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Respiration in animals final.ppt
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- 3. Cellular respiration isthe aerobic breakdown of glucose in the mitochondria to make ATP. Respiratory systems are the organs in animals that exchange gases with the environment. “Respiration” is an everyday term that is often used to mean “breathing.”
- 4. Respiration in animals •Whether they live in water or on land, all animals must respire. – To respire means to take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. • Some animals rely of simple diffusion through their skin to respire. • While others… • Have developed large complex organ systems for respiration.
- 5. Invertebrate respiration • Invertebraterespiratory organs have –large surface areas –contact with air or water –If require diffusion they must be moist. Aquatic invertebrates : have naturally moist respiratory surfaces, and some respire through diffusion through their skin. – Example: jellyfish and anemones • Some larger aquatic animals like worms and annelids exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through gills. – Gills are organs that have lots of blood vessels that bring blood close to the surface for gas exchange.
- 6. Terrestrial Invertebrates • Terrestrialinvertebrates have respiratory surfaces covered with water or mucus. (reduces water loss) • There are many different respiratory specialized organs in terrestrial invertebrates. – Spiders use parallel book lungs – Insects use openings called spiracles where air enters the body and passes through a network of tracheal tubes for gas exchange – Snails have a mantel cavity that is lined with moist tissue and an extensive surface area of blood vessels.
- 7. Section 29-2 Mollusk Insect Spider Gill Siphons Movement ofwater Book lung Airflow Tracheal tubes Spiracles Invertebrate Respiratory Systems
- 8. Vertebrate respiratory systems •Chordates have one of two basic structures for respiration: – Gills – for aquatic chordates • Example: tunicates, fish and amphibians – Lungs - for terrestrial chordates • Examples: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
- 9. Aquatic Gills • Waterflows through the mouth then over the gills where oxygen is removed • Carbon dioxide and water are then pumped out through the operculum
- 10. Vertebrate lungs • Asyou move from amphibians to mammals the surface area of the lungs increases – Insures a greater amount of gas exchange (or a two way flow of air). • Birds, by contrast have lungs and air sacs which have only a one-way flow of air. – This allows for them to have constant contact with fresh air. – This adaptation enables them to fly at high altitudes where there is less oxygen.
- 11. Section 33-3 Salamander LizardPigeon Primate Nostrils, mouth, and throat Trachea Lung Air sac Vertebrate Lungs
- 12. Gas exchange byDiffusion • Some animals simply allow gases to diffuse through their skins.
- 13. Fick’s Law ofDiffusion • Gas exchange involves the diffusion of gases across a membrane • Rate of diffusion (R) is governed by Fick’s Law: • R = DA p d D= diffusion constant (size of molecule, membrane permeability, etc) A= area over which diffusion occurs p = pressure difference between sides of the membrane d = distance across which diffusion must occur
- 14. Fick’s Law ofDiffusion R = DA p d To maximize diffusion, R can be increased by: Increasing A (area over which diffusion occurs) Increasing p (pressure difference between sides of the membrane) Decreasing d (distance across which diffusion must occur) Evolutionary changes have occurred to maximize R
- 15. Figure 42.18 Therole of gas exchange in bioenergetics
- 16. GAS EXCHANGE in“Animals” • The part of the organism across which gases are exchanged with the environment is the respiratory surface • Must be moist –plasma membranes must be surrounded by water to be stable • Must be sufficiently large –maximize A in Fick’s Law
- 17. 1. Integument/skin –Protozoa – Annelids; Echinoderms - Dermal papulae - starfish 2. Gills – Mollusca – Fishes -Aquatic Insects and amphibians Mollusks - Monopectinate – Pila; Bipectinate – Freshwater mussel Crustacean (Prawn) – Arthrobranch, Pleurobranch & Podobranch Tracheal gills - aquatic insects Prochordates – Pharyngeal gills 3. Trachea - Insects 4. Lungs – Amphibian – Mammals (advanced in Aves) Diffusion lungs: Book lungs – Arachnids – Spiders & Scorpions Ventilating lungs: Inspirational type - mammals and birds Expirational – Amphibians & reptiles (except crocodiles) MAJOR RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES IN ANIMALS
- 18. OTHER TYPES 1. Swimbladder – air breathing fishes 2. Alimentary mucosa - fishes 3. Labyrinthine organ – wavy plates in fish operculum 4. Arborescent organ – respiratory trees operculum 5. Epipodite – Crustaceans – prawn – Y shaped respiratory filaments 6. Tracheal gills – Aquatic insects 7. Book gills – Limulus; Holothurians 8. Water lungs - Molluscans 9. Pulmonary chamber – empty sac lined with vascularized membranes within mantle cavity - gastropods
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- 21. The branchiostegite hasbeen cut to reveal the six podobranchs and the epipodites connected to them. The arthrobranchs are not visible as they lie beneath the podobranch. E, epipodite; F, filament; G, gill; S, Scaphognatite. Bar = 1 mm. ?
