The research questions all relate to English language learning and teaching. Specifically, they examine how different instructional methods and strategies impact areas like listening skills, vocabulary, reading comprehension, oral production, writing, and student response/perceptions. The questions seek to determine relationships between independent variables like instructional techniques and dependent variables involving language acquisition and performance.
Input and Interaction - Psychology of Language LearningRichard Gallahad
This document covers several key topics in second language acquisition (SLA) research including Krashen's input hypothesis, Long's interaction hypothesis, Chomsky's views on language acquisition, Krashen's acquisition/learning hypothesis, the affective filter hypothesis, comprehensible input, the natural order hypothesis, issues with Krashen's thinking, negotiation of meaning, and generalizations from SLA research. It provides explanations of these concepts and cites supporting research from scholars like Ellis, Krashen, Lightbown, Spada, and VanPatten.
The document summarizes the origins and development of research on interaction and second language learning. Early studies examined modifications in native speaker (NS) input to non-native speakers (NNS) and differences between baby talk and foreigner talk. Later research found NS modifications could negatively impact NNS participation and argued NNS-NNS interactions provide more opportunities for negotiation of meaning. Additional studies explored the importance of learner output in interaction and comprehensible output for second language acquisition.
Interaction and second language acquisition: an ecological perspectiveVera Menezes
This document discusses interaction and second language acquisition from an ecological perspective. It argues that interaction is essential for language acquisition, as humans have an innate drive to socially interact. While classroom interaction is important, experiences outside the classroom through interaction in natural environments and mediated interactions enabled by technology can also greatly contribute to second language acquisition. The conclusion advocates for teachers to help students broaden their opportunities for interaction beyond the classroom to explore new linguistic worlds.
The document discusses competence, process, and assessment standards for English language teaching in Indonesia with a focus on developing literacy. It outlines the ultimate goal of English education as enabling students to communicate ideas accurately, fluently, and appropriately in spoken and written English. Standards are provided for listening, speaking, reading and writing competencies at different education levels. The document emphasizes organizing instruction around the negotiation of meaning and using techniques that promote language use and communication over direct grammar instruction. Assessment should evaluate students' ability to create and understand spoken and written texts in various genres.
Presentación2.ppt input and interactionJoel Acosta
The primary factor affecting language acquisition appears to be the input that the learner receives. Stephen Krashen took a very strong position on the importance of input, asserting that comprehensible input is all that is necessary for second-language acquisition.
Conversational interaction in a second language forms the basis for the development of language rather than being only a forum for practice of specific language features. (Gass, 2003)
This document discusses language learning aptitude, which refers to an individual's ability to learn a second language. It covers several key points:
1) Researchers like Carroll have identified various factors that contribute to language aptitude, including phonemic coding ability, grammatical sensitivity, inductive language learning ability, and rote learning ability.
2) Studies have shown aptitude is strongly correlated with second language proficiency, though all learners can achieve some proficiency regardless of aptitude. Aptitude enhances the rate and ease of learning.
3) Skehan proposed aptitude involves three components - auditory ability, linguistic ability, and memory ability - that relate to different phases of the second language acquisition process.
The document discusses issues related to testing interlanguage pragmatic ability. It defines pragmatics and places interlanguage pragmatics within a model of communicative language ability. The document outlines considerations for validity in testing pragmatic ability, including construct validity and content validity. It also discusses common issues in interlanguage pragmatics like misunderstandings between speakers from different cultures or language backgrounds. The document concludes by discussing components that could be included in a test of interlanguage pragmatic ability, such as speech acts, implicatures, and routines.
Input and Interaction - Psychology of Language LearningRichard Gallahad
This document covers several key topics in second language acquisition (SLA) research including Krashen's input hypothesis, Long's interaction hypothesis, Chomsky's views on language acquisition, Krashen's acquisition/learning hypothesis, the affective filter hypothesis, comprehensible input, the natural order hypothesis, issues with Krashen's thinking, negotiation of meaning, and generalizations from SLA research. It provides explanations of these concepts and cites supporting research from scholars like Ellis, Krashen, Lightbown, Spada, and VanPatten.
The document summarizes the origins and development of research on interaction and second language learning. Early studies examined modifications in native speaker (NS) input to non-native speakers (NNS) and differences between baby talk and foreigner talk. Later research found NS modifications could negatively impact NNS participation and argued NNS-NNS interactions provide more opportunities for negotiation of meaning. Additional studies explored the importance of learner output in interaction and comprehensible output for second language acquisition.
