1) Ethoxysulfuron caused 100% inhibition of growth of Lemna gibba (duckweed) from day 0 to day 30 when residue levels were between 1820-10 μg/L in rice field water. Growth inhibition continued until day 50 when residues fell below detection levels.
2) Pigment content analysis showed a significant decrease in chlorophyll a, b, carotene, carotenoid and xanthophyll between day 0-50, indicating damage to photosynthesis.
3) From day 70-180, L. gibba showed gradual recovery of growth and complete recovery by day 180 as residues degraded, demonstrating reversible effects of prolonged exposure to ethoxysulfuron and its metabolites retaining the
Acute Toxicity of Lufenuron (Insecticide) on Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754)...IJERA Editor
In this study, lufenuron (insecticide) acute toxic effects on larvae of Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754) used in intensively cotton and corn farming in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was investigated by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible adverse effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. The study was carried out with 25 ± 2 oC in the laboratory and the test fish which an average weight of 1.36±0.5 g and average length 5.56±0.6 cm in aquariums by two replicates according to the static bioassay method. Data were analysed by log-logistic model statistical analysis method 24-h and 48-h LC50 values were calculated fish mortality in statistical analysis considering the observed acute toxic effects of the investigation lufenuron O. niloticus larvae 24-hour LC50 1.80±0.06 mgl-1 , while the 48-hour LC 50 value is calculated as LC50 1.77±0.04 mgl-1
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
Phytochemical Studies on Linum Usitatissimum Seeds and the Nanoformulation of...Editor IJCATR
The phytochemical investigation of Linum usitatissimum, family Linaceae, resulted in the separation and
identification of a lignane, 8–5' neolignan 1 (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-β-D-glucoside), in addition to
identification of many compounds by the GC/MS technique. The antimicrobial activities of hexane, methylene
chloride and butanol fractions were comparable to ampicillin. The activities against E. coli were 29.2%, 37.5%,
and 66.7%, respectively; against S. aureus were 45.4%, 36.4% and 63.6%, respectively, and against C. albicans
were 26.9%, 46.1% and 73.1%, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed by ABTS method. It decreased
in the following order: ascorbic acid > butanol fraction > methylene chloride fraction > hexane fraction. The
cytotoxicity against HePG2 was found to be “moderate” for butanol and methylene chloride fractions, and
“weak” for the hexane fraction. The cytotoxicity against MCF-7 was found to be “strong” for butanol fraction,
and “weak” for both hexane and methylene chloride fractions. The lignane-rich subfraction, Lu 3d was
incorporated into pluronic nano-micelles using nanoprecipitation technique through a modified procedure.
The physicochemical characteristics of the developed Lu 3d-loaded nano-micelles such as particle size,
potential and morphology were determined using DLS and HR-TEM. The average diameters of the prepared
plain and Lu 3d-loaded pluronic nano-micelles were found to be 207 ± 12 and 225 ± 18 nm, respectively. The
encapsulation of Lu 3d into nano-sized particles has enhanced their aqueous dissolution and consequently
improved their bioavailability. Nanoformulation of Lu 3d led also to a stable colloidal dispersion with a strong
green color, indicating its homogenous distribution in the aqueous medium at a significantly higher
concentration than that obtained using other solvents.
Acute Toxicity of Fluazifop-P-Butyl (Herbicide) on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820)IJERA Editor
In this research, fluazifop-p-butyl (herbicide) acute toxic effects on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera, Crustacea) widely used in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was researched by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible negative effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. In this study, methods of bioassay test which called static method has been applied. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions at 20±2 oC. The results has been estimated with the dose-response data were fitted a loglogistic model. The 24-h and 48-h acute LC50 values were calculated. According to the results, acute toxic effects researched fluazifop-p-butyl the LC50 acute toxic lethal concentration values for D. magna were calculated (95% confidence limits 7.46–9.52 mgl-1 ) 24-h LC50 8.78 mgl-1 and (95% confidence limits 4.32–4.95 mgl-1 ) 48-h LC50 4.63 mgl-1
Phytochemical Screening and Gc-Ms Analysis of Garudan Samba Traditional Rice ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Garudan Samba, an important Traditional variety of Tamil Nadu was investigated for its phytochemical screening and GCMS study. The brown rice was extracted using ethanol. The results obtained after GCMS studies were confirmed by spectral analysis. The analysis of the ethanol extract showed the presence of n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, and Oleic acid, as major constituents of the total compounds (76.33%), which have the capacity to prevent many health related disorders. It also contained the medicinally important compounds like Caryophyllene, Ethyl Oleate, Squalene, γ-Tocopherol, Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)-, and phyto sterols like Campesterol, Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol. Hence, Garudan samba may be considered as one of the important Traditional variety with high level of medicinally important phytoconstituents.
Evaluation of fungicides and biological agents for the management of mango an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Mango is an important fruit crop in area and production in Gujarat also, where it is cultivated over an area of about 130.1 thousand hectares with annual production of 911.3 thousand tones with productivity of 7.01 tones/ha. Its plantation has become quite popular in the districts of Valsad, Junagadh, Navsari, Kutch, Surat, Amreli and Bhavnagar because of favourable agro-climate condition. Mango is affected by number of diseases at all the stages of its development right from plant in nursery to the fruit in storage or transit. Mango is prone to many fungal diseases like Anthracnose, Rhizopus rot, Stem end rot, Penicillum rot, Black mould rot, Mucor rot, Phyllosticta rot, Pestalotiopsis rot, Macrophoma rot and powdery mildew, leading to heavy loss in yield. Among these diseases, anthracnose is the major disease of mango as it occurs at all the growing parts including leaves, twigs, flowers, fruits except root and trunk throughout the year. Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld and H Schrenk (anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)) appear to be more severe causing devastation of mango fruits during grading, packing, transportation, storage and marketing (Pathak, 1980).
