Theoretical Human-capital accumulation is an important link between economic growth and the ‘demographic transition’. NA: not applicable
- 14. References Mincer, J. (1984) Human capital and economic growth. Economics of Education Review. [Online] 3 (3), 195–205. Maccini, Sharon, and Dean Yang. 2009. "Under the Weather: Health, Schooling, and Economic Consequences of Early-Life Rainfall." American Economic Review, 99 (3): 1006-26. Bleakley, H. & Bleakley, H. (2010) Health, Human Capital, and Development. Annual Review of Economics. 2283–310. [online]. Available from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/856399120/ http://search.proquest.com/docview/856399120/ <project name="CSE3-Assignment3-Starter" app="Snap! 5.4, http://snap.berkeley.edu" version="1"><notes></notes><thumbnail>data:image/png;base6 4,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKAAAAB4CAYAAAB1 ovlvAAAJQ0lEQVR4Xu2dXVCVxxnH/+dwzuFDEAU8Clo/ilTj qPUTRTKAX9V2oqZ2KmI0M5k4NKFpJr3pRZ3pRS86zvSyFzq T6hSnpmISv5Jx4nQYEa1GEQtNRbQkGRVFUERBBA4H6DyLn Ih8Rs7Jbtz/3gDvu2ef5/k/v3d3390djqOrq6sLLFRAkwIOAqhJeZ pVChBAgqBVAQKoVX4a7xdAv9+PyspKNDU19VLI4XBApox P/5QKw51GRkVFYebMmQgPD6fyVKD/IbimpgZVVVVISkoaU qJwlxP/OrYfPl/boHU7/H7MzfgpYr0TIe1PnToVkyZNGrJ9Vnjx FejTAxYWFvaC7+HDh4iNje1XiX9/dgCpVX9FQpQzcN8xKg5d zff71s98BzXJ69X1W7duYdWqVcape/nyZYwbNw4ej0eLb62trR C9Z8yYocW+DqP9ApiQkKB8OXjwIG7evImUlBRER0fj4sWLm
- 16. MjcCIpWL6Y2g4BNDUzlvhFAC1JtKlhEkBTM2OJXwTQkkSb GiYBNDUzlvhFAC1JtKlhEkBTM2OJXwTQkkSbGiYBNDUzlvh FAC1JtKlhEkBTM2OJXwTQkkSbGiYBNDUzlvhFAC1JtKlhEk BTM2OJXwTQkkSbGiYBNDUzlvhFAC1JtKlhEkBTM2OJXwT QkkSbGiYBNDUzlvhFAC1JtKlhEkBTM2OJXwTQkkSbGiYBN DUzlvhFAC1JtKlhEkBTM2OJXwTQkkSbGiYBNDUzlvhFAC1J tKlhEkBTM2OJXwTQkkSbGiYBNDUzlvhFAAdI9O6/5aO2rg5v bM4OyVc4WMLXkGESwAEkamxsxMysFah58ACO1lb8evubm BIfj3d+lav+JzRLcBQggIPoKN+cmfXaNsDj6VXLGxmBvNxcTI uPw+tbtwYnE5a2QgCfA8AJo6Lw1vbtSPF6sSVns6XoBCdsAji MIdjZJkPwdjUEv/v2W3C73cFRn63waxoGYmB3fj5qa/kSEupnh D1gqBVm+4MqQAAJiFYFCKBW+WmcAJIBrQoQQK3y0zgBJ ANaFSCAWuWncQJIBrQqQAC1yk/jBJAMaFWAAGqVn8YJIB nQqgAB1Co/jRNAMqBVAQKoVX4aJ4BkQKsCBFCr/DROAM mAVgUIoFb5aZwAkgGtChBArfLTOAEkA1oVIIBa5adxAkgGtC pAALXKT+MEkAxoVYAAapWfxgkgGdCqAAHUKj+NE0AyoF UBAqhVfhongGRAqwIEUKv8NE4AyYBWBQigVvlpnACSAa0 KEECt8tM4ASQDWhUggFrlp3ECSAa0KkAAtcpP4wSQDGhVg ABqlZ/GCSAZ0KoAAdQqP40TQDKgVQECqFV+GieAZECrAg RQq/w0TgDJgFYFCKBW+WmcAJIBrQoQQK3y0zgBJANaFSC AWuWncQJIBrQqQAC1yk/j/wfpUq/ViXpfOwAAAABJRU5Erk Jggg==</thumbnail><stage name="Stage" width="480" height="360" costume="0" color="255,255,255,1" tempo="60" threadsafe="false" penlog="false" volume="100" pan="0" lines="round" ternary="false" codify="false" inheritance="true" sublistIDs="false" scheduled="false" id="1"><pentrails>data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAA ANSUhEUgAAAeAAAAFoCAYAAACPNyggAAAOhUlEQVR4 Xu3VwQkAAAjEMN1/abewn7jAQRC64wgQIECAAIF3gX1fNE iAAAECBAiMAHsCAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQI AAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAA QIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgE AgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAP sBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6C YJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgA ABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQI
- 20. cks><scripts></scripts><sprites><sprite name="Sprite" idx="1" x="0" y="0" heading="90" scale="1" volume="100" pan="0" rotation="1" draggable="true" costume="0" color="0,33,35,1" pen="tip" id="8"><costumes><list struct="atomic" id="9"></list></costumes><sounds><list struct="atomic" id="10"></list></sounds><blocks></blocks><variables></varia bles><scripts><script x="20" y="20"><block s="doDeleteFromList"><l>1</l><block var="data"/><comment w="222.07547169811318" collapsed="false">Right-click on the variable data on the stage, import the csv file with your data, and then run the code below.</comment></block><block s="doIf"><block s="reportEquals"><block s="reportStringSize"><block s="reportListItem"><l><option>last</option></l><block var="data"/></block></block><l>0</l></block><script><block s="doDeleteFromList"><l><option>last</option></l><block var="data"/></block></script></block></script><script x="20" y="125"><block s="up"></block><block s="gotoXY"><l>0</l><l>0</l></block><block s="setHeading"><l>90</l></block><block s="clear"></block></script><script x="20" y="221"><custom- block s="Bar Graph, data values: %l data labels: %l"><l/><l/></custom- block></script></scripts></sprite><watcher var="data" style="normal" x="11.6875" y="13.750000000000007" color="243,118,29"/><watcher var="data labels" style="normal" x="196.875" y="18.875" color="243,118,29"/><watcher var="data values" style="normal" x="193.875" y="51.65000137499999" color="243,118,29"/></sprites></stage><hidden></hidden><he aders></headers><code></code><blocks><block-definition s="get column %'columnNum' from %'array'" type="reporter" category="variables"><header></header><code></code><transl ations></translations><inputs><input type="%n"></input><input
- 21. type="%l"></input></inputs><script><block s="doDeclareVariables"><list><l>listToReturn</l></list></bloc k><block s="doSetVar"><l>listToReturn</l><block s="reportNewList"><list></list></block></block><custom- block s="for each %upvar of %l %cs"><l>row</l><block var="array"/><script><block s="doAddToList"><block s="reportListItem"><block var="columnNum"/><block var="row"/></block><block var="listToReturn"/></block></script></custom-block><block s="doReport"><block var="listToReturn"/></block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="label %'text' of size %'size'" type="command" category="pen"><comment x="0" y="0" w="89.99999999999999" collapsed="false">LABEL will stamp text on the stage at the given font size. The direction of the text is the direction the sprite is facing, and color will match the pen color.</comment><header></header><code></code><translatio ns>de:drucke _ in Größe _
ca:etiqueta _ de mida _
es:etiqueta _ de tamaño _
fr:étiquette _ d'une taille de _
</translations><inputs><input type="%txt">Hello!</input><input type="%n">12</input></inputs><script><block s="doRun"><block s="reportJSFunction"><list><l>text</l><l>size</l><l>process< /l></list><l>var stage = this.parentThatIsA(StageMorph);

if (this == stage) {
 throw new Error(
 'LABEL cannot be used from the stage because the stage does not have a postion.n'
 + 'Use LABEL from a sprite to draw text.');
}

if (typeof text !== 'string' && typeof text !== 'number') {
 throw new Error('LABEL can only draw text or numbers, not a ' + process.reportTypeOf(text)); 
}

var context = stage.penTrails().getContext('2d'),
- 22. rotation = radians(this.direction() - 90),
 trans = new Point(
 this.center().x - stage.left(),
 this.center().y - stage.top()
 ),
 isWarped = this.Warped,
 len,
 pos;

if (isWarped) {endWarp(); }
context.save();
context.font = size + 'px monospace';
context.textAlign = 'left';
context.textBaseline = 'alphabetic';
context.fillStyle = this.color.toString();
len = context.measureText(text).width;
trans = trans.multiplyBy(1 / stage.scale);
context.translate(trans.x, trans.y);
context.rotate(rotation);
context.fillText(te xt, 0, 0);
context.translate(-trans.x, - trans.y);
context.restore();
pos = new Point(
 len * Math.sin(radians(this.direction())),
 len * Math.cos(radians(this.direction())));
pos = pos.add(new Point(this.xPosition(), this.yPosition()));
this.gotoXY(pos.x, pos.y, false);
this.changed();
if (isWarped) {this.startWarp(); }
stage.changed();
</l></block><list><block var="text"/><block var="size"/></list></block></script></block-definition><block- definition s="empty? %'data'" type="predicate" category="lists"><header></header><code></code><translation s>de:ist _ leer?
