Application of the bioactive extract of the hutun seed (Barringtonia asiatica L.kurz) as an antifeedant in the Plutella xylostella Lcaterpillar pest on sawi plants ( Brassica juncea L.) was carried out. This study aims to determine the antifeedant activity of the hutun seed extract in controlling the caterpillar sawi Plutella xylostella. The method used in this research is a completely randomized design (CRD) method with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. The concentrations used are 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm as well as positive control and negative control. The results of the study were tested with one-way ANOVA and continued with the Least Significant Difference test (LSD). Results of the study show that there are differences antifeedant activity caterpillar pests Plutella xylostella on sawi plants that significant at different levels of concentration. The study was conducted in several stages starting from the stage of extraction of the hutun seed, phytochemical test, preparation of caterpillar test, antifeedant activity testing. As the treatment is the level of methanol concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm. The parameter observed was the percentage of Feeding Reduction (FR). The test results showed antifeedant activity against caterpillars of Plutella xylostella supreme contained at a concentration of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm because it can hinder eating caterpillars test amounted to 27.80 % and 40.93 %.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antifungal activity of fractions isolated from the hexane extract of Acacia nilotica bark. Crude hexane extract and 11 fractions were tested against three fungal pathogens (Alternaria brassicae, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani). Fraction 2 showed the highest inhibition of mycelial growth for A. brassicae and R. solani, while Fraction 1 was most effective against F. oxysporum. Fraction 2 demonstrated the strongest overall antifungal activity. The antifungal properties may be due to compounds such as carbohydrates, sterols, triterpenoids and anthraquinone present in the
Bioactivity of Locally Available Plants on Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci an...IJEAB
Aqueous, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, N-hexane and benzene extracts of locally available plant species were tested for phytochemical and insecticidal bioactivity against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under controlled conditions. This study is within bioprospection context, for utilizing local plant species as alternative in sustainable agriculture development. The leaf and stem extract was used. The whole plant extract of T.procumbens followed by N.oleander and V.rosea showed repellent and toxic effect against adult and second nymphal instars. Leaf extract of all three plants showed high inhibition activity against nymphal instars. In case of flower extract less inhibition activity was shown respectively. Fungi which grow on the cotton plant was screened, characterized and checked for antifungal activity against the extracts of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out by standard protocols.
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
Antifungal activity of alcoholic leaf extracts of terminalia catappa and term...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes research examining the antifungal properties of ethanol and methanol leaf extracts of Terminalia catappa and Terminalia arjuna against four fungal strains. Key findings include:
1) Methanol extracts of both plants showed over 50% inhibition of mycelial growth against three of the four fungi tested.
2) Curvularia lunata was the most sensitive to inhibition, while Alternaria alternata was the least sensitive.
3) Terminalia catappa methanol extracts were the most effective at inhibiting fungal growth overall.
4) The results suggest both plants have antifungal properties and could be further researched for developing natural antifungal treatments.
This document evaluates the antimicrobial activity of extracts from the leaves of Vernonia glabra and roots of Securidaca longepedunculata, which are traditionally used in Malawi to treat bacterial infections. Aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts as well as dichloromethane, hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution methods. Results showed that V. glabra acetone leaf extracts were effective against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, while S. longepedunculata
This document presents a research proposal that aims to determine the effectiveness of banana peel extract from Musa acuminata as an alternative insecticide. It provides background on commonly used insecticides and their risks. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of banana peel extract to commercial insecticides in terminating insects. It hypothesizes that there will be no significant difference in effectiveness between the banana peel extract and commercial insecticides. The document defines key terms and outlines the scope, limitations and significance of the study.
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
Antibacterial activity of aerial parts of thymus serphyllum linn against clin...IJSIT Editor
In the present research work in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of
Thymus serphyllum L. growing wild in Kashmir Himalaya was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and
broth dilution assay against nine human pathogenic bacterial strains, known to cause serious infections. The
extract was also screened for the presence of various bioactive phytoconstituents present in the plant. The
extract in the present study possess appreciable potential of inhibiting the growth of all the bacterial strains
at all tested concentrations (30, 60 and 90 mg/ml). The highest sensitivity was exhibited against
Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC- 435 and Staphylococcus aureus with mean zones of inhibition 20.66 and 20
mm respectively at the concentration of 90 mg/ml. Salmonella typhi showed the least activity with mean zone
of inhibition of 10.00 mm at the concentration of 30 mg/ml. The MIC value ranged between 1.56 to 12.56
mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
phenolics, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, steroids and carbohydrates. Anthraquinone
glycosides were absent. The present study clearly indicate that the crude methanolic extract of Thymus
serphyllum from high altitude of Kashmir Himalaya (2350 m) shows significant antibacterial activity in
concentration dependent manner.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antifungal activity of fractions isolated from the hexane extract of Acacia nilotica bark. Crude hexane extract and 11 fractions were tested against three fungal pathogens (Alternaria brassicae, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani). Fraction 2 showed the highest inhibition of mycelial growth for A. brassicae and R. solani, while Fraction 1 was most effective against F. oxysporum. Fraction 2 demonstrated the strongest overall antifungal activity. The antifungal properties may be due to compounds such as carbohydrates, sterols, triterpenoids and anthraquinone present in the
Bioactivity of Locally Available Plants on Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci an...IJEAB
Aqueous, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, N-hexane and benzene extracts of locally available plant species were tested for phytochemical and insecticidal bioactivity against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under controlled conditions. This study is within bioprospection context, for utilizing local plant species as alternative in sustainable agriculture development. The leaf and stem extract was used. The whole plant extract of T.procumbens followed by N.oleander and V.rosea showed repellent and toxic effect against adult and second nymphal instars. Leaf extract of all three plants showed high inhibition activity against nymphal instars. In case of flower extract less inhibition activity was shown respectively. Fungi which grow on the cotton plant was screened, characterized and checked for antifungal activity against the extracts of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out by standard protocols.
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
Antifungal activity of alcoholic leaf extracts of terminalia catappa and term...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes research examining the antifungal properties of ethanol and methanol leaf extracts of Terminalia catappa and Terminalia arjuna against four fungal strains. Key findings include:
1) Methanol extracts of both plants showed over 50% inhibition of mycelial growth against three of the four fungi tested.
2) Curvularia lunata was the most sensitive to inhibition, while Alternaria alternata was the least sensitive.
3) Terminalia catappa methanol extracts were the most effective at inhibiting fungal growth overall.
4) The results suggest both plants have antifungal properties and could be further researched for developing natural antifungal treatments.