Acute Toxicity of Lufenuron (Insecticide) on Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754)...IJERA Editor
In this study, lufenuron (insecticide) acute toxic effects on larvae of Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754) used in intensively cotton and corn farming in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was investigated by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible adverse effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. The study was carried out with 25 ± 2 oC in the laboratory and the test fish which an average weight of 1.36±0.5 g and average length 5.56±0.6 cm in aquariums by two replicates according to the static bioassay method. Data were analysed by log-logistic model statistical analysis method 24-h and 48-h LC50 values were calculated fish mortality in statistical analysis considering the observed acute toxic effects of the investigation lufenuron O. niloticus larvae 24-hour LC50 1.80±0.06 mgl-1 , while the 48-hour LC 50 value is calculated as LC50 1.77±0.04 mgl-1
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
Phytochemical Studies on Linum Usitatissimum Seeds and the Nanoformulation of...Editor IJCATR
The phytochemical investigation of Linum usitatissimum, family Linaceae, resulted in the separation and
identification of a lignane, 8–5' neolignan 1 (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-β-D-glucoside), in addition to
identification of many compounds by the GC/MS technique. The antimicrobial activities of hexane, methylene
chloride and butanol fractions were comparable to ampicillin. The activities against E. coli were 29.2%, 37.5%,
and 66.7%, respectively; against S. aureus were 45.4%, 36.4% and 63.6%, respectively, and against C. albicans
were 26.9%, 46.1% and 73.1%, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed by ABTS method. It decreased
in the following order: ascorbic acid > butanol fraction > methylene chloride fraction > hexane fraction. The
cytotoxicity against HePG2 was found to be “moderate” for butanol and methylene chloride fractions, and
“weak” for the hexane fraction. The cytotoxicity against MCF-7 was found to be “strong” for butanol fraction,
and “weak” for both hexane and methylene chloride fractions. The lignane-rich subfraction, Lu 3d was
incorporated into pluronic nano-micelles using nanoprecipitation technique through a modified procedure.
The physicochemical characteristics of the developed Lu 3d-loaded nano-micelles such as particle size,
potential and morphology were determined using DLS and HR-TEM. The average diameters of the prepared
plain and Lu 3d-loaded pluronic nano-micelles were found to be 207 ± 12 and 225 ± 18 nm, respectively. The
encapsulation of Lu 3d into nano-sized particles has enhanced their aqueous dissolution and consequently
improved their bioavailability. Nanoformulation of Lu 3d led also to a stable colloidal dispersion with a strong
green color, indicating its homogenous distribution in the aqueous medium at a significantly higher
concentration than that obtained using other solvents.
Acute Toxicity of Fluazifop-P-Butyl (Herbicide) on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820)IJERA Editor
In this research, fluazifop-p-butyl (herbicide) acute toxic effects on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera, Crustacea) widely used in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was researched by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible negative effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. In this study, methods of bioassay test which called static method has been applied. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions at 20±2 oC. The results has been estimated with the dose-response data were fitted a loglogistic model. The 24-h and 48-h acute LC50 values were calculated. According to the results, acute toxic effects researched fluazifop-p-butyl the LC50 acute toxic lethal concentration values for D. magna were calculated (95% confidence limits 7.46–9.52 mgl-1 ) 24-h LC50 8.78 mgl-1 and (95% confidence limits 4.32–4.95 mgl-1 ) 48-h LC50 4.63 mgl-1
Phytochemical Screening and Gc-Ms Analysis of Garudan Samba Traditional Rice ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Garudan Samba, an important Traditional variety of Tamil Nadu was investigated for its phytochemical screening and GCMS study. The brown rice was extracted using ethanol. The results obtained after GCMS studies were confirmed by spectral analysis. The analysis of the ethanol extract showed the presence of n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, and Oleic acid, as major constituents of the total compounds (76.33%), which have the capacity to prevent many health related disorders. It also contained the medicinally important compounds like Caryophyllene, Ethyl Oleate, Squalene, γ-Tocopherol, Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)-, and phyto sterols like Campesterol, Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol. Hence, Garudan samba may be considered as one of the important Traditional variety with high level of medicinally important phytoconstituents.
Evaluation of fungicides and biological agents for the management of mango an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Mango is an important fruit crop in area and production in Gujarat also, where it is cultivated over an area of about 130.1 thousand hectares with annual production of 911.3 thousand tones with productivity of 7.01 tones/ha. Its plantation has become quite popular in the districts of Valsad, Junagadh, Navsari, Kutch, Surat, Amreli and Bhavnagar because of favourable agro-climate condition. Mango is affected by number of diseases at all the stages of its development right from plant in nursery to the fruit in storage or transit. Mango is prone to many fungal diseases like Anthracnose, Rhizopus rot, Stem end rot, Penicillum rot, Black mould rot, Mucor rot, Phyllosticta rot, Pestalotiopsis rot, Macrophoma rot and powdery mildew, leading to heavy loss in yield. Among these diseases, anthracnose is the major disease of mango as it occurs at all the growing parts including leaves, twigs, flowers, fruits except root and trunk throughout the year. Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld and H Schrenk (anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)) appear to be more severe causing devastation of mango fruits during grading, packing, transportation, storage and marketing (Pathak, 1980).
Sulfentrazone and Flumetsulam herbicides caused DNA damage and Instability in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Boral 500® (sulfentrazone as active ingredient) and Scorpion® (flumetsulam as active ingredient) are herbicides widely used in Brazil´s soybean crops. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classificated them as non-carcinogenic and no mutagenic, but literature shows that often this classification is misguided. Allium cepa assay was chosen to evaluate these herbicides, once it analyzes the frequency of micronuclei (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and the mitotic index (MI). Four concentrations of each herbicide (50, 75, 100 and 125 %) were tested in triplicate using distilled water (negative control) and methyl methanesulfonate (positive control) as controls. Three experimental repetitions were realized. Boral 500® showed a higher MI in all concentrations, and higher CA and MN in the 75%, 100% and 125% concentration, with no recovery. Scorpion® showed a higher MI, CA and MN in 100% and 125% concentration, with recovery only for MI and CA. Both herbicides showed mutagenic damage and increased proliferative capacity in Allium cepa. So on, these herbicides should be revaluated as mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for responsible agencies.