ca:_ buida?
es:_ vacía?
fr:_ vide?
</translations><inputs><input type="%l"></input></inputs><script><block s="doReport"><block s="reportEquals"><block var="data"/><block s="reportNewList"><list></list></block></block></block></scr ipt></block-definition><block-definition s="keep items such that %'pred' from %'data'" type="reporter"
- 23. category="lists"><header></header><code></code><translation s>de:behalte Elemente, die _ aus _
ca:manté els elements on _ de _
es:mantener los elementos donde _ de _
fr:garder les items tels que _ de _
</translations><inputs><input type="%predRing"></input><input type="%l"></input></inputs><script><block s="doIf"><custom-block s="empty? %l"><block var="data"/></custom-block><script><block s="doReport"><block s="reportNewList"><list></list></block></block></script></bl ock><block s="doIfElse"><block s="evaluate"><block var="pred"/><list><block s="reportListItem"><l>1</l><block var="data"/></block></list></block><script><block s="doReport"><block s="reportCONS"><block s="reportListItem"><l>1</l><block var="data"/></block><custom-block s="keep items such that %predRing from %l"><block var="pred"/><block s="reportCDR"><block var="data"/></block></custom- block></block></block></script><script><block s="doReport"><custom-block s="keep items such that %predRing from %l"><block var="pred"/><block s="reportCDR"><block var="data"/></block></custom- block></block></script></block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="combine with %'function' items of %'data'" type="reporter" category="lists"><header></header><code></code><translation s>de:kombiniere mit _ die Elemente von _
ca:combina amb _ els elements de _
es:combinar con _ los elementos de _
fr:combine avec _ les items de _
</translations><inputs><input type="%repRing"></input><input type="%l"></input></inputs><script><block s="doIf"><custom-block s="empty? %l"><block s="reportCDR"><block var="data"/></block></custom-
- 24. block><script><block s="doReport"><block s="reportListItem"><l>1</l><block var="data"/></block></block></script></block><block s="doReport"><block s="evaluate"><block var="function"/><list><block s="reportListItem"><l>1</l><block var="data"/></block><custom-block s="combine with %repRing items of %l"><block var="function"/><block s="reportCDR"><block var="data"/></block></custom- block></list></block></block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="if %'test' then %'true' else %'false'" type="reporter" category="control"><header></header><code></code><translat ions>de:wenn _ dann _ sonst _
ca:si _ llavors _ si no _
es:si _ entonces _ sino _
fr:si _ alors _ sinon _
</translations><inputs><input type="%b"></input><input type="%anyUE"></input><input type="%anyUE"></input></inputs><script><block s="doIfElse"><block var="test"/><script><block s="doReport"><block s="evaluate"><block var="true"/><list></list></block></block></script><script><bl ock s="doReport"><block s="evaluate"><block var="false"/><list></list></block></block></script></block></ script></block-definition><block-definition s="for %'i' = %'start' to %'end' %'action'" type="command" category="control"><header></header><code></code><translat ions>de:für _ = _ bis _ _
ca:per _ = _ fins _ _
es:para _ = _ hasta _ _
fr:pour _ allant de _ à _ _
</translations><inputs><input type="%upvar"></input><input type="%n">1</input><input type="%n">10</input><input type="%cs"></input></inputs><script><block s="doDeclareVariables"><list><l>step</l><l>tester</l></list>< /block><block s="doIfElse"><block s="reportGreaterThan"><block var="start"/><block
- 25. var="end"/></block><script><block s="doSetVar"><l>step</l><l>-1</l></block><block s="doSetVar"><l>tester</l><block s="reifyReporter"><autolambda><block s="reportLessThan"><block var="i"/><block var="end"/></block></autolambda><list></list></block></bloc k></script><script><block s="doSetVar"><l>step</l><l>1</l></block><block s="doSetVar"><l>tester</l><block s="reifyReporter"><autolambda><block s="reportGreaterThan"><block var="i"/><block var="end"/></block></autolambda><list></list></block></bloc k></script></block><block s="doSetVar"><l>i</l><block var="start"/></block><block s="doUntil"><block s="evaluate"><block var="tester"/><list></list></block><script><block s="doRun"><block var="action"/><list></list></block><block s="doChangeVar"><l>i</l><block var="step"/></block></script></block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="join words %'words'" type="reporter" category="operators"><header></header><code></code><transl ations>de:füge Wörter zusammen _
ca:uneix les paraules _
es:unir las palabras _
fr:fusionne les mots _
</translations><inputs><input type="%mult%txt"></input></inputs><script><block s="doIf"><custom-block s="empty? %l"><block s="reportCDR"><block var="words"/></block></custom- block><script><block s="doReport"><block s="reportListItem"><l>1</l><block var="words"/></block></block></script></block><block s="doIf"><block s="reportEquals"><l></l><block s="reportListItem"><l>1</l><block var="words"/></block></block><script><block s="doReport"><custom-block s="join words %mult%txt"><block s="reportCDR"><block
- 26. var="words"/></block></custom- block></block></script></block><block s="doIf"><block s="reportEquals"><l></l><block s="reportListItem"><l>2</l><block var="words"/></block></block><script><block s="doReport"><custom-block s="join words %mult%txt"><block s="reportCONS"><block s="reportListItem"><l>1</l><block var="words"/></block><block s="reportCDR"><block s="reportCDR"><block var="words"/></block></block></block></custom- block></block></script></block><block s="doReport"><block s="reportJoinWords"><list><block s="reportListItem"><l>1</l><block var="words"/></block><l> </l><custom-block s="join words %mult%txt"><block s="reportCDR"><block var="words"/></block></custom- block></list></block></block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="list $arrowRight sentence %'data'" type="reporter" category="operators"><header></header><code></code><transl ations>de:Liste $arrowRight Satz _
ca:llista $arrowRight frase _
es:lista $arrowRight frase _
fr:liste $arrowRight phrase _
</translations><inputs><input type="%l"></input></inputs><script><block s="doReport"><custom-block s="join words %mult%txt"><block var="data"/></custom- block></block></script></block-definition><block-definition s="sentence $arrowRight list %'text'" type="reporter" category="operators"><header></header><code></code><transl ations>de:Satz $arrowRight Liste _
ca:frase $arrowRight llista _
es:frase $arrowRight lista _
fr:phrase $arrowRight liste _
</translations><inputs><input type="%txt"></input></inputs><script><block s="doReport"><block s="reportTextSplit"><block var="text"/><l><option>whitespace</option></l></block></blo
- 27. ck></script></block-definition><block-definition s="catch %'tag' %'action'" type="command" category="control"><header></header><code></code><translat ions>de:fange _ _
ca:agafa _ _
es:atrapar _ _
fr:attrape _ _
</translations><inputs><input type="%upvar"></input><input type="%cs"></input></inputs><script><block s="doCallCC"><block s="reifyScript"><script><block s="doSetVar"><l>tag</l><block var="cont"/></block><block s="doRun"><block var="action"/><list></list></block></script><list><l>cont</l>< /list></block></block><custom-block s="ignore %s"><l>3</l></custom-block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="throw %'cont'" type="command" category="control"><header></header><code></code><translat ions>de:wirf _
ca:llança _
es:lanzar _
fr:lance _
</translations><inputs><input type="%s">catchtag</input></inputs><script><block s="doRun"><block var="cont"/><list></list></block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="catch %'tag' %'value'" type="reporter" category="control"><header></header><code></code><translat ions>de:fange _ _