Interaction and second language acquisition: an ecological perspectiveVera Menezes
This document discusses interaction and second language acquisition from an ecological perspective. It argues that interaction is essential for language acquisition, as humans have an innate drive to socially interact. While classroom interaction is important, experiences outside the classroom through interaction in natural environments and mediated interactions enabled by technology can also greatly contribute to second language acquisition. The conclusion advocates for teachers to help students broaden their opportunities for interaction beyond the classroom to explore new linguistic worlds.
The document discusses competence, process, and assessment standards for English language teaching in Indonesia with a focus on developing literacy. It outlines the ultimate goal of English education as enabling students to communicate ideas accurately, fluently, and appropriately in spoken and written English. Standards are provided for listening, speaking, reading and writing competencies at different education levels. The document emphasizes organizing instruction around the negotiation of meaning and using techniques that promote language use and communication over direct grammar instruction. Assessment should evaluate students' ability to create and understand spoken and written texts in various genres.
Presentación2.ppt input and interactionJoel Acosta
The primary factor affecting language acquisition appears to be the input that the learner receives. Stephen Krashen took a very strong position on the importance of input, asserting that comprehensible input is all that is necessary for second-language acquisition.
Conversational interaction in a second language forms the basis for the development of language rather than being only a forum for practice of specific language features. (Gass, 2003)
This document discusses language learning aptitude, which refers to an individual's ability to learn a second language. It covers several key points:
1) Researchers like Carroll have identified various factors that contribute to language aptitude, including phonemic coding ability, grammatical sensitivity, inductive language learning ability, and rote learning ability.
2) Studies have shown aptitude is strongly correlated with second language proficiency, though all learners can achieve some proficiency regardless of aptitude. Aptitude enhances the rate and ease of learning.
3) Skehan proposed aptitude involves three components - auditory ability, linguistic ability, and memory ability - that relate to different phases of the second language acquisition process.
The document discusses issues related to testing interlanguage pragmatic ability. It defines pragmatics and places interlanguage pragmatics within a model of communicative language ability. The document outlines considerations for validity in testing pragmatic ability, including construct validity and content validity. It also discusses common issues in interlanguage pragmatics like misunderstandings between speakers from different cultures or language backgrounds. The document concludes by discussing components that could be included in a test of interlanguage pragmatic ability, such as speech acts, implicatures, and routines.
【Book Presentation】Ellis and shintani (2014). chapter 1 (JACET Reading Research Group April, 2015 by KANAZAWA Yu)
【輪読】Ellis and shintani (2014). chapter 1(リーディング研究会2015年4月例会_担当者:金澤)
Target: Ellis, R. and Shintani, N. (2014). Exploring language pedagogy through second language acquisition. New York; Routledge.
No, when I am 12.
S: I goed to the store.
T: No, you didn't goed to the store. The past tense of go is went. You went to the store.
S: She run fast.
T: No, the correct form is "She runs fast" or "She ran fast", depending on whether you're talking about the present or past tense.
S: I eated the food.
T: No, the past tense of eat is ate. You should say "I ate the food."
Explicit correction is direct and unambiguous.
REPETITION
Teacher repeats the correct form after the student's
incorrect utterance
Implicit & Explicit learning, knowledge and instructionaghchay
This document discusses the distinction between implicit and explicit learning and knowledge in second language acquisition. It provides definitions and perspectives from various cognitive psychologists and SLA researchers. Implicit learning occurs unconsciously without attention to rules, resulting in intuitive knowledge, while explicit learning involves conscious memorization of rules and facts. Implicit knowledge guides automatic behaviors while explicit knowledge requires controlled processing. SLA research has found that explicit learning and knowledge are generally more effective for L2 mastery than implicit learning alone.
The document discusses key concepts from sociocultural theory, including:
1. The zone of proximal development (ZPD), which refers to the distance between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance. It is situated within social interactions, not just in the individual's mind.
2. Scaffolding, which involves simplifying tasks, controlling frustration, and demonstrating solutions to guide learners within their ZPD.
3. The participation metaphor, which views learning as occurring through social participation rather than just acquisition of knowledge. Learners have agency and are influenced by social and contextual factors.
4. Collaborative dialogue, where learners co-construct understanding through discussion
The document summarizes three major traditions in second language acquisition: behaviorism, structural linguistics, and cognitive approaches. It focuses on behaviorism and its influence on early approaches like contrastive analysis and audiolingualism which viewed language learning as habit formation. Later, error analysis emerged which saw learner errors as significant and led to the idea of an internal language learning process. Research also found limited evidence for contrastive analysis predictions, pointing to more developmental and innate factors in acquisition.