Effect of Temperature and Moisture on Degradation of Herbicide Atrazine in Ag...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Degradation rate and degraded products, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and atrazine-2-hydroxy (HA), of herbicide atrazine in agricultural soil were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. When treating soils for 60d at 25°C, the degradation rate of atrazine increased with the moisture from 5 to 20%. The degradation was fitted one-order kinetic equation and degradation rate constant (k) and Half-life (T1/2) were obtained. T1/2 decreased by 3–4 folds with the increasing temperature from 5 to 35°C and moisture from 5 to 20%. The species and content of the degraded products increased with the temperature and moisture. When treating soil for 60d, the sum content of three degraded products, DEA, DIA and HA is 3–6.8 times greater than atrazine residue. An updated metabolism pathway of atrazine in soil was presented.
Bioadsorption is a form of environmental clean-up which involves the use of plant biomass. In the present study, the seedling of Guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] were treated with various concentrations of match and plate making industrial effluents (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%). Both the effluents cause stress to the plant. The effluents caused a drastic reduction in morphometric, pigment and other biochemical characters. But same effluents after seaweed treatment have bought about considerable increase in morphometric and biochemical characteristics of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Seaweed dry powder used in this study is found to be nullifying the toxicity of the effluents. From this investigation, it is clear that the naturally occurring green macro algae possess an excellent adsorption capacity.
Article Citation:
Selvaraj K, Sevugaperumal R and Ramasubramanian V.
Bioadsorbent: To clean industrial effluents by seaweeds.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(1): 167-176.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0045.pdf
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED ...ijabjournal
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
Quantitative Determination of Deltamethrin in Milk, Blood and Urine of Domest...IOSR Journals
Deltamethrin among pyrethroids is used as an insecticide on different vegetables. Grass of sprayed field was provided to the domestic animals as a food. In order to determine deltamethrin quantitatively, animal samples like milk, blood and urine were extracted with n-hexane, partitioned and anhydrous Na2SO4 was added to the acetonitrile layer to remove the water contents. Silica gel column was used to cleanup deltamethrin with n-hexane and diethyl ether as a mobile phase. The column fractions were concentrated to 5 ml using rotary evaporator and analyzed using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID).Deltamethrin solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.5-to 2.5-μg/ ml were used as calibration standards. The solution at 1.0μg/ml is used to confirm the claimed limit of detection (LOD).
Potential of Secondary Metabolites Isolated From Clausena dentata in Endosulf...iosrjce
In recent times the usage of plant secondary metabolites for degradation of pesticide is cheaper and
safer to environment. The present paper mainly focused on isolation of secondary metabolites from Clausena
dentata and its degradation potential of endosulfan pesticide. The significant degradation was found in
saponins for both 1000 and 2000 µg/ml concentration of endosulfan with 1 and 2 ml of secondary metabolites
with corresponding P value =< 0.0001. Amongst all secondary metabolites the saponins and terpenoids are
degrade endosulfan efficiently.
Analytical method validation@ american chemical society@ sudeb mandalDr Sudeb Mandal
Analytical Method Validation for the Determination of
Meptyldinocap As 2,4-Dinitrooctylphenol Metabolite in Mango
and Soil Using LC-MS/MS and Dissipation Study of the
Fungicide in Indian Mango Field Ecosystem
Chemical Composition And Acridicid Properties Of The Moroccan Tanacetum Annuu...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Optimization of insecticidal potency of composites of aqueous, acetone, and e...IJEABJ
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of composites of extracts of Piper guineense seed on Callosobruchus maculatus using the mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM).Callosobruchus maculatus damages stored legumes and grains resulting in huge agronomic and economic losses. Synthetic chemical insecticides is currently in useto check the wastage despite their known toxicity to man and the environment. Efforts to find alternatives to chemical synthetic insecticides has spotted Piper guineenseas a promising alternative candidate but less work has been done on its preparation and formulation for optimum activity. Fresh Piper guineenseberry was harvested from Essien Udim Local Government Area, of Akwa Ibom State, it was dried in the sun to moisture content of about 14% and ground to pass through 100 mesh sieve. The ground seed was extracted with ethanol and concentrated to obtain a slurry. Single blends of aqueous, ethanolic, acetone extracts of Piper guineense seed showed increasing insecticidal potency on the testinsect than binary blends.The model of dead insect was significant (R2=0.9931, Mean=68.69), bean damage was significant (R2=09786, Mean 63.46). Optimization analysis of experimental data revealed that 0.09, 0.437, 0.473 proportions of aqueous, ethanolic, and acetone extracts of Piper guineense seed respectively produced 95% and 31% dead insects and bean damage respectively at a desirability level of 76.80%.Result of the study shows that composites extracts of Piper guineense seeds could be a useful controller of stored maize.
Isolation and Growth Kinetic Studies Of Bacillus Methylotrophicus P10 & P11 ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
The herbicide residue from intensive agricultural
activity provokes environmental disturbances and human health injuries. Among the enzymatic disruptor herbicides, mesotrione is able to inhibit 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), which plays a key role in the carotenoid synthesis. Therefore, enzyme-based sensors are innovative options for monitoring herbicides used in agriculture.
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Thermo luminescence Dating of Quartz Sediments Extracted from the Terraces of...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Sulfentrazone and Flumetsulam herbicides caused DNA damage and Instability in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Boral 500® (sulfentrazone as active ingredient) and Scorpion® (flumetsulam as active ingredient) are herbicides widely used in Brazil´s soybean crops. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classificated them as non-carcinogenic and no mutagenic, but literature shows that often this classification is misguided. Allium cepa assay was chosen to evaluate these herbicides, once it analyzes the frequency of micronuclei (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and the mitotic index (MI). Four concentrations of each herbicide (50, 75, 100 and 125 %) were tested in triplicate using distilled water (negative control) and methyl methanesulfonate (positive control) as controls. Three experimental repetitions were realized. Boral 500® showed a higher MI in all concentrations, and higher CA and MN in the 75%, 100% and 125% concentration, with no recovery. Scorpion® showed a higher MI, CA and MN in 100% and 125% concentration, with recovery only for MI and CA. Both herbicides showed mutagenic damage and increased proliferative capacity in Allium cepa. So on, these herbicides should be revaluated as mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for responsible agencies.