ca:agafa _ _
es:atrapar _ _
fr:attrape _ _
</translations><inputs><input type="%upvar"></input><input type="%anyUE"></input></inputs><script><block s="doCallCC"><block s="reifyScript"><script><block s="doSetVar"><l>tag</l><block var="cont"/></block><block s="doReport"><block s="evaluate"><block var="value"/><list></list></block></block></script><list><l>c ont</l></list></block></block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="throw %'tag' %'value'" type="command" category="control"><header></header><code></code><translat
- 28. ions>de:wirf _ _
ca:llança _ _
es:lanzar _ _
fr:lance _ _
</translations><inputs><input type="%s">catchtag</input><input type="%s"></input></inputs><script><block s="doRun"><block var="tag"/><list><block var="value"/></list></block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="for each %'item' of %'data' %'action'" type="command" category="lists"><header></header><code></code><translation s>de:für jedes _ von _ _
ca:per cada _ de _ _
es:para cada _ de _ _
fr:pour chaque _ de _ _
</translations><inputs><input type="%upvar"></input><input type="%l"></input><input type="%cs"></input></inputs><script><block s="doUntil"><custom-block s="empty? %l"><block var="data"/></custom-block><script><block s="doSetVar"><l>item</l><block s="reportListItem"><l>1</l><block var="data"/></block></block><block s="doRun"><block var="action"/><list><block s="reportListItem"><l>1</l><block var="data"/></block></list></block><block s="doSetVar"><l>data</l><block s="reportCDR"><block var="data"/></block></block></script></block></script></bloc k-definition><block-definition s="if %'test' do %'action' and pause all $pause-1-255-220-0" type="command" category="control"><header></header><code></code><translat ions>de:falls _ dann _ und pause $pause-1-255-220- 0
ca:si _ fes _ i atura-ho tot $pause-1-255-220- 0
es:si _ haz _ y páralo todo $pause-1-255-220- 0
fr:si _ faire _ et mettre tout en pause $pause-1-255-220- 0
</translations><inputs><input type="%boolUE"></input><input type="%cs"></input></inputs><script><block s="doDeclareVariables"><list><l>breakpoint</l></list></block
- 29. ><block s="doIf"><block s="evaluate"><block var="test"/><list></list></block><script><block s="doSetVar"><l>breakpoint</l><block var="test"/></block><block s="doShowVar"><l>breakpoint</l></block><block s="doRun"><block var="action"/><list></list></block><block s="doPauseAll"></block><block s="doHideVar"><l></l></block></script></block></script></bl ock-definition><block-definition s="word $arrowRight list %'word'" type="reporter" category="operators"><header></header><code></code><transl ations>de:Wort $arrowRight Liste _
ca:paraula $arrowRight llista _
es:palabra $arrowRight lista _
fr:mot $arrowRight liste _
</translations><inputs><input type="%txt"></input></inputs><script><block s="doReport"><block s="reportTextSplit"><block var="word"/><l><option>letter</option></l></block></block> </script></block-definition><block-definition s="ignore %'x'" type="command" category="control"><header></header><code></code><translat ions>de:ignoriere _
ca:ignora _
es:ignorar _
fr:ignore _
</translations><inputs><input type="%s"></input></inputs></block-definition><block- definition s="list $arrowRight word %'list'" type="reporter" category="operators"><header></header><code></code><transl ations>de:Liste $arrowRight Wort _
ca:llista $arrowRight paraula _
es:lista $arrowRight palabra _
fr:liste $arrowRight mot _
</translations><inputs><input type="%l"></input></inputs><script><block s="doReport"><block s="reportJoinWords"><block var="list"/></block></block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="%'x'" type="reporter" category="operators"><header></header><code></code><transl
- 30. ations></translations><inputs><input type="%s"></input></inputs><script><block s="doReport"><block var="x"/></block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="numbers from %'from' to %'to'" type="reporter" category="lists"><header></header><code></code><translation s>de:Zahlen von _ bis _
ca:nombres des de _ a _
es:números de _ a _
fr:nombres de _ à _
</translations><inputs><input type="%n">1</input><input type="%n">10</input></inputs><script><block s="doIf"><block s="reportGreaterThan"><block var="from"/><block var="to"/></block><script><block s="doReport"><block s="reportNewList"><list></list></block></block></script></bl ock><block s="doReport"><block s="reportCONS"><block var="from"/><custom-block s="numbers from %n to %n"><block s="reportSum"><block var="from"/><l>1</l></block><block var="to"/></custom- block></block></block></script></block-definition><block- definition s="map %'func' over %'data'" type="reporter" category="lists"><header></header><code></code><translation s>de:wende _ an auf _
ca:mapeja _ sobre _
es:mapear _ sobre _
fr:appliquer _ à _
</translations><inputs><input type="%repRing"></input><input type="%l"></input></inputs><script><block s="doIf"><custom-block s="empty? %l"><block var="data"/></custom-block><script><block s="doReport"><block var="data"/></block></script></block><block s="doReport"><block s="reportCONS"><block s="evaluate"><block var="func"/><list><block s="reportListItem"><l>1</l><block var="data"/></block></list></block><custom-block s="map
- 31. %repRing over %l"><block var="func"/><block s="reportCDR"><block var="data"/></block></custom- block></block></block></script></block-definition><block- definition s="draw axes at x: %'x0' y: %'y0' length: %'length' height: %'height'" type="command" category="pen"><header></header><code></code><translations ></translations><inputs><input type="%n"></input><input type="%n"></input><input type="%n"></input><input type="%n"></input></inputs></block-definition><block- definition s="label %'text' of size %'size' in direction %'direction'" type="command" category="pen"><header></header><code></code><translations ></translations><inputs><input type="%txt"></input><input type="%n"></input><input type="%n"></input></inputs></block-definition><block- definition s="draw bar width: %'width' height: %'height' at y %'y0' with label %'label' of size %'size'" type="command" category="pen"><header></header><code></code><translations ></translations><inputs><input type="%n"></input><input type="%n"></input><input type="%n"></input><input type="%txt"></input><input type="%n"></input></inputs></block-definition><block- definition s="max of list : %'list'" type="reporter" category="operators"><header></header><code></code><transl ations></translations><inputs><input type="%s"></input></inputs><script><block s="doReport"><custom-block s="combine with %repRing items of %l"><block s="reifyReporter"><autolambda><custom-block s="max of %s %s"><l></l><l></l></custom- block></autolambda><list></list></block><block var="list"/></custom-block></block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="max of %'a'
- 32. %'b'" type="reporter" category="operators"><header></header><code></code><transl ations></translations><inputs><input type="%s"></input><input type="%s"></input></inputs><script><block s="doIfElse"><block s="reportGreaterThan"><block var="a"/><block var="b"/></block><script><block s="doReport"><block var="a"/></block></script><script><block s="doReport"><block var="b"/></block></script></block></script></block- definition><block-definition s="label vertical axis: x: %'x0' y: %'y0' height: %'height' data values: %'data values list'" type="command" category="pen"><header></header><code></code><translations ></translations><inputs><input type="%n"></input><input type="%n"></input><input type="%n"></input><input type="%l"></input></inputs><script><block s="doDeclareVariables"><list><l>yaxisinterval</l></list></blo ck><block s="doDeclareVariables"><list><l>change</l></list></block><b lock s="doSetVar"><l>change</l><block s="reportQuotient"><block var="height"/><l>10</l></block></block><block s="doSetVar"><l>yaxisinterval</l><block s="reportQuotient"><custom-block s="max of list : %s"><block var="data values list"/></custom- block><l>10</l></block></block><block s="up"></block><block s="gotoXY"><block s="reportDifference"><block var="x0"/><l>35</l></block><block var="y0"/></block><custom-block s="label %txt of size %n in direction %n"><l>0</l><l>14</l><l>90</l></custom- block><block s="setXPosition"><block s="reportDifference"><block