This document evaluates the antimicrobial activity of extracts from the leaves of Vernonia glabra and roots of Securidaca longepedunculata, which are traditionally used in Malawi to treat bacterial infections. Aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts as well as dichloromethane, hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution methods. Results showed that V. glabra acetone leaf extracts were effective against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, while S. longepedunculata
This document presents a research proposal that aims to determine the effectiveness of banana peel extract from Musa acuminata as an alternative insecticide. It provides background on commonly used insecticides and their risks. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of banana peel extract to commercial insecticides in terminating insects. It hypothesizes that there will be no significant difference in effectiveness between the banana peel extract and commercial insecticides. The document defines key terms and outlines the scope, limitations and significance of the study.
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
Antibacterial activity of aerial parts of thymus serphyllum linn against clin...IJSIT Editor
In the present research work in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of
Thymus serphyllum L. growing wild in Kashmir Himalaya was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and
broth dilution assay against nine human pathogenic bacterial strains, known to cause serious infections. The
extract was also screened for the presence of various bioactive phytoconstituents present in the plant. The
extract in the present study possess appreciable potential of inhibiting the growth of all the bacterial strains
at all tested concentrations (30, 60 and 90 mg/ml). The highest sensitivity was exhibited against
Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC- 435 and Staphylococcus aureus with mean zones of inhibition 20.66 and 20
mm respectively at the concentration of 90 mg/ml. Salmonella typhi showed the least activity with mean zone
of inhibition of 10.00 mm at the concentration of 30 mg/ml. The MIC value ranged between 1.56 to 12.56
mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
phenolics, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, steroids and carbohydrates. Anthraquinone
glycosides were absent. The present study clearly indicate that the crude methanolic extract of Thymus
serphyllum from high altitude of Kashmir Himalaya (2350 m) shows significant antibacterial activity in
concentration dependent manner.
Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Methanolic Extract of S. Caryophyllatum (L.) A...iosrjce
S.caryophyllatum (L.) Alston belongs to the family Myrtaceae is an endangered species. It possesses
traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
This study assessed the potential antifungal activity of extracts from four species of Himalayan lichens. Lichen samples were extracted using acetone, methanol, and chloroform solvents. The extracts were tested for antifungal activity against seven pathogenic fungi using a disc diffusion assay. Acetone and methanol extracts showed differential inhibitory effects against the fungi compared to chloroform extracts and a synthetic antifungal. Principal component analysis revealed acetone and methanol extracts were more effective against some Fusarium species than the positive control. The results suggest lichen extracts may have potential as natural fungicides.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document reports on a study of the phytochemical screening of Solanum nigrum L and S. myriacanthus Dunal from districts of Upper Assam, India. Leaf extracts of both plants from dry and shady areas of three districts were analyzed qualitatively for phytochemicals. The results showed that protein is more abundant in S. nigrum leaves from shady areas than S. myriacanthus, while other phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids were present in both plants. The study found the presence of these phytochemicals scientifically validates the traditional medicinal uses of the two Solanum species.
Evaluation of phytochemicals and fluroscent analysis of flower extract of Cou...pharmaindexing
This document evaluates the phytochemicals and fluorescent analysis of flower extracts from Couroupita guianensis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, protein and steroids in the flower extracts. Fluorescent analysis under visible light showed characteristic color changes with different chemical reagents. The results suggest the identified phytochemicals may be biologically active compounds that could justify the traditional medicinal uses of the plant.
A preliminary study on antibacterial efficacy of the methanolicAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antibacterial properties and preliminary phytochemical composition of the methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana. Phytochemical screening of the extract found the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids. Testing of the extract against various clinical bacterial isolates showed zones of inhibition ranging from 4mm to 13mm, with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 10mg/ml and 30mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentrations between 30mg/ml and 50mg/ml. The results support the traditional use of A. wilkesiana leaves for treating bacterial infections and suggest it
Quantitative and qualitative analysis by hplc of major peganum harmala alkalo...Alexander Decker
The content and composition of major alkaloids in Peganum harmala varies significantly depending on the plant's developmental stage and organ. Analysis showed:
1) Roots contained the highest concentrations and greatest diversity of alkaloids, particularly harmine, which remained the most abundant molecule.
2) Alkaloid content generally increased during the first 3 weeks of growth and stabilized during vegetative growth before declining at flowering.
3) Optimal exploitation of P. harmala's alkaloids is harvesting plant material during vegetative growth when organs are richest.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Antibacterial activity of herbal preparationsDanny Sackey
This document discusses determining the antibacterial activity of Ark Uroplus herbal preparation on two microorganisms that cause urinary tract infections - Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. It begins with introducing urinary tract infections, their causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It then discusses the herbal preparation Ark Uroplus and the plants used in it, highlighting flavonoids and alkaloids. The document aims to test the antibacterial activity of Ark Uroplus using microbiological analysis and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
Antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of Banana fruit peeliosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Anti mdrsa activity of rhizophora apiculata and avicennia marina – an in vitr...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-bacterial activity of extracts from the leaves of two mangrove plants, Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, against 100 multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) clinical isolates. Aqueous, ethanol, and methanol extracts were tested using agar well diffusion. The ethanol and methanol extracts showed high levels of anti-MDRSA activity against all isolates. The aqueous extracts showed low or minimal anti-MDRSA activity. The results suggest that ethanol and methanol are better solvents than water for extracting anti-bacterial compounds from the mangrove plant leaves against MDRSA.
In vitro free radical scavenging activity of different extracts of Adansonia ...IJEAB
The species Adanasonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae) is a multipurpose tree with enormous range of medicinal and economic importance. The objective of the current study was to investigate the free radical scavenging potential of A. digitata. The methanol extracts of different parts i.e., leaf, seed, bark, fruit wall and floral extracts of A. digitata were screened for antioxidant activity using DPPH assay. Results from this study showed that the maximum and minimum percentage of free radical scavenging activity was exhibited by methanol extracts of seed and fruit wall (27.69 & 20) as measured by using DPPH assay. These results showed the antioxidant potential of this medicinal plant to make use in the preparation of drugs with free radical scavenging activity.