Effect of Temperature and Moisture on Degradation of Herbicide Atrazine in Ag...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Degradation rate and degraded products, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and atrazine-2-hydroxy (HA), of herbicide atrazine in agricultural soil were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. When treating soils for 60d at 25°C, the degradation rate of atrazine increased with the moisture from 5 to 20%. The degradation was fitted one-order kinetic equation and degradation rate constant (k) and Half-life (T1/2) were obtained. T1/2 decreased by 3–4 folds with the increasing temperature from 5 to 35°C and moisture from 5 to 20%. The species and content of the degraded products increased with the temperature and moisture. When treating soil for 60d, the sum content of three degraded products, DEA, DIA and HA is 3–6.8 times greater than atrazine residue. An updated metabolism pathway of atrazine in soil was presented.
Bioadsorption is a form of environmental clean-up which involves the use of plant biomass. In the present study, the seedling of Guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] were treated with various concentrations of match and plate making industrial effluents (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%). Both the effluents cause stress to the plant. The effluents caused a drastic reduction in morphometric, pigment and other biochemical characters. But same effluents after seaweed treatment have bought about considerable increase in morphometric and biochemical characteristics of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Seaweed dry powder used in this study is found to be nullifying the toxicity of the effluents. From this investigation, it is clear that the naturally occurring green macro algae possess an excellent adsorption capacity.
Article Citation:
Selvaraj K, Sevugaperumal R and Ramasubramanian V.
Bioadsorbent: To clean industrial effluents by seaweeds.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(1): 167-176.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0045.pdf
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED ...ijabjournal
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
Quantitative Determination of Deltamethrin in Milk, Blood and Urine of Domest...IOSR Journals
Deltamethrin among pyrethroids is used as an insecticide on different vegetables. Grass of sprayed field was provided to the domestic animals as a food. In order to determine deltamethrin quantitatively, animal samples like milk, blood and urine were extracted with n-hexane, partitioned and anhydrous Na2SO4 was added to the acetonitrile layer to remove the water contents. Silica gel column was used to cleanup deltamethrin with n-hexane and diethyl ether as a mobile phase. The column fractions were concentrated to 5 ml using rotary evaporator and analyzed using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID).Deltamethrin solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.5-to 2.5-μg/ ml were used as calibration standards. The solution at 1.0μg/ml is used to confirm the claimed limit of detection (LOD).
Potential of Secondary Metabolites Isolated From Clausena dentata in Endosulf...iosrjce
In recent times the usage of plant secondary metabolites for degradation of pesticide is cheaper and
safer to environment. The present paper mainly focused on isolation of secondary metabolites from Clausena
dentata and its degradation potential of endosulfan pesticide. The significant degradation was found in
saponins for both 1000 and 2000 µg/ml concentration of endosulfan with 1 and 2 ml of secondary metabolites
with corresponding P value =< 0.0001. Amongst all secondary metabolites the saponins and terpenoids are
degrade endosulfan efficiently.
Analytical method validation@ american chemical society@ sudeb mandalDr Sudeb Mandal
Analytical Method Validation for the Determination of
Meptyldinocap As 2,4-Dinitrooctylphenol Metabolite in Mango
and Soil Using LC-MS/MS and Dissipation Study of the
Fungicide in Indian Mango Field Ecosystem
Chemical Composition And Acridicid Properties Of The Moroccan Tanacetum Annuu...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Optimization of insecticidal potency of composites of aqueous, acetone, and e...IJEABJ
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of composites of extracts of Piper guineense seed on Callosobruchus maculatus using the mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM).Callosobruchus maculatus damages stored legumes and grains resulting in huge agronomic and economic losses. Synthetic chemical insecticides is currently in useto check the wastage despite their known toxicity to man and the environment. Efforts to find alternatives to chemical synthetic insecticides has spotted Piper guineenseas a promising alternative candidate but less work has been done on its preparation and formulation for optimum activity. Fresh Piper guineenseberry was harvested from Essien Udim Local Government Area, of Akwa Ibom State, it was dried in the sun to moisture content of about 14% and ground to pass through 100 mesh sieve. The ground seed was extracted with ethanol and concentrated to obtain a slurry. Single blends of aqueous, ethanolic, acetone extracts of Piper guineense seed showed increasing insecticidal potency on the testinsect than binary blends.The model of dead insect was significant (R2=0.9931, Mean=68.69), bean damage was significant (R2=09786, Mean 63.46). Optimization analysis of experimental data revealed that 0.09, 0.437, 0.473 proportions of aqueous, ethanolic, and acetone extracts of Piper guineense seed respectively produced 95% and 31% dead insects and bean damage respectively at a desirability level of 76.80%.Result of the study shows that composites extracts of Piper guineense seeds could be a useful controller of stored maize.
Isolation and Growth Kinetic Studies Of Bacillus Methylotrophicus P10 & P11 ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
The herbicide residue from intensive agricultural
activity provokes environmental disturbances and human health injuries. Among the enzymatic disruptor herbicides, mesotrione is able to inhibit 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), which plays a key role in the carotenoid synthesis. Therefore, enzyme-based sensors are innovative options for monitoring herbicides used in agriculture.