This document discusses aspects of second language acquisition, including developmental patterns and stages, order of acquisition, and language transfer. It outlines 5 stages of language development, from pre-production to advanced fluency, and notes the common order that grammatical morphemes are acquired. Finally, it discusses contrastive analysis and how the first language can influence second language acquisition through both interlingual and intralingual transfer.
This thesis examines the effects of pragmatics instruction on English language learners' pragmatic competence. The author conducted a study with 39 adult ESL students studying at West Virginia University. Students were tested on their language proficiency and pragmatic knowledge through discourse completion tasks before and after instruction. The experimental group received four hours of instruction on speech acts like requests, refusals, apologies and compliments over two weeks, while the comparison group did not. Results showed a positive correlation between language proficiency and pragmatic competence. Analysis found that the experimental group significantly outperformed the comparison group on post-tests, showing the instruction was effective in improving pragmatic knowledge.
Demystifying Interlanguage Pragmatics for EFL TeachersOmaima Ayoub
The document discusses interlanguage pragmatics and its importance for EFL teachers. It defines key concepts like pragmatic competence, speech acts, and pragmatic failure. It explains that during second language acquisition, learners develop an "interlanguage" system with features of both their first and second languages. There are three types of pragmatic knowledge: cognitive awareness, receptive skills, and productive skills. The document proposes a three-stage model of L2 pragmatic instruction involving observation, analysis, and extension activities. It emphasizes that pragmatic features can be taught at all levels through explicit instruction combined with practice opportunities.
The document discusses individual differences in language aptitude. It defines aptitude as a learner's capacity for learning a task based on their enduring characteristics. Language aptitude refers to cognitive differences between learners and their ability to learn a language. Between 1920-1930, researchers developed early language aptitude tests to predict learners' performance. These tests used analytical and synthetic approaches. Modern tests like the MLAT and PLAB further researched aptitude and its components like memory, auditory ability, and linguistic ability. The document discusses ongoing issues around what aptitude measures, its relationship to age, intelligence, teaching methods, and the purpose of aptitude testing.
Interlanguage pragmatics examines second language learners' use and development of speech acts. Key concepts include speech acts, pragmatic failure, and factors influencing speech acts like power and social distance. Studies show learners progress through stages in speech act development, starting with formulaic utterances and progressing to more complex, indirect responses tailored to the social context. The Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realisation Project aimed to compare speech act realization patterns across languages and between native and non-native speakers. Research highlights the need for pragmatic instruction to go beyond textbook dialogs and incorporate observations of authentic language use.
Aptitude As In Individual Difference In Sla 2Dr. Cupid Lucid
The document discusses language aptitude, which refers to an individual's propensity for learning a second language. It describes key researchers in the field like John Carroll, who defined language aptitude and proposed it has four constituent abilities. Tests developed to measure aptitude include the Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) and Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery (PLAB), which assess abilities like sound discrimination and associating sounds with symbols. While intelligence relates to aptitude, researchers argue they are distinct factors in second language acquisition.
Implicit vs. Explicit Teaching in PragmaticsEda Nur Ozcan
The document discusses teaching pragmatics, which aims to help language learners understand socially appropriate language use. Pragmatics is often overlooked in language education. Explicit teaching of pragmatics through analyzing language examples and contexts is generally more effective than implicit teaching. Various frameworks can inform pragmatics instruction, including noticing hypothesis, output hypothesis, interaction hypothesis, and sociocultural theory. Teachers can use tasks focusing on linguistic or sociocultural aspects to raise pragmatic awareness. Both inductive and deductive approaches show promise, though inductive instruction may lead to longer-lasting pragmatic knowledge.
The document discusses individual differences in language aptitude. It defines aptitude as a learner's capacity for learning a task based on their enduring characteristics. Language aptitude refers to cognitive differences between learners and their ability to learn a language. Intelligence is broader and refers to general mental ability transferable across tasks. Major research on language aptitude was conducted between 1920-1930 and included the Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) in 1959 and Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery (PLAB) in 1966. Language aptitude tests predict learning success under optimal conditions but do not measure if a learner can acquire a language.
Applied linguistics is the interdisciplinary study of language and its applications in real world contexts. It draws on linguistic theories and research to solve practical language-related problems. Key areas include second language acquisition, teaching methodology, testing, and the relationships between language and society, technology, and other fields. Throughout the 20th century, applied linguistics influenced the development of language teaching methods, shifting the focus from grammar translation to more communicative, meaning-based approaches grounded in theories of language acquisition and use.