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
Insecticidal Potential of Two Monoterpenes against Tribolium Castaneum (Herbs...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, two pure monoterpenes: Citronellol and geraniol were tested for their fumigant toxicity, repellent activity, and antifeedant activity against two stored product insect pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) Monoterpenes tested showed varying degrees of toxicity against different species of stored product pests but were highly dependent on dosage and exposure duration. Geraniol was found to be highly effective against both S. oryzae and T. castaneum than citronellol. 0.02 μl/ml geraniol produced a mortality of 26.30 ± 0.11 after a short duration of 6 h that reached 52.76 ± 0.28% after an increased exposure of 72 h against S. oryzae while citronellol showed least activity producing a mortality of 52.76 ± 0.28 at 0.02 after 72 h of exposure. Similarly for T. castaneum geraniol produced 68.75 ± 0.55% mortality at 0.2 μl/ml after 72 h and citronellol even at a highest dose of 0.2 μl/ml caused 30.77 ± 0.49% mortality after 12 h. Geraniol produced 42.56 ± 1.9% repellent activity at 1 μl/cm2 after 1 h whereas repellency of 48.60 ± 1.4% was obtained by citronellol against T. castaneum after same concentration and time period citronellol and geraniol at a highest concentration of 1 μl/cm2 gave 56.61 ± 3.4 and 50.56 ± 1.1% repellency, respectively, after 5 h against S. oryzae. Feeding deterrence index (FDI) of 78.95 ± 0.09 and 67.59 ± 0.17% was obtained for citronellol and geraniol at a high concentration of 30 μl/g against T. castaneum. Citronellol showed 52.80 ± 0.32% FDI, followed by geraniol with 49.28 ± 0.17 FDI % against S. oryzae.
This study investigated the antifeedant activity of Gomphrena serrata extracts on sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil). The extracts were obtained from the plant using cold maceration. Dilution methods were used to test different concentrations of the extract and standard on rice weevils. The 1:5 concentration of the G. serrata extract showed the highest antifeedant activity after 6 hours, equal to the standard. This simple, cost-effective extraction and testing method demonstrates the antifeedant potential of G. serrata extracts as a natural pesticide alternative.
Phytochemical property and oral toxicity safety of Chrysophyllum caimito and ...Open Access Research Paper
The century-old practice of herbal medication in animals still persists in local communities despite the contemporary advances in veterinary health care today. The numerous benefits including convenience of use, accessibility, inexpensiveness and insignificant side effects when compared to synthetic veterinary medicines in which drug resistance and residuals are linked. This research work aimed to elucidate the presence of bioactive components and determine the margin of safety of Chrysophyllum cainito (Caimito) and Psidium guajava (Guava) ethanolic bark extracts which are among the selection of documented herbals reliably utilized for gastro-intestinal sicknesses in farm animals. Qualitative phytochemical screening exemplified the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, xanthoproteins, steroids and coumarin. Avian acute oral toxicity testing denoted that 2000mg/kg dosage was adequate and safe to use in Sasso chickens as substantiated by insignificant effect to body weight, SGOT and uric acid values and the non-appearance of toxicity symptoms including death. The secondary metabolites demonstrated in these plants explicate the pharmacological activities which can be utilized as potential alternatives to current medication strategies in animals.
Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Methanolic Extract of S. Caryophyllatum (L.) A...iosrjce
S.caryophyllatum (L.) Alston belongs to the family Myrtaceae is an endangered species. It possesses
traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
This study assessed the potential antifungal activity of extracts from four species of Himalayan lichens. Lichen samples were extracted using acetone, methanol, and chloroform solvents. The extracts were tested for antifungal activity against seven pathogenic fungi using a disc diffusion assay. Acetone and methanol extracts showed differential inhibitory effects against the fungi compared to chloroform extracts and a synthetic antifungal. Principal component analysis revealed acetone and methanol extracts were more effective against some Fusarium species than the positive control. The results suggest lichen extracts may have potential as natural fungicides.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document reports on a study of the phytochemical screening of Solanum nigrum L and S. myriacanthus Dunal from districts of Upper Assam, India. Leaf extracts of both plants from dry and shady areas of three districts were analyzed qualitatively for phytochemicals. The results showed that protein is more abundant in S. nigrum leaves from shady areas than S. myriacanthus, while other phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids were present in both plants. The study found the presence of these phytochemicals scientifically validates the traditional medicinal uses of the two Solanum species.
Evaluation of phytochemicals and fluroscent analysis of flower extract of Cou...pharmaindexing
This document evaluates the phytochemicals and fluorescent analysis of flower extracts from Couroupita guianensis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, protein and steroids in the flower extracts. Fluorescent analysis under visible light showed characteristic color changes with different chemical reagents. The results suggest the identified phytochemicals may be biologically active compounds that could justify the traditional medicinal uses of the plant.
A preliminary study on antibacterial efficacy of the methanolicAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antibacterial properties and preliminary phytochemical composition of the methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana. Phytochemical screening of the extract found the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids. Testing of the extract against various clinical bacterial isolates showed zones of inhibition ranging from 4mm to 13mm, with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 10mg/ml and 30mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentrations between 30mg/ml and 50mg/ml. The results support the traditional use of A. wilkesiana leaves for treating bacterial infections and suggest it
Quantitative and qualitative analysis by hplc of major peganum harmala alkalo...Alexander Decker
The content and composition of major alkaloids in Peganum harmala varies significantly depending on the plant's developmental stage and organ. Analysis showed:
1) Roots contained the highest concentrations and greatest diversity of alkaloids, particularly harmine, which remained the most abundant molecule.
2) Alkaloid content generally increased during the first 3 weeks of growth and stabilized during vegetative growth before declining at flowering.
3) Optimal exploitation of P. harmala's alkaloids is harvesting plant material during vegetative growth when organs are richest.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Antibacterial activity of herbal preparationsDanny Sackey
This document discusses determining the antibacterial activity of Ark Uroplus herbal preparation on two microorganisms that cause urinary tract infections - Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. It begins with introducing urinary tract infections, their causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It then discusses the herbal preparation Ark Uroplus and the plants used in it, highlighting flavonoids and alkaloids. The document aims to test the antibacterial activity of Ark Uroplus using microbiological analysis and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
Antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of Banana fruit peeliosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Anti mdrsa activity of rhizophora apiculata and avicennia marina – an in vitr...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-bacterial activity of extracts from the leaves of two mangrove plants, Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, against 100 multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) clinical isolates. Aqueous, ethanol, and methanol extracts were tested using agar well diffusion. The ethanol and methanol extracts showed high levels of anti-MDRSA activity against all isolates. The aqueous extracts showed low or minimal anti-MDRSA activity. The results suggest that ethanol and methanol are better solvents than water for extracting anti-bacterial compounds from the mangrove plant leaves against MDRSA.
In vitro free radical scavenging activity of different extracts of Adansonia ...IJEAB
The species Adanasonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae) is a multipurpose tree with enormous range of medicinal and economic importance. The objective of the current study was to investigate the free radical scavenging potential of A. digitata. The methanol extracts of different parts i.e., leaf, seed, bark, fruit wall and floral extracts of A. digitata were screened for antioxidant activity using DPPH assay. Results from this study showed that the maximum and minimum percentage of free radical scavenging activity was exhibited by methanol extracts of seed and fruit wall (27.69 & 20) as measured by using DPPH assay. These results showed the antioxidant potential of this medicinal plant to make use in the preparation of drugs with free radical scavenging activity.