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Thermo luminescence Dating of Quartz Sediments Extracted from the Terraces of...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Brief Survey on Robust Video Watermarking Techniquestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Modelling Of Underground Cables for High Voltage Transmissiontheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Tensile test of a strand with 2 broken wires artificially damaged and life pr...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Model-Driven Context-Aware Approach to Software Configuration Management: A F...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Studies on Material and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Com...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Metsulfuron Methyl - Effect On Soil Microfloratheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Particle Swarm Optimization based Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Sys...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Highway Surface Drainage System & Problems of Water Logging In Road Sectiontheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Mechanical behavior and statistical study of aluminum wires belonging to low ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Single Machine Power Network Load Frequency Control Using T-S Fuzzy Based Rob...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Study of Damage to ABS Specimens Submitted To Uniaxial Loadingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Forecasting Wheat Price Using Backpropagation And NARX Neural Networktheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Microbiological Quality of Malaysian Heritage Food ('Satar') Sold In Marang a...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Design and Implementation of monitoring LAN user wirelessly by Android mobile...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Toxicity and Effect of Cypermethrin onTotal Protein and Nucleic Acid Content ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Effect of cypermethrin (25%EC) on total protein and nucleic acid content in different tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala was assessed by static renewal bioassay, using different sub-lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% of 96h LC 50) for 5, 10 and 15 days duration. There was a gradual decrease in protein content in all the tissues under sub-lethal concentrations at all exposure periods with maximum percentage of depletion (45.26%) in muscle and minimum (35.12%) in kidney at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. DNA and RNA contents were not altered much by cypermethrin at 5 th day which later gradually decreased with increased exposure period. Decrement in DNA content is less in muscle when compared to the other tissues. Maximum percentage of depletion in DNA was (17.17%) in liver and minimum (13.94%) in muscle at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. RNA content decreased significantly in liver (29.90%), muscle (25.53%), brain (23.38%), kidney (21.82%) and gill (20.34%). This decrease was comparatively higher at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. Influence of cypermethrin was found to be time and exposure dependent for both the nucleic acids in the aquaculture practices used edible fish.
Effect of Earthworms on Distillery Effluent Treatment through VermifiltrationIJERA Editor
Distillery is an important sub-unit of sugar production industry. Distillery wastewater generated from different
stages of sugar and ethanol production contains huge amount of pollutants that are very harmful to the
environment if released without proper treatment. The present paper describes the application of vermiculture
based wastewater technology with the primary objective of converting liquid effluent into eco-friendly safe
water. Vermifiltration of wastewater using waste eater earthworms is a newly conceived novel technology. The
BOD, COD, TSS and TDS decreased by 90%, 94%, 88% and 82% respectively through vermifiltration.
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB)ijcsity
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Biology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Biological sciences and applications.
Twice repeated experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions to investigate the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus L. shoot (stem + branch) and leaf, at 0, 5, 10 and 15 g L-1 (w/v) concentrations on maize (Zea mays L.) seed germination, seedling growth (shoot and root length) and biomass production. The treatments were laid out in completely randomized design with the factorial arrangement in four replications. Result indicated that the highest germination percentage (98.75%) was recorded from control whereas the lowest (43.75 %) was from stem extract at15 g L-1 concentration level. Similar trend was also observed by leaf extract. Root and shoot length of maize crop was reduced by 91.4 % and 70.8% by 85.6 and 35.8% leaf extracts and stem extracts respectively hence the roots were more sensitive to allelopathic effect than shoot. Extract of both leaf and stem at 15 g L-1 strongly reduced fresh and dry biomass of the maize seedling. The highest (100,100 %) tolerance index was recorded from control whereas, the lowest (8.62, 14.74%) was recorded from leaf and stem extract at 15 g L-1 concentration level respectively. Leaf aqueous extract showed more phytotoxic effect (91.37 %) than stem extracts (85.25) at 15 g L-1 whereas was the minimum recorded in control (0.0%). 15 g L-1 minimum value of vigor index (200, 539.2) and higher inhibition potentials (62.5 and 55.78%) were recorded from leaf and stem respectively. therefore allelopathic effect by the parthenium extracts is concentration-dependent manner. Leaf extract had shown highest inhibition potential followed by the stem.
Determination of Free Radical Scavenging Activity in Some Economic Bivalve Sp...AI Publications
In this study, free radical scavenging activity, alpha tocopherol and total carotenoid contents of extracts of Mytilus galloprovincialis, Ruditapes philipinarum, Donax trunculus and Chamelea gallina bivalve species collected from Denizkent in the Marmara Sea are determined. As a result of the monthly samplings, the amount of alpha tocopherol is quite high in all species, whereas the total amount of carotenoids is highest in Donax trunculus (2435 µg/g), then in Mytilus galloprovincialis (2189.6 µg/g), and in the other two species parallel results are obtained. When the free radical scavenging activity is evaluated, on average, Ruditapes philipinarum (22.8%) is the highest, Mytilus galloprovincialis (16.75%) and Chamelea gallina (17.98%) are close to each other, 11% in Donax trunculus, it has been determined that 85. In addition, other parameters obtained in this study were examined by considering statistical evaluations
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Toxicity Studies of Aqueous-Methanol Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper f...Scientific Review SR
Traditional medicine still remains the main recourse for a large majority of people for treating health problems in African. Therefore, the aim of this work is to assess the toxicological effect of the fresh ripe fruits using two solvents for extraction. The toxicological evaluation of aqueous-methanol extract of Dennettia tripetala fresh ripe fruits at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight for 14 days on some biochemical parameters in wistar rats was investigated. The extract at all the doses tested show non-significant (p > 0.05) increase from the control in ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, albumin, direct bilirubin, creatinine, Na+ and K+, while the level of total bilirubin and urea show significant (p < 0.05) increase from the control at 400mg/kg body weight. The levels of SOD, GPx, GST, and GSH in the serum were significantly (p < 0.05) decrease in the treated rats at 200 and 400mg/kg body weight, whereas the level of MDA and CAT showed non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in all the animals. The results of this finding indicated that the aqueous-methanol extract may not have serious effect on the liver and the kidney at 100 mg/kg b.d., but may be toxic at high doses as observed in the acute toxicity, sub-acute results and antioxidant parameters where it shows a dose-specific effects.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
Tea (Camellia sinensis) Waste for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Diminution of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions by tea waste biomass was examined in a batch experimental setup. Waste tea powder, obtained from University canteen, S.V. University, Tirupati, India has been used as an effective material for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the adsorbent was studied using SEM micrograph and Fourier Transform Infrared spectral analysis. From the FTIR spectrum it is observed that the change in peak position at 3390 cm−1 in the spectrum of the Phorate and Malathion loaded tea powder indicates the binding of these pesticides with hydroxyl groups. The working solutions of the pesticides are in the range of 0.1µg – 1.0µg for Malathion and 0.05µg – 0.5µg for phorate. It was observed that percentage adsorption increased with pH of the liquid phase and reached an optimum value of 95 % for Malathion and 94 % for phorate at pH 7.4 ± 0.2 and pH 7.5 ± 0.2, respectively. The dosage of the adsorbent had showed considerable effect on the adsorption of Malathion and Phorate.