- 33. var="x0"/><l>10</l></block></block><custom-block s="label %txt of size %n in direction %n"><l>- </l><l>14</l><l>90</l></custom-block><custom-block s="for %upvar = %n to %n %cs"><l>i</l><l>1</l><l>10</l><script><block s="setXPosition"><block s="reportDifference"><block var="x0"/><l>35</l></block></block><block s="changeYPosition"><block var="change"/></block><custom- block s="label %txt of size %n in direction %n"><block s="reportRound"><block s="reportProduct"><block var="i"/><block var="yaxisinterval"/></block></block><l>14</l><l>90</l></cu stom-block><block s="setXPosition"><block s="reportDifference"><block var="x0"/><l>10</l></block></block><custom-block s="label %txt of size %n in direction %n"><l>- </l><l>14</l><l>90</l></custom-block></script></custom- block></script></block-definition><block-definition s="draw bars at x: %'x0' y: %'y0' bar width: %'bar width' max height: %'max height' labels: %'labels' values: %'values'" type="command" category="pen"><header></header><code></code><translations ></translations><inputs><input type="%n"></input><input type="%n"></input><input type="%n"></input><input type="%n"></input><input type="%l"></input><input type="%l"></input></inputs></block-definition><block- definition s="Bar Graph, data values: %'data values' data labels: %'data labels'" type="command" category="looks"><header></header><code></code><translatio ns></translations><inputs><input type="%l"></input><input type="%l"></input></inputs><script><block s="clear"></block><block s="up"></block><block s="gotoXY"><l>0</l><l>0</l></block><custom-block s="draw axes at x: %n y: %n length: %n height:
- 34. %n"><l></l><l></l><l></l><l></l></custom-block><custom- block s="draw bars at x: %n y: %n bar width: %n max height: %n labels: %l values: %l"><l></l><l></l><l></l><l></l><l/><l/></custom- block><custom-block s="label vertical axis: x: %n y: %n height: %n data values: %l"><l></l><l></l><l></l><l/></custom- block></script></block- definition></blocks><variables><variable name="data"><l>0</l></variable><variable name="data labels"><l>0</l></variable><variable name="data values"><l>0</l></variable></variables></project> Proposal of Male and Female Wage Disparity in Developed Countries Introduction With social progress and development, inequality between men and women has gradually narrowed, however, there is still a large gap between men and women in the labor market. Gender disparity can a problem from a public policy perspective, as it reduces the size of the economy and means that women may depend on welfare to live, especially in old age. So that is one reason why we need to study and narrow the wage gap between men and women, and we need to increases gender equality to promote economic growth. Wage inequality is mainly reflected in the average difference between men and women, and also the distribution of wage which can reflect on the gender occupation
- 35. segmentation (with more men in higher paid industries and women in lower paid industries) and glass ceilings (reference to barriers in the careers of high-achieving women). In this proposal, one article that highlight labor market discrimination from different perspectives shall be analyzed with an aim to come up with an image of the issue in developed counties. The purpose of this proposal is to explore what cause the gender pay gap between men and women and how should we reduce this gap in developed countries. Literature Review Glass Ceilings or Glass Doors? The Role of Firm in Male- female Wage Disparities. Javdani, M.(2015) In this article, the author uses the phrases “glass ceiling” and “glass doors” to refer to discrimination as it affects women in terms of the jobs they undertake, and the organizations in which they are sorted respectively. Javdani (2015) observes that without understanding the mechanisms by which discrimination in the labor market occurs, the policymakers may not be able to establish sustainable solutions. As Zurndorfer, (2016) observations, there has been a lot of emphasis on the wage gap that exists between men and women all over the world. However, it is essential that this disparity is reviewed by wage distribution. Women are conspicuously underrepresented in the high wage regions of this distribution, and this under representation intensifies as evaluation moves up the wage distribution levels. This notion has two implications that also Heijstra, (2015) appears to concur with; that women are faced with a glass ceiling when it comes to the labor market, and that the gap between men and women wages is wider at the top than at the middle of the wage distribution. The policymakers are yet to establish the mechanisms by which these glass ceilings develop, and can thus not be able to address wage disparities between men and women. Several elements related to discrimination in the labor market are investigated in this study including the conditional wage distribution that may
- 36. potentially be the cause of the presence of the glass ceiling. Also, the author highlights the role that segregation of women into low-paying firms versus the low paying jobs and the input the two aspects have on discrimination in the labor market. The other element that the author investigates is the contribution of inter-firm wages versus the inter-firm segregation. In Canada, the relative market qualification among other aspects such as the wage-setting institutions, wage structure, and the government policies are stated to be different compared to those established in European environments. The author observes that the wage disparity as seen in this study is driven by factors that are widely divided into those that are registered within firms and those that operate between different firms. This is to say that the jobs that females are enrolled in within firms may be lower-paying compared to their male counterparts. The other implication is lower-paying firms sort that female workers as compared to men being enrolled with higher-paying firms. Therefore, the labor market discrimination is generally based on these two mechanisms, under which other factors that are highlighted in this paper affect the wage gap. It is the later mechanism that the author refers to as the glass doors as they prevent the accessibility to high paying firms by women in favor of men. According to the findings by Javdani (2015), it was observed that there is a common tendency of a male being employed in a firm where 32% are female, whereas a female has a tendency of being employed in firms where 62% are female workers The author observes that it is only firms that employ fewer females that tend to pay higher wages. The significance of family is also highlighted in this case as one of the subsamples that were investigated included workers with at least one dependent child, and those that lack such a child. The overall finding is that women are faced with glass ceilings in their respective wage distribution levels. More importantly, these ceilings intensify as the women rise along with this distributions. The glass ceilings according to the author may be economy-wide, or within-firm.