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
Insecticidal Potential of Two Monoterpenes against Tribolium Castaneum (Herbs...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, two pure monoterpenes: Citronellol and geraniol were tested for their fumigant toxicity, repellent activity, and antifeedant activity against two stored product insect pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) Monoterpenes tested showed varying degrees of toxicity against different species of stored product pests but were highly dependent on dosage and exposure duration. Geraniol was found to be highly effective against both S. oryzae and T. castaneum than citronellol. 0.02 μl/ml geraniol produced a mortality of 26.30 ± 0.11 after a short duration of 6 h that reached 52.76 ± 0.28% after an increased exposure of 72 h against S. oryzae while citronellol showed least activity producing a mortality of 52.76 ± 0.28 at 0.02 after 72 h of exposure. Similarly for T. castaneum geraniol produced 68.75 ± 0.55% mortality at 0.2 μl/ml after 72 h and citronellol even at a highest dose of 0.2 μl/ml caused 30.77 ± 0.49% mortality after 12 h. Geraniol produced 42.56 ± 1.9% repellent activity at 1 μl/cm2 after 1 h whereas repellency of 48.60 ± 1.4% was obtained by citronellol against T. castaneum after same concentration and time period citronellol and geraniol at a highest concentration of 1 μl/cm2 gave 56.61 ± 3.4 and 50.56 ± 1.1% repellency, respectively, after 5 h against S. oryzae. Feeding deterrence index (FDI) of 78.95 ± 0.09 and 67.59 ± 0.17% was obtained for citronellol and geraniol at a high concentration of 30 μl/g against T. castaneum. Citronellol showed 52.80 ± 0.32% FDI, followed by geraniol with 49.28 ± 0.17 FDI % against S. oryzae.
This study investigated the antifeedant activity of Gomphrena serrata extracts on sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil). The extracts were obtained from the plant using cold maceration. Dilution methods were used to test different concentrations of the extract and standard on rice weevils. The 1:5 concentration of the G. serrata extract showed the highest antifeedant activity after 6 hours, equal to the standard. This simple, cost-effective extraction and testing method demonstrates the antifeedant potential of G. serrata extracts as a natural pesticide alternative.
Phytochemical property and oral toxicity safety of Chrysophyllum caimito and ...Open Access Research Paper
The century-old practice of herbal medication in animals still persists in local communities despite the contemporary advances in veterinary health care today. The numerous benefits including convenience of use, accessibility, inexpensiveness and insignificant side effects when compared to synthetic veterinary medicines in which drug resistance and residuals are linked. This research work aimed to elucidate the presence of bioactive components and determine the margin of safety of Chrysophyllum cainito (Caimito) and Psidium guajava (Guava) ethanolic bark extracts which are among the selection of documented herbals reliably utilized for gastro-intestinal sicknesses in farm animals. Qualitative phytochemical screening exemplified the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, xanthoproteins, steroids and coumarin. Avian acute oral toxicity testing denoted that 2000mg/kg dosage was adequate and safe to use in Sasso chickens as substantiated by insignificant effect to body weight, SGOT and uric acid values and the non-appearance of toxicity symptoms including death. The secondary metabolites demonstrated in these plants explicate the pharmacological activities which can be utilized as potential alternatives to current medication strategies in animals.
Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activities of Mimusops elengi, a medicinal plant from Tamil Nadu, India. Extracts from different parts of the plant were tested against bacteria and fungi. The key findings were:
1) Extracts from the leaves, stem bark, and roots showed inhibitory effects against both bacteria and fungi. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts generally exhibited higher antimicrobial activity.
2) Against bacteria, leaf and stem bark extracts effectively inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, B. thuringiensis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Root extracts were most active against B. thuringiensis and Escherichia coli.
3)
Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Asparagus Racemosus Willd–A Medici...IJSTA
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Asparagus racemosus Willd, a medicinal plant, against various bacteria and fungi. Crude extracts were obtained from the plant's leaves using solvents like petroleum ether, methanol, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, and water. The effect of these extracts was tested on gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Pseudomonas), and the yeast Candida utilis using an agar well diffusion method. The methanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity. The study supports the traditional use of the whole plant as a
The pesticidal potential of Alternathera brasiliana in solving pest problems ...Olawale Shiro
This study evaluated the pesticidal potential of Alternanthera brasiliana leaf extract on Hymenia recurvalis, a pest of Amaranthus cruentus. Phytochemical analysis of A. brasiliana revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, glycosides and resins. A field experiment tested different concentrations of A. brasiliana extract (100, 75, 50, 25%) against a synthetic pesticide (Cypermethrin) on A. cruentus. Results showed the 100% extract enhanced plant growth and increased yield compared to other treatments and the control. This study suggests A. brasiliana extract is effective against H. recurvalis and could
In-vivo anthelmintic evaluation of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptos...IOSR Journals
The document describes an in vivo study that evaluated the anthelmintic activity of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptostachya and Prosopis juliflora against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The herbal drug showed maximum egg count reduction of 80.95% at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight on day 11 post-treatment. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds including alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids that may contribute to the anthelmintic effects. The study suggests the herbal drug has comparable anthelmintic activity to the conventional drug levamisole and could be used as an alternative de
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on ...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives:
This paper reports the toxicity of
Lantana camara
to
developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito,
Aedes aegypti
. Aqueous extracts
of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of
mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods:
Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared.
The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The
plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results:
Percent log LC
50
/ 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of
L. camara
to
IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs
was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants.
Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in
different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion:
The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of
Lantana camera
possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult
emergence against
Aedes aegypti.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A preliminary study on antibacterial efficacy of the methanolicAlexander Decker
1) The study investigated the antibacterial efficacy of the methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana against selected clinical isolates through preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial susceptibility testing.
2) The extract showed the presence of phytochemicals like tannins, flavonoids, saponins which may be responsible for its antibacterial properties.
3) The extract inhibited the growth of all test organisms in a concentration-dependent manner, with zones of inhibition ranging from 4mm to 15mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 10-30mg/ml.