INVESTIGATION OF IN-VITRO ANTHELMINTIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ARTABOTRYS...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The methanolic extract of bark of Artabotrys hexapetalus were investigated for in-vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bio-assay. The crude methanolic extract showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 7.688 μg/ml) comparing with that of standard vincristine (0.839 μg/ml). The other study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity where albendazole was used as reference standard. Methanolic extract of barks (50 mg/ml) caused paralysis of the worms at 68.33 minutes and death at 84.0 minutes while albendazole (positive control) paralyzed and killed the worms at 17 minutes and 48 minutes respectively at the concentration of 10 mg/ml. The study confirms the significant anthelmintic activities of bark extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus and therefore demands the isolation of active principles through bioassay.
Antifungal activity of lichen extracts and usnic acid for controlling the sap...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Aquatic oomycetous fungi often cause serious damage to fresh water fishes. Antifungal activity of acetone extracts of three fruticose lichens namely, Cladonia amaurocraea, Cladonia rangiferina and Usnea longissima were investigated against three pathogenic oomycete fungi which can cause serious saprolegniasis: Saprolegnia parasitica, Achlya bisexualis and Pythium sp.. Usnic acid was also examined for antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration of usnic acid and lichen extracts for the tested fungi Saprolegnia parasitica and Achlya bisexualis were 2 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1 respectively. The higher concentration was needed to inhibit mycelial growth of Pythium sp.. The result suggests that the potential of using usnic acid and lichen extracts for controlling the saprolegniasis.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
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Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
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Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from Damage after Prolonged Exposure under Rice Cropping Conditions
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 4 || Pages || PP.17-22 || 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 17
Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from
Damage after Prolonged Exposure under Rice Cropping
Conditions
Rathinasamy RajaRajeswari1
and Atmakuru Ramesh2*
1,2
Department of Analytical Chemistry, International Institute of Bio-technology and Toxicology (IIBAT),
Padappai 601 301, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India.
--------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------
The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the herbicide, ethoxysulfuron on the growth of
Lemna gibba under rice field cropping conditions. During the course of the study, Lemna frond number was
decreased from day 0 (1820 µg/L ethoxysulfuron) to day 30 (10 µg/L) resulting in 100% inhibition of growth.
The decline in growth continued till day 50, at below the detectable level of residues, symptoms (chlorosis) of
ethoxysulfuron toxicity were confirmed by pigment content analysis and toxicity index values. A significant
decrease in the pigment content was observed between day 0 and day 50. From day 70, there was a consequent
growth recovery and complete recovery on day 180. Our findings indicated that ethoxysulfuron and its
metabolites retaining the sulfonylurea group was highly toxic to L. gibba, however, the effects are reversible
after prolonged exposure due to the degradation of the metabolites.
Keywords - ethoxysulfuron, Lemna gibba, toxicity index value, pigment content
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 21-March-2015 Date of Accepted: 05-April-2015
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Sulfonylureas are a family of environment friendly herbicides and only require a small quantity to kill
weeds, commonly used in rice and cereals as a post-emergence. Sulfonylureas are extensively used in paddy
fields and there is a potential risk of contaminating the environment, particularly nearby terrestrial habitats or
aquatic ecosystems that can be contaminated by drift or runoff [1]. A determination of the potential impacts of
herbicides on primary producers and an assessment of their environmental risks was established in the late
1990s [2]. Determining injury caused to aquatic plant either by herbicide residues or in the form of a
metabolite/breakdown product in the environment is a critical issue and is limited by analytical sensitivity,
hence biological indicators are preferred. In an earlier study, we evaluated the effect of pretilachlor residues in
water and soil under rice field and their influence on aquatic species using Lemna gibba (duck weed) as a
biological indicator [3].
The growth and reproduction of Lemna species (Duck weed) is faster than other vascular plants in
aquatic phytotoxicity assessment tests. Consequently, L. gibba, a relatively new bio-indicator species [4, 5] is
commonly used in phytotoxicity tests due to its small size, high reproductive rate, ease of cultivation, and ease
of growth measurement without using any specialized instruments [6]. The importance of duckweed as sensitive
indicator of water quality as well as the biological parameters in the reliable ecotoxicological assessment of
industrial effluent [7]. The toxic symptoms of herbicides have been assessed by using pigment content analysis
in L. gibba [8].
Upon literature search, we found that a study related to the effect of herbicides on Lemna species under
rice field condition is limited. With this background, the present study was initiated. The aim of the present
study was to determine the impact of the herbicide, ethoxysulfuron on the growth of the duck weed, Lemna
gibba under rice field cropping conditions. The toxicity index and effects on pigment content were also studied.
2. Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 18
II. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1. Materials
The reference standard of ethoxysulfuron (purity 99.7%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis,
USA. Ethoxysulfuron formulation (15% water dispersible granule) was purchased from local vendors, and both
were used for this study.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile, acetone, dichloromethane,
methanol, hydrochloric acid, silica gel, sodium sulfate, and orthophosphoric acid were obtained from Merck
India Limited. Distilled water was purified using a milli-Q apparatus (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
Econofilter 0.2µm Polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) filter was supplied by Agilent technologies, USA. Lemna
gibba culture was obtained from BASF, Germany and maintained in the Department of Ecotoxicology,
International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT), Padappai, Tamil Nadu, India.