- 37. The effects of these ceilings are more intense in the earlier than the latter, but all the same, registered in both cases. This article presents an exhaustive account of the mechanisms by which discrimination in the labor market develops. Besides the factors highlighted such as the access to high paying jobs within an organization, and access to the top paying organization, the author observes that the underlying factors such as family are also important. For example, the ability of a woman to work at home, the hours she may be available depending on the home responsibilities are critical to determining their vulnerability to a glass ceiling, and some extent, the glass door. The author points out some stereotypes that may be contributing to the lesser enrollment of women in high paying jobs, one of them being that women are more family-oriented than men who are believed to be work-oriented. However, this belief would be misleading and only intensify the already huge discrimination against women in the labor market. In this article, the barriers to equity and equality in the labor market are said to be determined by the different levels of the wage distribution. Both glass ceilings and glass doors contribute to the persistent wage gap in different ways. More research would need to be done on the unknown factors that are estimated at 50% to ensure that the necessary measures are adopted to promote family economics and the overall equality between men and women. Miller, C. (2017). The Gender Pay Gap Is Largely Because of Motherhood. The New York Times. It is a traditional reality that women play more domestic roles compared to men. The aspect of childbearing is central to the wage gap that exists between men and women. It is this factor that contributes to the eventual disparity between men’s and women’s income in a few years after college. According to Miller, it is during the women’s reproductive age that the wage gap grows wider despite both men and women earning a reasonably balanced wage by the time they graduate. Nevertheless, it is a known fact that all women including those
- 38. that are not married and don’t have babies earn lower wages compared to men. Most employers are wary of giving women core responsibilities in their organizations in fear that the availability of women is unpredictable given that they may either ask for maternity leaves or may quit their jobs to move with their husbands. It is this turn of events that according to Schmitz, (2018) contributes to the distortion and enlargement of the wage gap as a result of the unpredictability of women in the labor market that is translated to unreliability from a business perspective. Miller observes that the low income and family responsibilities influence each other in a vicious cycle where women are charged with family chores on the basis that they earn less compared to men, whereas it is the same responsibilities that contribute to the lower wages. This article reflects an observation also made by Schultz, (2016) stating that despite the fact that women do cut back on their jobs, the pay cut is not proportional, with employers paying disproportionately more and less for more and fewer hours respectively. The major constraint for the decision makers, in this case, is the social responsibilities that women in the society are charged with. However, such constraints can only be socially addressed both at the workplace and also in public policy. The priority should be shifted from long hours and also addressing the cost of childcare alongside the length of leaves offered for parental purposes. Conclusion To be able to eliminate this discrimination, we first need to start with the government’s policies. Except in some special jobs (need to hire men as the main employees such as firefighters, which require more physical work, but it does not mean that women are completely unsuitable for this kind of job), the government should set the company’s percentage of female employees less than 50% (in the same educational background and ability). Secondly, the government should regulate the wages of men and women in equal jobs with the same
- 39. qualification and ability. Based on the finding of Australian Government and Workplace Gender Equality Agency[footnoteRef:1], in 2017 to 2018 the gender pay gap was higher among managers compared to non-managers, the gender pay gap of managers is 25.7%, and the average total wage difference is USD 50,370. From this we can see that the income gap between men and women in the same position is so huge. The wage gap should be reduced and the level of women’s welfare should be increased to protect women in old age. This initiative can promote economic development and equality. [1: . (August 2019) Australia’s Gender Pay Gap Statistics www.wega.gov.au ] References Heijstra, T., Bjarnason, T., & Rafnsdóttir, G. L. (2015). Predictors of Gender Inequalities in the Rank of Full Professor. Scandinavian Journal Of Educational Research, 59(2), 214-230. Javdani, M. (2015). Glass ceilings or glass doors? The role of firms in male-female wage disparities. Canadian Journal Of Economics, 48(2), 529-560. Miller, C. (2017). The Gender Pay Gap Is Largely Because of Motherhood. The New York Times. Web. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/13/upshot/the-gender-pay- gap-is-largely-because-of- motherhood.html?mtrref=www.google.com&mtrref=www.nytim es.com&gwh=61C20E4AD1D7D3392295DA472BFA751C&gwt =pay Schmitz, S. (2018). Race and Gender Discrimination Across Urban Labor Markets. London: Routledge. Schultz, J. (2016). Gender-Wage Discrimination by Marital Status in Canada: 2006 to 2016. Verniers, C., & Vala, J. (2018). Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace: The mediating role of motherhood myths. Plos ONE, 13(1), 1-23. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190657
- 40. Zurndorfer, H. (2016). Men, Women, Money, and Morality: The Development of China's Sexual Economy. Feminist Economics, 22(2), 1-23. doi:10.1080/13545701.2015.1026834 (b) An abstract of length approximately 100 words, and up to 5 keywords. (c) A structured body of content that includes the following: · Introduction that can include background/context, motivation , research problem, research questions/objectives of the research, contributions and significance of the research. · Literature review · Research method which may include** · Data : Description of the data and sources · Empirical Model · Theoretical/Empirical results. · Discussion of findings/results. · Conclusion & Policy Implication (also stating limitations and directions for future research). (d) Bibliography: A list of references (Following Harvard Style. Checkhttps://libguides.library.usyd.edu.au/c.php?g=5082 12&p=3476130Links to an external site. ). Appendix (additional materials which support the analysis but which need not be included in the main body of the report: such as details of survey design, variable construction, additional results etc.) is optional (not included in word counts). **For review-based research, methodology will be analogous to an accurate description of how the relevant literature was selected (which database, which search terms, which inclusion/exclusion criteria) and the structure of the review – how the review was analyzed and summarized, what are the different sections in the review?). Data will be analogous to the readings that you have identified for your review. Please find here additional notes on review-based research,
- 41. along with some examples of review papers - paper 1, paper 2, paper 3. *Note: ECON7030_Economic Research Project_2020S1 1 | P a g e This document provides you guidelines on how to proceed with your research report. Please note that a key objective of the research project is for you to come up with the topic yourselves and be able to justify why it is useful/important. I can help you refine the topic, but you need to take the lead. 1 Types of research You may undertake any of the following types of research: 1. Research based on literature review. Here the literature review constitutes an original and valuable work of research in and of itself rather than providing a background for the study. In undertaking a literature review-based research, you will answer your research
- 42. question providing a critical review of the literature and articulating the next logical stage in the growing understanding of the topic. The review should critique and synthesize representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated (Torraco, 2005). When appropriately conducted, review articles may represent powerful information sources for policymakers looking for state-of-the art evidence to guide their decision-making. 2. Empirical research project. A well-developed empirical approach that can informatively address the question or problem. Here, the research question is answered by formulating a hypothesis and testing it using an appropriate dataset and relevant statistical and econometric techniques (for example, linear or probit regression analysis). 3. Theoretical research project. A well-developed theoretical modelling strategy that can informatively address the question or problem. Here, we need (i) a complete statement of the structure of the model, (ii) justification of solution methods,
- 43. and (3) solution of the model. 4. You may also choose to write a ‘referee report of an existing academic article’ as a possible fourth type. Here, the aim of the research report is to choose a top-ranked academic economics journal article then discuss and critically analyse the paper in detail, showing that you understand the following: a. the intuition underpinning its main results; b. the limitations of the model. You will place the paper in context to the relevant literature, i.e. explain the nature and significance of its contribution (you will have to read other papers to do this). Finally, you will suggest extensions to the work undertaken in the paper. Note: You may choose to extend a project on which you are already working (at your workplace). 2 What is expected in the completed research report? 1. Innovation. Demonstration of insight and independence of thought or approach, whether in terms of the question or problem posed, the methodology
- 44. specified, or (for empirical projects) the data to be analyzed. ECON7030_Economic Research Project_2020S1 2 | P a g e Structure. A visible, easy-to-follow structure consistent with the conventions of economics is expected. We expect sections that typically occur in papers in the economics literature, such as Title, Abstract, Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results, Conclusion, and References1. 2. Title. Provide an informative, clear, concise title. 3. Abstract. An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or entire thesis. It is placed at the beginning of your paper, immediately following the title page. An abstract must be fully self-contained and make sense by itself, without further reference to outside sources or to the actual paper. It highlights key content areas, your research objective, the significance of your work, and the key findings. This Melbourne University document may help.