The ethanol extracts of Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica charantia, Anacardium
occidentals and Psidium guajava were evaluated sole and in treatment combinations at 25, 50 and
75mg ml-1 concentration levels against the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina of
Cowpea. The pathogen was cultured on plates containing botanicals amended Potato Dextrose
Agar (PDA) in three replicates while only ethanol treated PDA tested plates served the control
experiment. The radial growths were recorded at 4th, 6th and 8th day after inoculation. Data
obtained were analysed using the SAS software program version 9.2. The extract of Mormordica
charantia was the most effective in the botanical treatments alone. The most significant inhibition
of Macrophomina phaseolina were observed from the combined treatments of Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.11 cm), followed by Mormordica
charantia and Psidium guajava (3.29 cm), then combination of four extracts; Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia, Anacardium occidentals and Psidium guajava (3.53 cm), then
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.84 cm). Other treatments, either alone or in
combination produced significant result compared to the control experiment (6.94 cm). However,
the efficacy of botanicals increased with concentration and also significantly correlated with time
and reduction in mycelia extension of the pathogen. More so, variability in the antifungicidal
potentials of the botanicals on Macrophomina phaseolina ranges from 15.93% to 34.06%
according to Eigen proportions. The treatment combinations of; Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica
charantia and Anacardium occidentals at 75mg ml-1 concentration level produced the most
inhibitory effect against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. However, the untreated plates did not
show inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Therefore, combined treatments of
botanicals could be a potential source in the practice of plant disease control.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The study evaluated the efficacy of various botanical pesticides in controlling fruit borer in tomato plants. Neem oil applied at 3 ml/L of water every 3 days was the most effective treatment, resulting in the highest plant height, number of fruit per plant, healthy fruit, and yield. It produced the fewest infested fruits. Applying neem oil every 3 days at this concentration controlled fruit borer best and produced the highest yield of 66.8 tons. Other treatments using neem leaf extract, garlic extract, and marsh pepper extract were less effective at controlling the pest.
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB)ijcsity
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Biology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Biological sciences and applications.
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED ...ijabjournal
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
Similar to Antifeedant test extracts of Hutun seeds against caterpillar pests Plutella xylostella on Sawi Plant (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
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Antifeedant test extracts of Hutun seeds against caterpillar pests Plutella xylostella on Sawi Plant
1. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) Vol-4, Issue-1, Jan-Feb, 2020
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.4.1.1 ISSN: 2456-8635
www.aipublications.com Page | 1
Antifeedant test extracts of Hutun seeds against
caterpillar pests Plutella xylostella on Sawi Plant
Alfrits Komansilan1
, Ni Wayan Suriani2
, Helen Joan Lawalata3
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Manado State of University, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Manado State of University, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Manado State of University, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Corresponding Author’s email:alfritskomansilan@gmail.com
Abstract— Application of the bioactive extract of the hutun seed (Barringtonia asiatica L.kurz) as an antifeedant in
the Plutella xylostella Lcaterpillar pest on sawi plants ( Brassica juncea L.) was carried out. This study aims to
determine the antifeedant activity of the hutun seed extract in controlling the caterpillar sawi Plutella xylostella.
The method used in this research is a completely randomized design (CRD) method with 4 treatments and 3
repetitions. The concentrations used are 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm as well as positive control and
negative control. The results of the study were tested with one-way ANOVA and continued with the Least Significant
Difference test (LSD). Results of the study show that there are differences antifeedant activity caterpillar pests
Plutella xylostella on sawi plants that significant at different levels of concentration. The study was conducted in
several stages starting from the stage of extraction of the hutun seed, phytochemical test, preparation of caterpillar
test, antifeedant activity testing. As the treatment is the level of methanol concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500
ppm and 1000 ppm. The parameter observed was the percentage of Feeding Reduction (FR). The test results
showed antifeedant activity against caterpillars of Plutella xylostella supreme contained at a concentration of 500
ppm and 1000 ppm because it can hinder eating caterpillars test amounted to 27.80 % and 40.93 %.
Keywords— Barringtonia asiatica seed, antifeedant, Plutella xylostella,sawi.
I. INTRODUCTION
An important problem often faced by farmers or agricultural
and agribusiness practitioners in cultivating crops, both
food crops, plantations and horticulture is pest attacks. Pest
attack is a limiting and even determinant factor in efforts to
cultivate plants. Pest attacks occur from the beginning are
still in the nursery or nursery until harvest time even in
storage even pests are inevitable so that these pests can
reduce crop production both in quantity and quality, not
infrequently even pests of agricultural crops can thwart the
harvest resulting in large losses (Rumape, 2013).
Until now, the most common control used by cabbage /
sawi greens (Brassicaceae) vegetable farmers is spraying
synthetic insecticides with high application frequency.
Cabbage farmers usually control pests that attack cabbage
plants by spraying synthetic insecticides on average more
than 10 times in one growing season (Rauf et al., 2005).
Besides the lack of interest of farmers to use non-chemical
control methods, the selection of control methods is carried
out because synthetic insecticides are considered more
effective and efficient in their use.
Plants have been widely known to produce various types of
secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, terpenoids,
alkaloids, saponins and others that can act as an attractant,
repellent and as an antifeedant that is useful as a means of
self-defense (Bernays and Chaman 1994; Prijono, 2008)
which can harm the organisms that attack the plant. This
shows that plant secondary metabolites have the potential to
be used as plant protection agents. Plants that have been
isolated by researchers containing active compounds of
vegetable insecticide are soursop seeds (Annona muricata)
with LC50 = 117. 27 ppm (Komansilan et al. 2012), and
tubal roots (Barringtonia asiatica Kurz) with Lethal
Concentration LC50 = 44, 7 5 ppm (Komansilan et al. 2017).
Starting from the problem of using synthetic insecticides
and increasing awareness of environmental sustainability, a
safer control method is now being sought, one of which is
the use of plants as botanical insecticides. The use of
botanical insecticides has several advantages, including
being easily biodegradable in the environment and
relatively safe against parasitoids (Dono & Prijono, 1998;
Schmutterer, 1997). One of the plants that has the potential
2. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) Vol-4, Issue-1, Jan-Feb, 2020
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.4.1.1 ISSN: 2456-8635
www.aipublications.com Page | 2
as a plant-based insecticide is Barringtonia asiatica L.
Kurz.
Several types of plants Meliaceae and Annonaceae have
been known to have insecticidal activity. Lately there have
been many reported types of plants from other families
whose insecticide activity has only been limited reported.
Syahputra et al., (2010)reported that several species of plant
species from Clusiaceae, Lecythidaceae and Sapindaceae
were active against insects. Information on the insecticide
activity of plant preparations from the three families is less
than the information on the activity of plant preparations
Meliaceae or Annonaceae.