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.2.1. Persistence study
Ethoxysulfuron residues in paddy water under field cropping conditions were investigated by applying
the recommended dosage of 120 g active ingredient/hectare (a.i. /ha). The variety of rice seeds used was ADT-
43, and it was spread over three plots (10 m2
each) on an IIBAT agricultural farm in Padappai. The age of the
rice crop at the time of herbicide application was 10 days after transplanting. The required water level was
maintained by frequent irrigation for upto 180 days. During the experimental period, the water temperature and
the intensity of sunlight were measured.
2.2.2. Instrumentation
The HPLC method for the determination of residue concentration showed an acceptable recovery 90–
110% in the water sample by fortifying two different concentrations of ethoxysulfuron at 100 and 10 µg/L. We
established the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of ethoxysulfuron as 10 µg/L.
Triplicate water samples were collected on day 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 50, 70, 100, 120, 150 and 180. Samples were
analyzed for residue by HPLC, and breakdown products were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometer/Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). On each occasion, aliquots of collected samples were filtered
using a 0.2µm PTFE filter and stored in amber-colored vials at <5 °C until analysis.
2.2.3. Test procedure for Lemna gibba sudy
On each sampling occasion, an aliquot of 160-mL water sample was collected in a 500 ml beaker from
the rice field water treated with ethoxysulfuron. The untreated sample (control) and treated samples were
inoculated with an equal number of L. gibba plants (10 fronds) from a 7-day-old preculture under aseptic
conditions in triplicates. The test was terminated 7 days after transferring the plants into the test vessels. On
each occasion, the number of Lemna fronds of treated samples and controls were recorded and the percentage
inhibition of yield was calculated. The percentage inhibition of yield (% Iy) at the test concentration was
calculated using the following equation: % Iy = [(Yc -Yt)/Yc] × 100, where Iy is the percentage inhibition of yield
based on frond numbers, Yc is the mean value for yield in the control, and Yt is the mean value for yield in the
treatment group.
2.2.4. Toxicity Index
The following formula was used to calculate the toxicity index (TI) : TI value = concentration of
ethoxysulfuron in different occasional samples / Effective concentration (50% growth inhibition) (EC50 - 0.24
µg/L) value of ethoxysulfuron, where TI values >1.0 indicate probable toxicity to aquatic plants; TI values > 0.5
indicate potential toxicity to aquatic plants; and TI values >0.1 indicate limited toxicity [9].
2.2.5. Test procedure for Pigment content analysis
For the pigment content analysis, about 200 mg of plant sample was weighed and homogenized in 10
mL of 95% methanol using mortar and pestle. The homogenate was filtered through Whatman filter paper #41,
and the absorbance of the filtered solution was measured at different wavelengths of 666, 653, 470 and 436 nm
(Ultra Violet -Visible Spectrophotometer, Shimadzu) for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoid, and
carotene content, respectively. The quantities of pigments were calculated according to the formula using
different solvents, i.e., acetone, methanol, and diethyl ether [10].
3. Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 19
2.2.6. Statistical Analysis
Data were compared using Student’s t-test at an alpha level of 0.05 to determine the significant
difference between treated and control samples. The SAS 9.3 software was used for statistical analysis. Each
data point represents the average of three replicates (n=3), unless stated otherwise.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Persistence Study
The herbicide residue in field water was determined on day 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 were 1820 µg/L (day 0),
1440 µg/L (day 5), 921 µg/L (day 10), 453 µg/L (day 15), and 10 µg/L (day 30). The presence of
ethoxysulfuron residues by day 50 was below the detection level. The use of the analytical technique for residue
concentration was very difficult below the quantification level. A biological system, viz., Lemna gibba, was
employed to investigate the effects of the low levels of the residues.
3.2. Estimation of percentage Inhibition of growth and yield on Lemna gibba
The potential impact of ethoxysulfuron residue after day 30 was confirmed using the Lemna growth
inhibition test. During the experimental period, the temperature in the test medium was 27.8–41.6 °C, and the
light intensity was recorded with the range of 45,000–60,000 lux under direct sunlight. Ethoxysulfuron caused
maximum inhibition (100%) on the growth and yield of L. gibba from day 0 to day 50. The percentage
inhibition on growth rate and yield by day 70, 100, and 120 were 94%, 80%, 68% and 96%, 79%, 62%,
respectively. On day 150, the lowest value of inhibition on growth and yield was 25% and 26%, respectively,
indicating recovery of L. gibba growth. The complete inhibition observed is accredited to the presence of the
parent compound and its breakdown products retaining the sulfonylurea group.
Ethoxysulfuron inhibits the ALS enzyme to stop the synthesis of branched amino acids (valine, leucine,
and isoleucine) during the first stage of plant growth and root elongation, resulting in apparent death [11, 12].
These symptoms were observed during the period between 0 and 50 days. The results on day 150 indicate that
the degradation of ethoxysulfuron and the breakdown products retaining the sulfonyl urea group occurred
slowly [13, 14], hence L. gibba also showed slow growth recovery. Analysis of the samples on day 180 showed
no sign of inhibition on the growth and yield of L. gibba, which had recovered to control levels. The study
results demonstrate that the sulfonylurea herbicide ethoxysulfuron at the recommended dose under rice field
conditions shows substantial inhibitory effects on the growth rate and yield of L. gibba.