- 45. Research Question/Objective or Problem. A well-defined research question or problem that requires economic analysis and that is motivated (in terms of the economics literature and/or the proposed methodology), feasible (in terms of the available data for empirical projects, and the mathematical and computational methods for theoretical projects), and presented explicitly and early in the document. 4. Literature Review. The situating of the question or problem in the literature—it is NOT an attempt to exhaustively cite the literature or summarize the literature, but rather to identify the gaps in knowledge that the study addresses and establish a link between the research question/problem and the existing literature in economics. It may also provide a theoretical foundation for the proposed study, corroborate the presence of the research problem, justify the research as one that contributes something new to the cumulated knowledge, or validate the methods and approaches for the proposed study ( Levy & Ellis, 2006).
- 46. 5. Methodology. A well-developed empirical approach or a theoretical modelling strategy that can informatively address the question or problem is required. For review-based research it may imply: searching the literature while clearly articulating the search strategy, and assessing the quality of primary studies, and/or extracting data, and/or analysing data. Typology of literature review may be diverse (systematic review, scoping review and so on). For the purpose of this unit, we will focus on critical review which aims to provide “a critical evaluation and interpretive analysis of existing literature on a particular topic of interest to reveal strengths, weaknesses, contradictions, controversies, inconsistencies, and/or other important issues with respect to theories, hypotheses, research methods or results” (Pare et al., 2015, page 15). For empirical projects, this implies (1) a clear statement of the hypothesis or hypotheses, (2) a detailed characterization of the data set and why it was chosen, (3) the identification and justification of the statistical and econometric technique used (for example, Linear or Probit regression analysis), (4) careful and thorough implementation of
- 47. the technique. For theoretical projects, this implies (1) a complete statement of the structure of the model, (2) justification of solution methods (for example, closed-form analytical or numerical solutions), and (3) solution of the model. 1 You may also have an appendix at the end of the document to contain supplementary material that is not an essential part of the text itself but which may be helpful in providing a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem or may provide information that is too cumbersome to be included in the body of the paper. https://services.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/471 274/Writing_an_Abstract_Update_051112.pdf ECON7030_Economic Research Project_2020S1 3 | P a g e Results and Discussion. An explicit statement of the new results emerging from the project and their relevance to the broader economic literature. Think carefully, if the report includes tables or figures, what do they add to the study? Do they aid
- 48. understanding or are they superfluous? Discussion should focus on (1) how the results relate to economic intuition; (2) on the findings of related previous research. On the whole, this section should tell a coherent story - What happened? What was discovered or confirmed? Start by describing in simple terms what the data/findings show. Make reference to statistical analyses, such as significance or goodness of fit (in empirical work). Explain the significance of the results to wider understanding. This can only be done by referencing published research. Discussion should always, at some point, gather all the information together into a single whole. If there are gaps or inconsistencies in the story, they should address these and suggest ways future research might confirm the findings or take the research forward. Conclusion. Summarize by concisely stating the context, research questions and key findings (maybe one sentence on each). Indicate (1) policy implications of the findings (2) possible
- 49. limitations of the results, and (3) directions for further research.2 This section is usually brief. The conclusions should reflect upon the aims - whether they were achieved or not - and, just like the aims, should not be surprising. The conclusions should be consistent with the evidence and arguments presented? They should also address the main question posed. Carefully avoid drawing a conclusion that is contradicted by the author's own statistical or qualitative evidence. Style. Lucid, informative, readable sentences; well-defined key terms and concepts; appropriate gauging of readers’ knowledge; presentation of sufficient context; clear and concise writing (Lengthy discussions should be avoided). Write, accurately, simply, directly. In writing a literature review, since part of their research effort is devoted to the criticism of existing literature, avoid being overly critical of existing research and making personal aspersions. Accurate and scientific reporting is important. Source citations. The proper and consistent use of a citation style found in the economics
- 50. literature —for example, the APA style or the style used in the American Economic Review. Pay attention to both in-text citation and bibliography at the end of the research document. Quality of evidence is crucial. Therefore, pay attention to the sources which you are using to collate evidence from the literature. Try to provide high quality scholarly sources as evidence. Note: Relevant economic journals or working paper series Below is a non-exhaustive list of excellent economic journals and working paper series in order to help you with your literature search: 2 Sometimes 1, 2 and 3 are also included in Discussion. ECON7030_Economic Research Project_2020S1 4 | P a g e (Journal of Political Economy, Quarterly Journal of Economics, American Economic Association journals (AER, AEJ), Economic Journal, Journal of Human Resources,
- 51. Journal of Labor Economics, Journal of Development Economics, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Journal of Public Economics, European Economic Review, Labour Economics, Econometrica, NBER Working papers, IZA Working papers). More comprehensive list of journals is available here (note this spreadsheet also has journals from other disciplines). Check if your literature review is based on A and A* journals. Additional note on referencing. • In text, use only author and year, but include a list at the end with the full references (authors, year, title, journal, volume/issue, page numbers) • Cite the journal version and not the discussion paper version of a paper, if the paper is already published in a journal (might not be the case for very recent discussion papers). • Look for economic sources. Two ideas are: Follow our guidelines (e.g. journal list above), or look for references in articles you know or for papers who cite this article
- 52. themselves. • Please do not simply copy statements/expressions from papers. If you need a specific quote, mark it as such (direct quote is marked with "..." and reference incl. page numbers should be given). But remember, the report should be you describing it in your own words. On the whole, focus on the following in writing the research report: 1. write in your own language, paraphrase appropriately 2. avoid plagiarism 2. demonstrate some evidence of critical reflection 3. maintain a logical flow of arguments - well-structured and coherent presentation. For example, disconnected ideas cropping up from nowhere do not make sense – each section should naturally flow and connect to one another. 4. avoid copy pasting tables/figures etc from the papers unless they are absolutely essential. 3 On the question of Originality
- 53. We focus on ‘simple originality’ ‘which may include reshaping material or considering information in other ways. It is sufficient for the student to contribute only an incremental step in understanding (Phillips & Pugh, 1994). Replication should only be done as one part of a “critical evaluation” of an existing piece of research. For example, you can write a referee report on an academic journal article and part of that process can be that you replicate the results. Refer to this Melbourne University guide on the question of ‘originality’. https://canvas.sydney.edu.au/files/9730011/download?wrap=1 https://services.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/471 267/Developing_originality_Update_051112.pdf https://services.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/471 267/Developing_originality_Update_051112.pdf ECON7030_Economic Research Project_2020S1 5 | P a g e 4 The process of social research: Research Questions (Wellington & Szczerbinski, 2007) The starting point for a research project may be a question, or questions, that the researcher would
- 54. like to address. A slightly less focused start might be an issue to be explored or, more ambitiously, a problem to be solved. The research problem (very similar to research aim or question) identifies what the researcher does not know and is interested in studying. It may be presented in the interrogative (question) form (e.g. ‘what is the effect of wealth on happiness?’), and then we get the research question. A hypothesis, on the other hand, is the answer to the research question, which a researcher believes to be true before he analyses his data. It must be stated in the affirmative form (e.g. ‘Happiness impacts wealth’). While it is possible (at least in principle) to carry out research without having specific hypotheses in mind, there can be no research without an underlying purpose, problem or question. Stating or formulating your purposes under one (or perhaps more) of these categories can help at all stages of a research enquiry, especially at the outset, i.e: • What question(s) are you asking/addressing?