This document discusses attitude and aptitude in second language acquisition. It defines attitude as a manner of thinking, feeling, or behaving that reflects a state of mind, and aptitude as an innate, learned, or acquired ability or natural tendency. It discusses Stephen Krashen's theory that aptitude and attitude provide an explanation for why both language aptitude (as measured by tests) and attitude (affective variables) relate to second language achievement, but are not related to each other. A person can have high or low levels of both aptitude and attitude. Attitudinal factors that help acquisition give learners confidence and enable them to make use of the language they hear. Attitude and aptitude are important factors in second language
Input, interaction, and second language acquisitionPe Tii
The document discusses input, interaction, and second language acquisition from multiple perspectives. It begins by defining input and noting three views on input in language acquisition: behaviourist, nativist, and interactionist. It then examines foreigner talk studies, discourse analysis, and input/interaction in classroom settings. Research on motherese and first language acquisition is also summarized. The document provides an overview of different frameworks for analyzing classroom interaction, including interaction analysis, classroom process research, and teacher talk analyses.
This document discusses different settings for second language learning, including natural acquisition settings, structured-based instructional settings, and communicative instructional settings. It outlines key differences in how language is presented and practiced in each setting. The document also discusses factors that influence language learning like teaching methods, language input, authentic vs non-authentic language examples, and the balance between complexity, accuracy and fluency in the classroom.
1) The document discusses input and interaction in second language acquisition. It defines input as the language directed at the non-native speaker through listening and reading. Input must be comprehensible and slightly above the learner's level.
2) The document also examines Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis which posits that language is acquired through comprehensible input that is one stage above the learner's current ability.
3) Interaction involves face-to-face communication between language learners and promotes language development through receiving feedback and negotiating meaning.
The effects of explicit instruction in elementary to-intermediate EFL student...Maximiliano Ayala
This document summarizes a thesis that studied the effects of explicit pronunciation instruction on elementary to intermediate EFL students' intelligibility when reading aloud. It conducted an 8-session pedagogical intervention teaching pronunciation features like vowels, consonants, word stress, rhythm, and intonation. Pre- and post-tests of students reading passages were analyzed and showed improvements in intelligibility across various elements of speech. The study concluded that explicit instruction helps increase EFL students' intelligibility when reading aloud and provides necessary knowledge for language teachers. Some limitations were the short intervention time and lack of measuring spontaneous speech improvement.
The document discusses Michael Long's interactional hypothesis, which is based on Stephen Krashen's input hypothesis. The interactional hypothesis proposes that negotiated interaction between learners and their interlocutors can qualitatively change the nature of the input, facilitating language acquisition. When communication breaks down, interlocutors provide modified input through repetition, confirmation checks, comprehension checks, and clarification requests to aid comprehension. While interaction can help comprehension, it is not solely responsible for acquisition and individual differences are also important factors. The interactional hypothesis perspective has limitations but provides insights applicable for language teaching.
This document outlines the agenda for the second class of a pedagogical grammar course, including reviewing definitions of grammar, exploring direct and indirect approaches to teaching grammar to English language learners, and assigning self-study pages in the book and workbook on parts of speech, verb tenses, articles, and other grammar topics. Homework involves independently studying assigned sections in the book and workbook.
LANGUAGE TEACHING and EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptxJorlin2
1. The document discusses various approaches to teaching English language and literature, including language-based, paraphrastic, information-based, personal response, stylistic, and moral-philosophical approaches.
2. It also covers techniques for testing language and literature abilities, such as formal and informal testing, different elicitation techniques like questions, true/false, and essays.
3. The stages of test construction are outlined as planning the test, preparing test items, trying out the test, and evaluating the test for validity, reliability, and usability.
【Book Presentation】Ellis and shintani (2014). chapter 1 (JACET Reading Research Group April, 2015 by KANAZAWA Yu)
【輪読】Ellis and shintani (2014). chapter 1(リーディング研究会2015年4月例会_担当者:金澤)
Target: Ellis, R. and Shintani, N. (2014). Exploring language pedagogy through second language acquisition. New York; Routledge.
No, when I am 12.
S: I goed to the store.
T: No, you didn't goed to the store. The past tense of go is went. You went to the store.
S: She run fast.
T: No, the correct form is "She runs fast" or "She ran fast", depending on whether you're talking about the present or past tense.
S: I eated the food.
T: No, the past tense of eat is ate. You should say "I ate the food."
Explicit correction is direct and unambiguous.
REPETITION
Teacher repeats the correct form after the student's
incorrect utterance
Implicit & Explicit learning, knowledge and instructionaghchay
This document discusses the distinction between implicit and explicit learning and knowledge in second language acquisition. It provides definitions and perspectives from various cognitive psychologists and SLA researchers. Implicit learning occurs unconsciously without attention to rules, resulting in intuitive knowledge, while explicit learning involves conscious memorization of rules and facts. Implicit knowledge guides automatic behaviors while explicit knowledge requires controlled processing. SLA research has found that explicit learning and knowledge are generally more effective for L2 mastery than implicit learning alone.