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- 26. Comparative Respiratory Systems • CellMembranes – in unicellular organisms – some simpler animals (sponges, cnidarians, flatworms)
- 27. Comparative Respiratory Systems Respiratorysurface = a single layer of epithelial cells separates outer respiratory medium (air or water) from the organism’s transport system (blood)
- 28. – Skin mustbe moist – organisms with flat or wormlike bodies so skin in sufficient surface area – or in frogs and some turtles to supplement respiration using lungs • Skin (cutaneous respiration)
- 29. • Specialized regionof body is folded and branched to provide large surface area • This maximizes A in Fick’s Law • Also decrease d by bringing the respiratory medium close to the internal fluid • Three such systems: – Gills (Aquatic organisms) – Trachea (insects) – Lungs (terrestrial vertebrates)
- 31. Diversity in thestructure of gills, external body surfaces in gas exchange
- 32. Gills • most aquaticorganisms • outfoldings of the body surface specialized for gas exchange • Water is the respiratory medium
- 33. Water as RespiratoryMedium • Respiratory surface always moist • Oxygen content of water is much less than that of air • denser medium so harder to ventilate
- 34. Ventilation • Any methodthat increases the flow of the respiratory medium across the respiratory surface • This maximizes p in Fick’s Law – By constantly have new air or new water with more oxygen
- 35. Ventilation • requires alot of energy to ventilate gills b/c water is denser than air • pumping operculum, ram ventilation Buccal cavity Operculum Gills Opercular cavity Oral valve Mouth opened, jaw lowered Water Mouth closed, operculum opened Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 36. Water flow Water flow Gill arch OperculumGills Gill filaments Gill filament Oxygen- deficient blood Oxygen- deficient blood Oxygen- rich blood Oxygen- rich blood Gill raker Blood flow Lamellae with capillary networks Water flow Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 37. Countercurrent Exchange • Enhancesgas exchange in the gills of fish • blood is continually loaded with O2 b/c it meets water with increasing O2 concentration – Increases p in Fick’s Law
- 38. Blood (0% O2 saturation)Water (15% O2 saturation) Blood (85% O2 saturation) Water (100% O2 saturation) Blood (50% O2 saturation) 60% Blood (0% O2 saturation) Water (100% O2 saturation) Water (50% O2 saturation) No further net diffusion 40% 30% 70% 20% 80% 10% 90% Countercurrent Exchange Concurrent Exchange 15% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 85% a. b. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 50% 50%
- 39. Air as respiratorymedium • Higher oxygen concentration • ventilation is easier b/c air is less dense • respiratory surface loses water to air by evaporation
- 40. Air as respiratorymedium • Solution… – fold respiratory surface inside the body
- 41. Trachea • Air tubesthat branch throughout the body • finest tubes (tracheoles) extend to nearly every cell in the body • gas diffuses across moist epithelium that lines the terminal ends
- 42. Figure 42.22 Trachealsystems
- 43. Trachea • Found ininsects • Open Circulatory system of insects is NOT involved in transporting gases • Ventilation – diffusion – body movements
- 44. Lungs • Localized inone area of body – circulatory system must transport gases
- 45. Section 33-3 Salamander LizardPigeon Primate Nostrils, mouth, and throat Trachea Lung Air sac Vertebrate Lungs
- 46. Lungs • Ventilation – Positivepressure breathing - frogs
- 47. Lungs Esophagus Air External nostril Buccal cavity Nostrils open Nostrils closed a. b. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Air
- 48. Lungs • Ventilation – Negativepressure breathing- mammals
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- 50. Expiration Inspiration Muscles contract Lungs Air Sternocleido- mastoid muscles contract (for forced inspiration) Diaphragm contracts Muscles relax Diaphragm relaxes a. b. Abdominal musclescontract (for forced expiration) Air Negative pressure breathing
- 51. Nasal cavity Nostril Larynx Trachea Right lungLeft lung Pharynx Left bronchus Glottis Diaphragm Pulmonary venule Pulmonary arteriole Blood flow Bronchiole Alveolar sac Alveoli Capillary network on surface of alveoli Smooth muscle Lungs
- 52. Section 37-3 Flowchart Oxygen and carbondioxide exchange at alveoli Oxygen-rich air from environment Bronchioles Nasal cavities Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Pharynx Nasal cavities Carbon dioxide-rich air to the environment Bronchi Trachea Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide In and Out of the Respiratory System
- 53. In the alveolus •The respiratory surface is made up of the alveoli and capillary walls. • The walls of the capillaries and the alveoli may share the same membrane.
- 54. Gas exchange • Airentering the lungs contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the blood that flows in the pulmonary capillaries.
- 55. Oxygen transport • Hemoglobin bindsto oxygen that diffuses into the blood stream.
- 56. Carbon dioxide transport •Carbon dioxide can dissolve in plasma, and about 70% forms bicarbonate ions. • Some carbon dioxide can bind to hemoglobin for transport.
- 57. Lungs • Ventilation – airsacs act as bellows in birds • air flows in one direction during both inhalation & exhalation
- 58. Anterior air sacs Posterior airsacs Parabronchi of lung Trachea Inspiration Expiration Inspiration Expiration Cycle 2 Cycle 1 Trachea Anterior air sacs Lung Posterior air sacs a. b. Lungs of Birds
- 59. Transport of Gases •Occurs in the circulatory system when needed
- 60. Transport of Gases •O2 is transported by respiratory pigments – hemoglobin on red blood cells or hemocyanin in the plasma
- 62. Transport of Gases •CO2 is transported by respiratory pigments and dissolved in the plasma and in red blood cells as bicarbonate ion (HCO3 -)