From Barringtonia asiatica L. Kurz seed extract, the active
ingredients formulas are liquid (L) and Wettable Powder
(WP). Both of these formulas can be used as components in
a vegetable insecticide formulation. Vegetable insecticides
need to be made in the form of formulas to facilitate
storage, transportation and application in the field
(Kardinan, 2005). In the formulation of B. asiatica seed
extract, it is necessary to know the resistance of the active
ingredients contained in the formula of B. asiatica seed
extract, especially against abiotic factors such as rainfall
and exposure time in the field. Both of these abiotic factors
affect the degradation of active compounds of pesticides
(Moniharapon, 2001; Syahputra, 2005), thus potentially
reducing their effectiveness. Information about this
resistance is needed to determine the interval of application
of these pesticides and compare the effectiveness between
formulas and with other insecticides such as microbial-
based biological insecticides or synthetic insecticides.
Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the
residual activity of B. asiatica seed extract formulations as
they have been applied to sawi plant pests.
II. RESEARCH METHODS
A. Research Location and Time
This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Integrated
Sciences, Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics Laboratory,
Faculty of Science, Manado State University. The study
was conducted from May to September 2019, starting from
the sampling phase, phytochemical screening extraction and
testing of antifeedantactivity.
B. Materials and tools
The material used is hutun seeds (Barringtonia asiatica L.
kurz ) taken from the coast of the bay of Manado,
Malalayang city , North Sulawesi Province. The materials
used are 70% ethanol and 95% for maceration of hutun seed
sampling, technical methanol, acetic acid, sulfuric acid,
chloroform, 5% FeCl 3 % solution, Dragendorf reagent,
Meyer reagent, tissue, cotton, whattman filter paper no. 42,
aluminum foil, plastic samples, sawi leaves, and caterpillars
Plutella xylostella.The tools used are analytical scales, petri
dishes, vial tubes, Erlenmeyers, goblets, measuring cups,
volumetric pipettes, fillers, test tubes and tube racks, drop
pipettes, 50 mL and 100 mL measuring flasks and rotary
vacuum evaporators (Heidolph-Laborota 4000/4001
efficient).
C. Experiment Design and Data Analysis
This study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
as a treatment that is the concentration level of methanol
solvent 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm as well
as positive control / negative 0 ppm. Each treatment was
repeated 3 times. The parameters observed were the
percentage of Feeding Reduction (FR) or% antifeedant and
phytochemical screening / screening tests for ethanol
extracts of hutun seeds (Barringtonia asiatica L. kurz). The
data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA). If the treatment has a significant effect
on the inhibition of eating Plutella xylostella caterpillars on
sawi plants(Brassicajuncea), then further testing of LSD or
LSD at 5% significance level.
D. Research procedure
Hutun Seed Extraction (Barringtonia asiatica L. kurz)
Forest seed samples were obtained from Malalayang Dua
beach coasters, Malalayang District, Manado City of North
Sulawesi. The extract material used in this study was the
seeds of the hutun plants which grew along the coast of
Malalayang Dua. Making the hutun seed extract is done by
weighing 1400 grams of the hutun seeds that have been
dried at room temperature, then immersed in ethanol
(maceration) for 1 x 24 hours in the maserator. Maceration
is done several times until it is extracted. The solution was
the result of extraction then filtered using Whatman 42 filter
paper.
The filtrate obtained was then put into a vaccum evaporator
at 400
C until the ethanol solvent evaporated to obtain a
thick ethanol extract. Further extraction results obtained
were weighed using analytical scales. To make the test
solution, a dilution was carried out using technical methanol
solvent which was re-distilled. The concentration of the
hutun seed extract used in this study was 50; 100; 500 and
1000 ppm. While the control (0 ppm). Each treatment was
repeated three times.
E. Preparation of Test Larvae / Caterpillars
3. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) Vol-4, Issue-1, Jan-Feb, 2020
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.4.1.1 ISSN: 2456-8635
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Plutella xylostella caterpillar obtained from sawi plantations
in the village of Rurukan,East Tomohon District, Tomohon
City, North Sulawesi. Plutella xylostella caterpillars
are maintained and propagated in the Integrated Science
Laboratory,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Manado State University, in a wooden cage with screen
walls where the Plutella xylostella caterpillar is placed in a
plastic container placed in a cage. Plutella xylostella
caterpillars are fed pesticide-free sawi leaves during
maintenance. Sand mixed soil is used as a medium for the
Plutella xylostella caterpillars when they turn into pupae.
On the top of the culture box a cotton swab is hung which is
tied to a rope and has been dipped in a 1 mL honey mixture
with 10 mL water. Honey solution serves as a food source
for Plutella xylostella imago. The pupae then hatch into
moths that will reproduce and lay their eggs on sawi plants.
The eggs will hatch into larvae instar I to instar III.
Furthermore, third instar larvae will be used in antifeedant
activity testing.
F. Antifeedant Activity Testing
The test was carried out using the leaf disc method
according to (Atta et al. 2001). On sterile petri dishes are
placed wet filter paper / tissue and gauze and the filter paper
is coated with transparent plastic that has been perforated.
Leaf discs are made with a circle the size of a petri dish on
sawi leaves that have not been given synthetic pesticides.
Leaf discs to be made are the same in size, shape and
thickness. Leaf discs were dipped in each extract sample
and compared with positive control. The study was
conducted with three repetitions. Leaf discs are dipped /
applied for 5 minutes then aired for 5 minutes. After
aerating, the leaf disc will be weighed and put into a
prepared petri dish.
Plutella xylostella caterpillars were added as much as 1
caterpillar in each petri dish, petri dishes containing leaf
discs and test caterpillars would be observed to avoid the
caterpillar avoidance response to leaf discs that had been
given each extract concentration. Observations are made
after 24 hours. Antifeedant activity testing is done by
looking at the nature of the Feeding Reduction of the
sample. The parameter to be observed is the weight of the
remaining leaves that are not eaten by the larvae or Feeding
Reduction (FR). Leaf discs were then weighed, to find out
the weight of sawi leaf discs eaten by Plutella xylostella
caterpillars, the percentage of Feeding Reduction (% FR)
was used. The percentage value of Feeding Reduction is
measured by the formula (Atta et al., 2001):
% 𝐹𝑅
= {1
−
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛
} 𝑥 100%
G. Phytochemical Screening
Phytochemical Test Work Procedures (Ayoola, et al.,
2008 & Farnsworth, 1966)
A certain amount of viscous extract was carried out
by phytochemical tests which aimed to determine the class
of compounds contained in the seeds of the forest
(Barringtonia asiatica L. kurz). Phytochemical tests were
carried out on the group of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Phenols,
Saponins, Triterpenoids, Steroids, Terpenoids, and Tannins.
a. Alkaloid Test
One gram of ammonia extract was added to 10% and then
extracted with chloroform and added 1 N hydrochloric acid.