- 55. • What hypothesis are you testing? • What problem(s) are you trying to solve/alleviate? Framing research questions should always be the first step in the research process. It should always be a case of questions first, methods later. For example, it makes no sense to decide: ‘I am going to use questionnaires/interviews/observations’ before clarifying the questions which you wish to address or shed light upon. As discussed in the slides (on Research Method) there may be what, which, where, how or why questions. The former may imply a straightforward collection of information, perhaps a descriptive approach. But the latter, i.e. the how and why questions which seek explanations will demand more in-depth exploratory approaches. 5 A template Based on the discussion in the previous sections, here is a possible template for your full research report. Note that, for the proposal you will only report Introduction, Literature Review, Proposed
- 56. Method and References (optional: Appendix). ECON7030_Economic Research Project_2020S1 6 | P a g e 1. Introduction The Topic: is the broad subject matter being addressed in a study. Introduced in the first paragraphs. The Research Problem: an area of conflict, concern, or controversy, a gap. State the problem in the opening paragraph (i.e., something that needs a solution). Identify an issue. Reference the problem using the literature. Significance: Why the research problem is important. For example, the proposed study is significant since it addresses the sustainable development goals of zero hunger and eradication of poverty.
- 57. Background and Justification: The evidence and relevance from the literature and published or archival data showing the problem exists. Include key references. You should also have a theoretical basis for the study. Deficiencies in the Evidence: Include a brief discussion that details the area of need (in relation to the problem) and the deficiency or lack of evidence in the literature. Research Aim/Objective/Purpose: Major intent or objective of the study. Create a sentence that begins with “The purpose/objective of this study is . . .” Clearly identify and define the central concepts or ideas of the study. Research questions: can be quantitative (more closed. Often on probable cause/effect) or qualitative (more open ended - descriptive /interpretive /process oriented) or a mix of both. Contribution of the study. For example, the study addresses a specific gap in the literature and hence, adds value to the scholarly literature on the subject. Note: The dividing lines between research problem, research aim /purpose/objective and research questions are thin. As you read more and more papers from top quality journals you will get the subtle differences. You
- 58. may also get confused between contribution and significance of the research. Again reading will help here. 2. Literature Review Synthesize main findings from the literature on your selected research topic and problem and identify a gap. Refer to resources on literature review posted in canvas. Also refer to the slides on Research Method. 3. Methodology Describe the method used to address the research. Points to be considered for a literature review-based research • How was the literature selected? Search strategy. • What keywords and procedures were used to search the literature? • What databases were used? • What criteria were used for retaining or discarding the literature? • How was the literature reviewed? Authors may do a complete reading of each piece of literature, analyze methods and findings only, or conduct a staged review (i.e., an initial review of abstracts, and/or introduction, followed by an in-depth review) to analyze the literature.
- 59. • How are the main ideas and themes from the literature identified and analyzed? ECON7030_Economic Research Project_2020S1 7 | P a g e For Empirical Research following sections should be present in Method 3.1 Data • Survey Location • Type of data: experimental/observational • Sampling size and strategy: For example, out of 10,000 working age population residing in the village, a random sample of 1000 individuals were selected, stratified by gender. • What information was collected in the survey • Duration/Year of survey 3.2 Key Variables Define and explain the choice of dependent & independent
- 60. variables in the study. Justification for including these variables should follow from the literature. 3.3 Summary Statistics of Variables Example: Variable Name Description Mean Standard Error (SE) pcinc Per capita income $1000 0.55 hhsize Household size 5 1.2 3.4 Empirical model Example: Probit model. Describe the model. Briefly explain why it is relevant. The theoretical framework behind the empirical model should be mentioned in the Introduction or Literature review. For example, a health demand function is estimated following Gary Becker’s household production model (Becker, 1965) as discussed in the Literature review in section 2. 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 6.1 Policy Implications of key findings 6.2 Limitations of the study
- 61. 6.3 Directions for future research References/Bibliography Appendix. Here you can include additional materials which support the analysis but which need not be included in the main body of the report. For examples, details of survey design, variable construction, additional results etc. ECON7030_Economic Research Project_2020S1 8 | P a g e 5. Differences among Research topic, Research problem, Research purpose/objective and Research questions Here is a nice resource (from Nova South Eastern University, Abraham. S. Fischler School of Education which elucidates the (quite subtle) differences among topic, problem, objective/purpose and questions.
- 62. Source: Nova South Eastern University, Abraham. S. Fischler School of Education Statement of the Problem The Topic Distance education via online platforms is a rapidly growing method of education delivery due to its convenience, wide reach, relatively low cost, and ability to support the achievement of learning objectives. Whether the platform is Blackboard, WebCT, Moodle, Angel, or some other learning management system, online education utilizes a variety of common learning tools including discussion boards, drop boxes, automated testing, and wikis. Chief among these tools are live online sessions. The Research Problem Live online sessions may be delivered in virtual classrooms from Adobe Connect, Elluminate,
- 63. GoToMeeting, Wimba, or other software programs. Regardless of the software used, student attendance at live online sessions, especially optional ones, can be unpredictable at best. It is a common complaint among the online faculty at a university in the south that many, oftentimes most, of their students do not attend the live online sessions. This study will address the problem of low student attendance at nonmandatory virtual classroom meetings in online college courses. ECON7030_Economic Research Project_2020S1 9 | P a g e Purpose of the Study The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore absenteeism from nonmandatory synchronous sessions in the virtual learning environment, Wimba Classroom, by undergraduate and graduate students in online courses at a southern university.