The document discusses key concepts from sociocultural theory, including:
1. The zone of proximal development (ZPD), which refers to the distance between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance. It is situated within social interactions, not just in the individual's mind.
2. Scaffolding, which involves simplifying tasks, controlling frustration, and demonstrating solutions to guide learners within their ZPD.
3. The participation metaphor, which views learning as occurring through social participation rather than just acquisition of knowledge. Learners have agency and are influenced by social and contextual factors.
4. Collaborative dialogue, where learners co-construct understanding through discussion
The document summarizes three major traditions in second language acquisition: behaviorism, structural linguistics, and cognitive approaches. It focuses on behaviorism and its influence on early approaches like contrastive analysis and audiolingualism which viewed language learning as habit formation. Later, error analysis emerged which saw learner errors as significant and led to the idea of an internal language learning process. Research also found limited evidence for contrastive analysis predictions, pointing to more developmental and innate factors in acquisition.
This document discusses aspects of second language acquisition, including developmental patterns and stages, order of acquisition, and language transfer. It outlines 5 stages of language development, from pre-production to advanced fluency, and notes the common order that grammatical morphemes are acquired. Finally, it discusses contrastive analysis and how the first language can influence second language acquisition through both interlingual and intralingual transfer.
This thesis examines the effects of pragmatics instruction on English language learners' pragmatic competence. The author conducted a study with 39 adult ESL students studying at West Virginia University. Students were tested on their language proficiency and pragmatic knowledge through discourse completion tasks before and after instruction. The experimental group received four hours of instruction on speech acts like requests, refusals, apologies and compliments over two weeks, while the comparison group did not. Results showed a positive correlation between language proficiency and pragmatic competence. Analysis found that the experimental group significantly outperformed the comparison group on post-tests, showing the instruction was effective in improving pragmatic knowledge.
Demystifying Interlanguage Pragmatics for EFL TeachersOmaima Ayoub
The document discusses interlanguage pragmatics and its importance for EFL teachers. It defines key concepts like pragmatic competence, speech acts, and pragmatic failure. It explains that during second language acquisition, learners develop an "interlanguage" system with features of both their first and second languages. There are three types of pragmatic knowledge: cognitive awareness, receptive skills, and productive skills. The document proposes a three-stage model of L2 pragmatic instruction involving observation, analysis, and extension activities. It emphasizes that pragmatic features can be taught at all levels through explicit instruction combined with practice opportunities.
The document discusses individual differences in language aptitude. It defines aptitude as a learner's capacity for learning a task based on their enduring characteristics. Language aptitude refers to cognitive differences between learners and their ability to learn a language. Between 1920-1930, researchers developed early language aptitude tests to predict learners' performance. These tests used analytical and synthetic approaches. Modern tests like the MLAT and PLAB further researched aptitude and its components like memory, auditory ability, and linguistic ability. The document discusses ongoing issues around what aptitude measures, its relationship to age, intelligence, teaching methods, and the purpose of aptitude testing.
Interlanguage pragmatics examines second language learners' use and development of speech acts. Key concepts include speech acts, pragmatic failure, and factors influencing speech acts like power and social distance. Studies show learners progress through stages in speech act development, starting with formulaic utterances and progressing to more complex, indirect responses tailored to the social context. The Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realisation Project aimed to compare speech act realization patterns across languages and between native and non-native speakers. Research highlights the need for pragmatic instruction to go beyond textbook dialogs and incorporate observations of authentic language use.
Aptitude As In Individual Difference In Sla 2Dr. Cupid Lucid
The document discusses language aptitude, which refers to an individual's propensity for learning a second language. It describes key researchers in the field like John Carroll, who defined language aptitude and proposed it has four constituent abilities. Tests developed to measure aptitude include the Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) and Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery (PLAB), which assess abilities like sound discrimination and associating sounds with symbols. While intelligence relates to aptitude, researchers argue they are distinct factors in second language acquisition.
Implicit vs. Explicit Teaching in PragmaticsEda Nur Ozcan
The document discusses teaching pragmatics, which aims to help language learners understand socially appropriate language use. Pragmatics is often overlooked in language education. Explicit teaching of pragmatics through analyzing language examples and contexts is generally more effective than implicit teaching. Various frameworks can inform pragmatics instruction, including noticing hypothesis, output hypothesis, interaction hypothesis, and sociocultural theory. Teachers can use tasks focusing on linguistic or sociocultural aspects to raise pragmatic awareness. Both inductive and deductive approaches show promise, though inductive instruction may lead to longer-lasting pragmatic knowledge.