The extraction results will be divided into two layers. The
upper layer (acid layer) is divided into two tubes. In one
tube Meyer reagent was added, while in the other tube
Dragendorf reagent was added. Yellow indicates a positive
alkaloid.
b. Flavonoid Test
Two methods are used to test Flavonoids.
1. Dilute ammonia (5 mL) is added to the aqueous
filtrate portion of the extract. Then concentrated
sulfuric acid (1 mL) is added. A missing yellow
indicates flavonoids.
2. A portion of the extract is heated with 10 mL ethyl
acetate which has been evaporated for 3 minutes.
The mixture is then filtered and 4 mL of the filtrate
is shaken with the addition of 1 mL of aqueous
ammonia solution, the formation of a yellow color
indicates the presence of flavonoids.
c. Phenol Test
To one gram of extract was added 1% iron (III) chloride.
Green / red / purple / blue / black colors indicate positive
phenols.
d. Saponin Test
One gram of extract is added to water then boil in a water
bath for 5 minutes, after which it is shaken vigorously.
Saponin is positive if foam forms stable for ± 30 minutes.
e. Triterpenoid and Steroid Test
Anhydrous acetic acid was added to the extract until it was
submerged; leave for ± 15 minutes. After that, add 1 drop of
concentrated sulfuric acid. Green / blue deposits indicate
steroids, while red / orange deposits indicate triterpenoids.
f. Terpenoid Test
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A number of extracts were added with 2 mL chloroform.
Then carefully added concentrated H 2 SO 4 (3 mL) to form
a layer. The formation of a brownish red color indicates
terpenoids.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Insects will face two things to start eating activities, first
there are stimuli to initiate feeding activities
(feedingstimulants) in plants that provide input signals for
the introduction of food types and maintain eating activities.
The second is detecting the presence of foreign compounds
(foreigncompounds) which are as a food inhibitor so that it
can shorten the activity of eating or stop eating altogether.
Based on the results of interviews with farmers spraying the
area of sawi plants where pest control of Plutella xylostella
caterpillars still relies on the use of chemical pesticides.
Spraying interval with chemical pesticides is carried out for
3-4 days, while the recommended use of pesticides is
ideally once a month. This results in faster selection of
insect resistant to insecticides. The use of botanical
insecticides was also not carried out because given the vast
land area making it less practical to apply. According to
Dono et. al.1988, insect resistance to synthetic insecticides
can be broken using botanical insecticides, due to the
different mechanism of action of the two insecticides. In
addition, one of the advantages of botanical insecticides is
that it is difficult to cause an immune (resistant) reaction on
the target pest so it is safe for the balance of the ecosystem.
Based on the results of research the influence of ethanol
extracts of hutun seeds (Barringtonia asiatica L. kurz)
produces data that is the activity of eating / food inhibitors
(FeedingReduction). The results of eating obstacles Plutella
xylostella caterpillars can be seen in Table1.
Table 1. Effect of hutun (Barringtonia asiatica L. kurz) seed extracts on decreasing the feeding activity of Plutella xylostella
caterpillars on sawi plants.
Treatment Repeat
Area of leaves eaten
(gr) within 24 hours
Percentage of
Food Obstacles
(%)
Average
P1 (50 ppm)
1 2.55 1
9.332 2.13 18
3 2.35 9
P2 (100 ppm)
1 1.92 25.3
25.562 1.91 25.7
3 1.91 25.7
P3 (500 ppm)
1 1.89 26.5
27.82 1.87 27.3
3 1.81 29.6
P4 (1000
ppm)
1 1.76 32
40.932 1.41 45.2
3 1.40 45.6
control (0
ppm)
1 2.57 0 0
Based on the table above, data on eating activity can be
seen from the percentage of food resistance at a
concentration of 50 ppm for 1,2,3 replications of 1 %, 18 %
and 9 %, while for a 100-ppm concentration of 25.3 %, 25.7
% and 2 5.7 %. At concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000
ppm the percentage of food barriers increased by 26.5 %,
27.3 % and 29.6 %, while for concentrations of 1000 ppm
by 32 %, 45.2 % and 45.6 %. The higher the value of eating
barriers means a decrease in eating activity of Plutella
xylostella caterpillars on sawi plants. The average
percentage of food resistance (FeedingReduction, %) results
in the following diagram:
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Fig.1: Diagram of the average decrease in feeding activity
(% Feeding Reduction) of Plutella xylostella caterpillars on
sawi plants.
Based on the test results of hutun seed ethanol extract
(Barringtonia asiatica L.Kurz)effect with three repetitions
provide resistance values ate different from each
concentration. The higher the concentration, the higher the
percentage of eating obstacles will be and this means a
decrease in eating activity. The highest value of eating
resistance is at a concentration of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm
by 27.8% and 40.93%. The results of this study were lower
than the antifeedant activity of tuba root extract at
concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm which were able
to inhibit feeding power by 30.16% and
44.00%.(Komansilan et al. 2019)
Normality test is a test used to determine the distribution of
data obtained is normal or not. The normality test is a
prerequisite for the one-way ANOVA test. If the number of
samples> 50 used is Kolmogorov-Smirnov, whereas if the
number of samples <50 then what is used is Shapiro-Wilk.
The results in table 2 are then tested for normality as
follows:
Table 2. Test the normality of eating activity of Plutella xylostella caterpillars on sawi plants.
Tests of Normality
Treatment
Kolmogorov-Smirnov a
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistics df Sig. Statistics df Sig.
Antifeedant 1.00 .182 3 . .999 3 .935
2.00 .385 3 . .750 3 .000
3.00 .289 3 . .928 3 .480
4.00 .376 3 . .772 3 .499
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
If in the Shapiro-Wilk column the Sig value> 0.05 then the
treatment data are normally distributed, whereas if the Sig
value <0.05 then the treatment data are not normally
distributed. The conclusion of the normality test on the
above eating activity data meets the normal requirements
because the Sig. > 0.05 for treatment.
Table 3. Homogeneity test of feeding activity of Plutella xylostella caterpillars on sawi plants.
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
Antifeedant
Levene Statistics df1 df2 Sig.
3,723 3 8 .061
9.33
25.56 27.8
40.93
0
20
40
60
50 100 500 1000
%FeedingReduction
Concentration Extract EtOH seed of Barringtonia
asiatica L. kurz, ppm
Concentration vs % Feeding Reduction
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Data for each treatment is said to be homogeneous if the Sig
value> 0.05 and vice versa the treatment data is said to be
homogeneous if the Sig value <0.05. Based on the
homogeneity test table above the activity data of each
treatment was declared homogeneous because the Sig
value> 0.05 so that the ANOVA test could be performed.