- 64. Background and Justification Offir, Lev, and Bezalel (2008) found the interaction level in a synchronous class, also known as web conferencing, to be a significant factor in the effectiveness of the class. Other researchers describe “the power of a synchronous online system to empower students in conversation and expression (McBrien, Jones, & Cheng, 2009). However, if students do not attend, then they cannot interact nor express themselves. Deficiencies in the Evidence. According to Skylar (2009), “research concerning the use of newer multimedia technologies, such as interactive synchronous web conferencing tools, is in its infancy and needs further and continued study” (p. 82). McBrien, Jones, and Cheng (2009) stated that “more studies are needed to explore students’ perceptions of the synchronous learning experience.” A variety of studies have explored the differences in functionalities of the various platforms (Kenning, 2010; Lavolette, Venable, Gose, & Huang, 2010), but they did not get to the heart of why students do or do not attend. The contribution of the present study is in
- 65. addressing the above gap in the literature. Research Questions The central question is: What are students’ attitudes regarding nonmandatory synchronous sessions in Wimba at a southern university? The following are subquestions: 1. What are students’ reasons for attending nonmandatory synchronous sessions in Wimba? 2. What are students’ reasons for not attending nonmandatory synchronous sessions in Wimba? 3. What actions could the university or its instructors take that would motivate students to increase their attendance at nonmandatory synchronous online sessions? Significance The study is significant in view of the increasing emphasis on student-focused learning in the higher education sector.
- 66. ECON7030_Economic Research Project_2020S1 10 | P a g e 6 Some tips…. 6.1 On Topic Selection • Personal interest • Organizational support • Ethical issues • Relevance of the study • Contribution to the field • Time constraints • Breath and scope • Economic factors 6.2 Locating the Research Problem Read the introduction/opening paragraphs of some existing studies on the topic and think: • What is the issue or problem? • What controversy leads to the need for a study? • What concern is being addressed behind the study? • Is there a sentence such as, “The problem being addressed in
- 67. this study is...”? • What are the questions asked? 6.3 Determining Whether a Problem Should be Researched • Can you study the problem? • Do you have access to the research site? • Do you have the time, resources, and skills to carry out the research? • Should you study the problem? Does it advance knowledge? Does it contribute to practice? • Will your study fill a gap or void in the existing literature? • Will your study replicate a past study but examine different participants and different research sites? • Will your study extend past research or examine the topic more thoroughly? • Will your study inform practice?
- 68. ECON7030_Economic Research Project_2020S1 11 | P a g e References 1. Bhattacherjee, A., "Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices" (2012). Textbooks Collection. 3.http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks/3. 2. Becker, G.S. (1965). ‘A theory of the allocation of time’, Economic Journal, vol. 75(299), pp. 493– 517. 3. Levy, Y., & Ellis, T. J. (2006). A systems approach to conduct an effective literature review in support of information systems research. Informing Science, 9, 181–211. 4. Paré, G., Trudel, M.-C., Jaana, M., & Kitsiou, S. (2015). Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews. Information & Management, 52(2), 183–199. 5. Phillips, E.M. & Pugh, D.S. (1994). How to get a PhD. USA: Open University Press.
- 69. 6. Torraco, R. (2005). Writing Integrative Literature Reviews: Guidelines and Examples. Human Resource Development Review, 4(3), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283 Wellington, J. J. (Jerry J. . & Szczerbiński, M. (2007) Research methods for the social sciences. London: Continuum International Pub. Group. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283 1 ECON7030 Final Research Report Marking Rubric_2020S1 Criteria FA: 40-49% An unsatisfactory attempt PA:50%-64% A satisfactory attempt CR:65%-74% A sound attempt DI:75%-84%
- 70. Work of a superior quality HD:85% and above Work of an outstanding quality GRADE (Total: 100) A. Introduction I. Problem & Context/motivation II. Research question/Objective/Hy pothesis III. Significance (why the research is important) IV. Contribution (What does the study add to the subject area compared with other
- 71. studies in this field?) I. Fails to accurately identify a problem, the purpose of research and explain any empirical or theoretical context relevant to the problem. Motivation is not stated. II. Research questions lack of clarity and precision. Have little or no connection to the context. III. Fails to indicate significance of the research.
- 72. IV. Contribution of the research not stated. I. Identifies the problem and purpose of research. Limited description and understanding of the empirical and theoretical contexts relevant to the problem. Motivation is stated but is unlcear. II. Rudimentary attempt at formulation of
- 73. research question/s which may lack clarity and precision. Vaguely linked to context. III. Significance is not discussed IV. Contribution of the research is stated but is unclear. I. Identifies the problem and purpose of research accurately. Describes the context clearly. Demonstrates
- 74. general understanding of the empirical and theoretical contexts relevant to the problem. Motivation is stated with some clarity. II. Generally appropriate, clear and concise framing of the research questions which are somewhat linked to the context. III. Significance is
- 75. mentioned. IV. Contribution is mentioned. I. Identifies the problem and purpose of research accurately. Thoroughly describes the empirical and theoretical contexts relevant to the problem. Motivation is clearly stated. II. Highly appropriate, precise and concise framing of the research questions which are clearly linked
- 76. to the context. III. Significance is clearly and concisely stated IV. Clear and concise statement on contribution I. Identifies the problem and purpose of research accurately. Thoroughly describes empirical and theoretical contexts relevant to the research problem and establishes/ finds connection with
- 77. alternative contexts. Motivation is clearly stated. II. Exceptionally appropriate, clear and concise framing of the research problem and questions, which are clearly linked to the context. III. Significance of the issue is insightfully discussed. IV. Clear, concise and appropriate statement on contribution
- 78. 15 2 B. Literature Review The literature review is unstructured and haphazard. Incomplete and fails to provide depth and scope of the existing literature. Provides only a summary and fails to synthesise and critically interpret the available literature. Relevance of published studies to each other is not established. Relevance of published studies to the current topic is not
- 79. established. The gaps in current understanding or conflicts in current knowledge are not identified. The literature search is not transitioning to justify further research. The literature review is organized. Limited attempt to provide depth and scope of the existing literature. Provides mostly a summary. Limited attempt to synthesize and critically interpret the available literature. Relevance of published
- 80. studies to each other is somewhat established. Relevance of published studies to the current topic is somewhat established. The gaps in current understanding or conflicts in current knowledge are vaguely identified. The literature search makes a limited attempt to transition to justify further research. The literature review is well organized. Sound attempt to provide depth and scope of the existing literature. Related literature is credibly summarized. Sound attempt
- 81. to synthesize and provide a critical interpretation of the available literature. Relevance of published studies to each other is established. Relevance of published studies to the current topic is established. The gaps in current understanding or conflicts in current knowledge are identified. The literature search makes sound attempt to transition to justify further research. Literature review is well organized. The depth and
- 82. scope of the existing literature is adequately represented. An excellent attempt to synthesise and critically interpret the available literature. Relevance of published studies to each other; as well as to the current topic is logically established. The gaps in current understanding or conflicts in current knowledge are clearly highlighted, and directions and approaches that fill these gaps are identified.
- 83. The literature search is an excellent attempt to transitions logically and sequentially to justify further research. Literature review is well organized, comprehensive and extensive. The depth and scope of the existing literature is adequately represented. An outstanding attempt to synthesise and critically interpret the available literature. New ideas are raised. Relevance of published studies to each other; as well as to the current topic is insightfully &