The document discusses individual differences in language aptitude. It defines aptitude as a learner's capacity for learning a task based on their enduring characteristics. Language aptitude refers to cognitive differences between learners and their ability to learn a language. Intelligence is broader and refers to general mental ability transferable across tasks. Major research on language aptitude was conducted between 1920-1930 and included the Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) in 1959 and Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery (PLAB) in 1966. Language aptitude tests predict learning success under optimal conditions but do not measure if a learner can acquire a language.
Applied linguistics is the interdisciplinary study of language and its applications in real world contexts. It draws on linguistic theories and research to solve practical language-related problems. Key areas include second language acquisition, teaching methodology, testing, and the relationships between language and society, technology, and other fields. Throughout the 20th century, applied linguistics influenced the development of language teaching methods, shifting the focus from grammar translation to more communicative, meaning-based approaches grounded in theories of language acquisition and use.
This document discusses attitude and aptitude in second language acquisition. It defines attitude as a manner of thinking, feeling, or behaving that reflects a state of mind, and aptitude as an innate, learned, or acquired ability or natural tendency. It discusses Stephen Krashen's theory that aptitude and attitude provide an explanation for why both language aptitude (as measured by tests) and attitude (affective variables) relate to second language achievement, but are not related to each other. A person can have high or low levels of both aptitude and attitude. Attitudinal factors that help acquisition give learners confidence and enable them to make use of the language they hear. Attitude and aptitude are important factors in second language
Input, interaction, and second language acquisitionPe Tii
The document discusses input, interaction, and second language acquisition from multiple perspectives. It begins by defining input and noting three views on input in language acquisition: behaviourist, nativist, and interactionist. It then examines foreigner talk studies, discourse analysis, and input/interaction in classroom settings. Research on motherese and first language acquisition is also summarized. The document provides an overview of different frameworks for analyzing classroom interaction, including interaction analysis, classroom process research, and teacher talk analyses.
This document discusses different settings for second language learning, including natural acquisition settings, structured-based instructional settings, and communicative instructional settings. It outlines key differences in how language is presented and practiced in each setting. The document also discusses factors that influence language learning like teaching methods, language input, authentic vs non-authentic language examples, and the balance between complexity, accuracy and fluency in the classroom.
1) The document discusses input and interaction in second language acquisition. It defines input as the language directed at the non-native speaker through listening and reading. Input must be comprehensible and slightly above the learner's level.
2) The document also examines Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis which posits that language is acquired through comprehensible input that is one stage above the learner's current ability.
3) Interaction involves face-to-face communication between language learners and promotes language development through receiving feedback and negotiating meaning.
The effects of explicit instruction in elementary to-intermediate EFL student...Maximiliano Ayala
This document summarizes a thesis that studied the effects of explicit pronunciation instruction on elementary to intermediate EFL students' intelligibility when reading aloud. It conducted an 8-session pedagogical intervention teaching pronunciation features like vowels, consonants, word stress, rhythm, and intonation. Pre- and post-tests of students reading passages were analyzed and showed improvements in intelligibility across various elements of speech. The study concluded that explicit instruction helps increase EFL students' intelligibility when reading aloud and provides necessary knowledge for language teachers. Some limitations were the short intervention time and lack of measuring spontaneous speech improvement.
The document discusses Michael Long's interactional hypothesis, which is based on Stephen Krashen's input hypothesis. The interactional hypothesis proposes that negotiated interaction between learners and their interlocutors can qualitatively change the nature of the input, facilitating language acquisition. When communication breaks down, interlocutors provide modified input through repetition, confirmation checks, comprehension checks, and clarification requests to aid comprehension. While interaction can help comprehension, it is not solely responsible for acquisition and individual differences are also important factors. The interactional hypothesis perspective has limitations but provides insights applicable for language teaching.
This document outlines the agenda for the second class of a pedagogical grammar course, including reviewing definitions of grammar, exploring direct and indirect approaches to teaching grammar to English language learners, and assigning self-study pages in the book and workbook on parts of speech, verb tenses, articles, and other grammar topics. Homework involves independently studying assigned sections in the book and workbook.
LANGUAGE TEACHING and EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptxJorlin2
1. The document discusses various approaches to teaching English language and literature, including language-based, paraphrastic, information-based, personal response, stylistic, and moral-philosophical approaches.
2. It also covers techniques for testing language and literature abilities, such as formal and informal testing, different elicitation techniques like questions, true/false, and essays.
3. The stages of test construction are outlined as planning the test, preparing test items, trying out the test, and evaluating the test for validity, reliability, and usability.