3.3. Toxicity index
The Toxicity Index (TI) was calculated to measure the toxic effect of the ethoxysulfuron residue. The
TI value was greater than 1.0 until day 30, indicating a probable toxic concentration of ethoxysulfuron in the
water sample to L. gibba. Data on the ethoxysulfuron residue in the water samples under field cropping
conditions, percentage inhibition of growth and yield based on frond numbers of L. gibba, and the TI value are
presented in Table 1. The literature value of toxicity index scores for individual herbicides were highest for the
primary producers, P. subcapitata and Lemna gibba with 95% toxicity index values of 4.7 and 1.9, respectively
[15]. The results concluded that the herbicides can substantially increase the estimated toxicity of field water to
L. gibba.
3.4. Pigment content Analysis
A change in the pigment content of L. gibba is one of the first visible symptoms of toxicity. These
changes were used as an indicator of photosynthetic damage in plant tissue. The drop of chlorophyll a & b,
carotene, carotenoid and xanthophyll contents as well as the growth inhibition on L. gibba can be regarded as
general responses related with herbicide toxicity. Pigment content of the control plants ranged from 4.41–4.58
µg/g (chlorophyll a), 2.4–2.5 µg/g (chlorophyll b), 0.95–0.98 µg/g (carotene), 16.4–16.5 µg/g (carotenoid), and
15.6–15.8 µg/g (xanthophyll). A significant decrease in the pigment content was observed between day 0 and
day 50. The percentage inhibition on yield on day 50 was 100%, while pigment content on day 50 was 0.68 µg/g
(chlorophyll a), 0.39 µg/g (chlorophyll b), 2.52 µg/g (carotenoid), 0.14 µg/g (carotene) and 2.39 µg/g
(xanthophyll), indicating the destruction of photosynthetic pigments by ethoxysulfuron residue. This destruction
is due to a deficiency in the electron transport chain, replacement of Mg2+
ions associated with the tetrapyrrole
ring of chlorophyll molecules by H+
ion, inhibition of important enzymes for the synthesis of chlorophyll
molecules, or peroxidation processes in the chloroplast membrane lipids by reactive oxygen species [16, 17].
4. Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 20
Our findings indicated that ethoxysulfuron and its metabolites (Table 2) retaining the sulfonylurea
group was highly toxic to L. gibba [18]. After 180 days, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene, total carotenoid,
and xanthophyll content were similar to control levels, indicating that L. gibba had recovered growth potential.
The pigment content of the control and ethoxysulfuron-treated samples are presented in Fig. 1(a) and Fig 1(b),
respectively. A panel of biomarkers like pigment contents, chlorophyll parameters and antioxidative enzyme
activities were used to assess the toxicity of herbicide [19]. The loss of photosynthetic pigment content has been
reported in different species following exposure to different herbicides [20, 21]. Hence, according to the
environmental recommended application of ethoxysulfuron formulation for rice crop (120 g a.i./ha) and adverse
effects would be expected on aquatic plants associated with the use of the herbicides in rice crop management.
3.5. Statistical Analysis
The statistical significance between control and treated samples is attributed to the presence of trace
levels of residues of ethoxysulfuron and its breakdown products retaining the sulfonylurea group in the water
samples. The deterioration in total chlorophyll, carotene, carotenoid, and xanthophyll content as well as growth
inhibition can be regarded as an overall response related to ethoxysulfuron toxicity. After prolonged exposure
by day 180, growth rate, yield, and pigment content of L. gibba was recovered and similar to control samples.
The recovery of L. gibba growth was due to the degradation of sulfonylurea group in the water samples. The
investigation of the effects and potential recovery of L. gibba was exposed to a sulfonylurea herbicide
metsulfuron-methyl for 120 days under rice field condition [22].
IV. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the results indicate the toxic effect of ethoxysulfuron residues on the aquatic species,
Lemna gibba and the recovery after long term exposure due to the degradation of the metabolites. The present
investigation also highlights the successful application of L. gibba as a potential plant biomarker for assessing
the impact of herbicides on aquatic floating plants since this species is affected by a wide range of
environmental contaminants found in water bodies.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to the Management, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology
(IIBAT) for providing the necessary facilities to perform this research work.
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Table 1 Correlation of residue concentrations of ethoxysulfuron under cropping conditions
with percentage inhibition on growth rate, yield, and toxicity index value
Occasion
(Days)
Residue (µg/L)
in field water
A
% Inhibition on growth
rate based on frond
number
B
% Inhibition on yield
based on frond
number
C
Toxicity Index (TI)
value
D
0 1820 ± 6.43 100 ± 0.0 100 ± 0.0 7583 ± 8.62
5 1440 ± 4.73 100 ± 0.0 100 ± 0.0 6000 ± 8.54
10 921 ± 3.06 100 ± 0.0 100 ± 0.0 3838 ± 6.56
15 450 ± 3.61 100 ± 0.0 100 ± 0.0 1875 ± 5.03
30 10 ± 1.53 100 ± 0.0 100 ± 0.0 42 ± 3.61
50 BDL 100 ± 0.0 100 ± 0.0 N/A
70 N/A 94 ± 3.61 96 ± 4.04 N/A
100 N/A 80 ± 2.08 79 ± 1.53 N/A
120 N/A 68 ± 2.52 62 ± 3.06 N/A
150 N/A 25 ± 2.65 26 ± 2.08 N/A
180 N/A 0 ± 0.0 0 ± 0.0 N/A
BDL - below detectable limit; Limit of detection (LOD) & Limit of quantification (LOQ) - 10 µg/L; N/A - not applicable.
TI = Concentration / EC
50
value of ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba, where EC
50
- 0.24 µg/L
A, B, C & D represents average and standard deviation of triplicate measurements
Table 2 LC-ESI-MS/MS fragmentation ions of ethoxysulfuron and its breakdown products
Compound name Molecular
mass
Molecular ion Fragment
ions
Ethoxysulfuron 398 399 279, 199
Metabolite - 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl[(4,6-
dimethoxypyrimidin-2yl)carbamoyl]sulfamate
414 415 215, 295
2-hydroxyphenyl[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-
2yl)carbamoyl]sulfamate
370 371 279, 199
4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-amine 155 156 139, 100
1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2yl)urea 198 199 156,182
6. Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 22
Fig. 1a) Pigment content in control samples and b) pigment content in ethoxysulfuron-treated samples. Relative
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene, total carotenoid, and xanthophyll content in the aquatic plant Lemna
gibba exposed for 7 days to field water samples collected at predetermined intervals over a 6-month period.
Error bars indicate standard deviation. Values are the mean of three replicates. * indicates significantly different
(α<0.05) from the control.
* * *
* *
*
*
*
**