ANOVA test table can be seen in Table 4.
After ANOVA (variance) test was carried out at a 5%
confidence level, the results showed that the treatment had a
significant influence on the antifeedant of Plutella xylostella
caterpillar on sawi plants (Brasicca junceae L.). can be seen
in the Table below:
Table 4. ANOVA test of eating activity of Plutella xylostella caterpillar on sawi plants
ANOVA
Antifeedant
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 1512,529 3 504,176 14,953 .001
Within Groups 269,740 8 33,718
Total 1782,269 11
If the Sig. Value <0.05, the treatment was stated to have a
significant effect. Based on the ANOVA test table above
shows that there is a significant effect of ethanol extract of
hutun seeds (Barringtonia asiatica L. kurz ) on the eating
activity of Plutella xylostella caterpillar on sawi plants.
Based on the ANOVA test results above, the treatment data
can be further tested to find out more specific effects.
Further tests used were those with the smallest significant
difference (LSD) or LSD (Least Significant Different) to
show differences between each treatment individual.
Table 5. Average% of leaves eaten and decreasing the feeding activity of hutun seeds on Plutella xylostella caterpillars on
sawiplants.
Concentration of
hutun seed ethanol
extract,ppm
Average food resistance
(%), Feeding Reduction
(%)
Average food
resistance at 24 hours
after application (ppm)
± SD
Average food
resistance at 24 hours
after application (ppm)
± SEM
P1 (50) 9.33 9.33 ± 8.50 9.33 ± 4.91 a
P2 (100) 25.56 25.56 ± 0.23 25.56 ± 0.13 b
P3 (500) 27.80 27.80 ± 1.60 27.80 ± 0.92 b
P4 (1000) 40.93 40.93 ± 7.73 40.93 ± 4.46 c
Note: the treatment followed by the same letter shows no significant difference and the treatment followed by different letters
shows significantly different.
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD and Mean ± SEM from
the triplicate determination.
Prijono (2008) explains how antifeedants work in insects
can work in two ways, namely 1) influencing the behavior
of insects such as: inhibiting feeding activity, interfering
with host discovery, inhibiting spawning activities, and 2)
influencing insect physiology, such as: influencing egg
development to failure become pre-adult insects (larvae or
nymphs and adults / imago), inhibit the formation of chitin,
interfere with reproduction. Judging from the entry of
secondary metabolites (antifeedant) into the body of an
insect, Rompas (2010) said that, the modus operandi of
these chemicals in the body and poisoning organisms, some
attack the brain (neurotoxicity), blood (hematoxicity), liver
(hepatoxicity), skin (dermatoxicity), eyes
(ophthalmotoxicity), kidney (nephrotoxicity) and lungs
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(pneumotoxicity), with different ways of working
depending on the type of compound.
Mitcell and Sufcliff, (1984), explained that insects have
receptors including chemoreceptors on antennas, mouth
parts, tarsus, and palpuses that can distinguish various
chemical compounds from alkaloids, terpenoids which work
to inhibit the response of sugars to the galeal sensilla in
Coleoptera. According to Dadang (1999) R. communis
gives a high rejection effect of spawning and feeding
activities on beetles, especially Coleoptera: Bruchidae.
Furthermore, the workings of secondary metabolite
compounds (antifeedant) in the nervous system, according
to Prijono (2008) allegedly take place through the following
series: 1) the interaction of insecticides with certain
macromolecules in the nervous system, 2) causing
interference with the functioning of the nervous system, 3)
causing paralysis muscular system and behavioral
abnormalities, 4) there will be a failure in the respiratory
system (air exchange), 5) resulting in an imbalance in the
substance content in body fluids, 6) cell poisoning will
occur, and 6) finally the insect comes to death.
Phytochemical Test Results
Table 6. Phytochemical screening test results of ethanol extract (EtOH) from hutun seed plants (Barringtonia asiatica L. kurz)
No. Group Observation result
1 Alkaloids Hager (-) Meyer (+)
2 Flavonoids (+ )
3 Phenol (++)
4 Saponin (+++)
5 Steroids / triterpenoids (+ )
6 Terpenoids (+)
Note: +++ = Compounds that are contained a lot
++ = Medium contained compounds
+ = The compound contained is small
- = The compound contained does not exist
Table 7. Phytochemical Testing of Ethanol Extract (EtOH) of hutun seeds (Barringtonia asiatica L. kurz )
Phytochemical Test Results (color) Standard Result (color)
Saponin
Phenol
Steroids / triterpenoids
Terpenoids
Flavonoids
Alkaloids
Shaped foam (+++)
Purple color (++)
Green or blue (++)
Chocolate (+)
Yellow (-)
Light Brown (+)
Formed foam ± 15 minutes stable
Bluish purple
Brown sediment
Reddish brown deposits
Chocolate
Brown sediment
Based on the results of phytochemical tests, ethanol extracts
of hutun seeds (Barringtonia asiatica L. kurz) are included
in the saponin, stroid, phenol, and alkaloid classes.
Saponins are generally bitter and also toxic to some cold-
blooded animals such as fish and amphibians. The use of
saponins as an antidote to predator attacks, the media to
fight over the scope, and help the process of reproduction
(Liang & Guo, 2013). The bitter taste issued by saponins is
thought to inhibit the feeding activity of test larvae.
The content of triterpenoid compounds in ethanol extract
was characterized by the formation of reddish-brown
deposits in the extracts tested. The terpenoid compounds
contained in the tuba roots function as fish poisons to fight
predators that threaten their survival (Handayani et al.,
1997). Alkaloids can inhibit the response of cyanogenic
glycoside sugars, which are sugars formed from bonds
between sugar and toxic compounds stored in plants so that
the toxic compounds are lost in toxicity.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of BNT further tests at 5% significance
level showed significantly different from the administration
of ethanol extract of hutun seeds to the eating activity of
Plutella xylostella caterpillar on mustard plants. In
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treatment P1 was significantly different from treatment P2,
and also significantly different from treatment P3 and P4. In
treatment P2 was not significantly different from P3 but
significantly different from P1 and P4. In treatment P3 was
not significantly different from P2, but significantly
different from P1 and P4. Whereas the treatment of P4 was
significantly different from P1 and P2 also significantly
different from P3. Giving ethanol extract from hutun seeds
to the eating activity of Plutella xylostella caterpillar on
mustard plants, the highest value of eating inhibition was at
concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm by 27.8% and
40.93%.
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