This document discusses the intricacies of conducting multilingual research. It addresses translation-related issues such as achieving conceptual equivalence between languages and interpreting verbal and non-verbal cues in multicultural teams. It also examines the importance of contextualizing studies across different cultures and languages. The role of languages in research is explored at various stages, from designing tools and gathering data to reporting findings. While the native language may be most important for data collection and analysis, English is often used for initial preparation and final dissemination to engage the international research community.
Interlanguage and the natural route of development ellis ch. 3Masrizal Mahmud
This document discusses interlanguage theory and how second language learners acquire a new language. It proposes that learners pass through distinct stages of development, constructing rule systems that are influenced by their first language but gradually become more like the target language. Several studies are summarized that examine how learners acquire language structures like negation, interrogation, and relative clauses over time, with their interlanguages transitioning from more error-prone to more target-like. Methodological issues with interlanguage research are also addressed.
This presentation discusses the universalist perspective in second language acquisition. It outlines objectives to examine principles of universalism, differences between data-driven and theory-driven approaches, and how grammar universals and universal grammar complement each other. Key points include how universalism refers to concepts applying to everything without exception, different approaches to studying language universals, the data-driven perspective examining surface features across languages to find variation principles, and the theory-driven perspective analyzing properties to determine highly abstract grammar principles. The conclusion is that both data-driven and theory-driven approaches provide insights into discovering grammar universals and considering the role of universal grammar in first and second language acquisition.
Types of L2 morphosyntactic knowledge that can and cannot be observed in lea...Ken Urano
2015 Joint International Methodology Research Colloquium KATE Corpus SIG & LET Kansai Methodology SIG @ National Institute for International Education May 16, 2015

Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that identifies and offers solutions to real-world language problems. It utilizes linguistic research to improve practical tasks involving language. Applied linguistics is concerned with language teaching and learning, testing, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, computational linguistics, and translation studies. Over the 20th century, language teaching methods evolved from the grammar translation method to the direct method, audiolingual method, and finally communicative language teaching in response to developments in linguistics, psychology and changes in views about language learning.
Children acquire their first language through a complex interplay of innate and environmental factors. While children are biologically predisposed to learn language, they must also be exposed to meaningful input from caregivers for acquisition to occur. Children progress from understanding more than they can produce to eventually mastering the systematic rules of their native language through imitation, practice, and discourse-based interactions from an early age.
Morphemes, Cognates, & Vocabulary: A Governor's Teacher Network StudyKenneth McKee
Leverage morphological and cognate knowledge to
improve Tier 2 vocabulary, a significant barrier for
English Language Learners' success. An instructional
framework and multiple strategies will be featured
in this Governor's Teacher Network session.
Second Language Acquisition related to testing model in Finland, and its implications for designing future technology for innovative testing generations to come.
SLA ,Learning Theories , Second language Aquisitionmoji azimi
This document discusses theories of second language acquisition (SLA). It covers linguistic, psychological, and sociocultural theories including: Universal Grammar, Monitor Theory, Natural Order Hypothesis, Comprehension Input Hypothesis, Affective Filter Hypothesis, Behaviorism, Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, Cognitive Psychology, Information Processing Theory, Connectionism, Processability Theory, Interactionist Perspectives, Sociocultural Perspectives, Interlanguage, Developmental Sequences, and the role of the first language and instruction in SLA. The document provides an overview of many influential theories that aim to explain how people learn a second language.
Ellis Ch 3 Psychological factors and SLA.pptxNoorhussein32
1. The document discusses key psychological factors that influence second language acquisition, focusing on language aptitude, motivation, and language anxiety.
2. Language aptitude involves abilities like phonetic coding, grammar sensitivity, and memory that facilitate implicit and explicit language learning. Aptitude tests like the MLAT can predict L2 learning success.
3. Factors like age, learning experience, and instructional approach may influence which aptitude abilities are most important for different learners. Working memory is now seen as a core component of aptitude.
This webinar will provide an overview of the Role-Space model developed by Peter Llewellyn-Jones and Robert G. Lee. The core premise is that a role is not something we have, rather is it something we do. The model proposes three interrelated dimensions of interpreter decision making and behavior: interaction management, participant alignment and the presentation of self. The interaction between and amongst these axes forms the role-space that an interpreter occupies in an interaction. Before learning to interpret, students must be aware of their own communicative behaviors in the languages and cultures with which they work before applying them cross-linguistically and cross-culturally. Examples from the trainer’s own interpreting and teaching practice will be provided to illustrate applications of the model.
Pedagogical Exploitation of Contrastive Analysiszahraa Aamir
There are three main points summarized from the document:
1. Contrastive analysis (CA) can be used to predict areas of difficulty for language learners, diagnose errors, and inform test and course design by comparing the learner's first language (L1) with the target second language (L2).
2. There are two types of CA - theoretical, which looks at universal linguistic categories in L1 and L2, and applied, which focuses on how a category in L1 is represented in L2. Applied CAs are used more directly for language teaching.
3. CA can predict difficulties, errors, and the tenacity of errors. However, it is limited in the number of errors
The document discusses the role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition. It covers 5 key ingredients: attitude, input, interaction, output, and noticing. Input alone may not be enough for acquisition and learners need opportunities for output and interaction. Noticing gaps in their language is important for learning. The environment can provide positive evidence, negative evidence, and opportunities for negotiation of meaning to aid acquisition, but individual and social factors also influence the learning process.
This document provides an overview of research on learner attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs in language learning. It begins by defining key concepts like attitudes, perceptions, beliefs, motivation, and anxiety. It then discusses how research in this area has evolved over time, from initial efforts to develop measurement instruments in the 1970s-1980s to more recent qualitative and survey-based research. It also examines how learner attributes may differ based on individual characteristics, learning contexts, programs of study, and environments. Throughout, the document emphasizes the complex and dynamic nature of exploring these internal factors, how they interconnect and relate to learning outcomes.
The document discusses adapting an open educational resources (OER) English curriculum to meet the needs of a learning community focused on the theme of "Place." Key points:
1. The OER curriculum was modified to incorporate the theme of place by having students analyze writing within specific places and how place influences their writing and identity.
2. Threshold concepts about the rhetorical nature of writing and how meaning depends on context were emphasized across project assignments.
3. The flexible OER curriculum allowed it to be easily adapted to the learning community while still addressing core concepts of writing and rhetoric.
4. Teaching the same OER curriculum in a women's prison presented additional logistical challenges but also demonstrated how writing is
This document outlines the syllabus for a Pedagogical Grammar course in the Teaching Development Certificate program. The course covers an introduction to grammar concepts for English language learners, basic English grammar terminology and usage, common grammar errors made by ELLs, and approaches to teaching grammar. The syllabus includes exams, quizzes, written work, and participation for grading. It also provides an overview of the course structure and topics to be covered in the Moodle online component.
This document discusses language learners and learner language. It defines learner language as the written or spoken language produced by a language learner. Researchers study learner language to understand how a learner's internal language representations develop over time. Errors in learner language are important to analyze, as they reveal how the learner's grammar is developing. The document outlines different ways to identify, describe, explain, and evaluate errors made by language learners. It also discusses developmental patterns in learner language, such as common acquisition stages and sequences. Variability in learner language is influenced by linguistic, situational, and psycholinguistic contexts.
The document appears to be notes from an advanced grammar session that discusses noun clauses. It provides examples of noun clauses using words like "that", "if/whether", and question words. It also outlines the different functions of noun clauses within sentences, such as serving as the subject, complement, object, or object of a preposition.
This document discusses techniques for assessing oral communication abilities. It considers parameters like the communicative task, operations, text type, addressees and topics. Some suggested techniques include brainstorming about operations, addressees and text types for a given topic. Other elicitation techniques are questions, requests for information, pictures, role play, interpreting, discussion, tape recordings, imitation, prepared monologues and reading aloud. The goal is to evaluate oral skills through various interactive exercises rather than just an interview format.
This document is an instructional webinar on noun clauses and their functions. It discusses what a noun clause is, provides examples of noun clauses, and explains the different functions of noun clauses including as the subject, complement, object, object of a preposition, and as an appositive in sentences. It also provides exercises for learners to complete using noun clauses based on a video clip. The webinar instructor assigns out-of-class work for learners to drill noun clause exercises and read a chapter on teaching grammar from rules.
This document provides guidelines for citing different types of references in APA style, including periodicals like journals, magazines, and newspapers; books, book chapters, and reference works; technical and research reports; dissertations and theses; and audiovisual media. It describes the core components that should be included for each type of reference, such as author names, publication dates, titles, and retrieval information for online sources.
1. The document discusses parameters for effectively testing students' writing skills, including setting representative writing tasks, eliciting in-class writing samples related to real-life tasks, and reliably scoring writing samples.
2. It emphasizes the importance of brainstorming the operation, addressees, text types, and topics of writing tasks.
3. Models of reading and writing reciprocity, feedback strategies, checklists, and peer and collective feedback using symbols with a focus on content are presented as ways to provide effective feedback on writing.
Here are the answers to your questions using adjective clauses as objects:
1. The person who Clarissa met in the cinema was Orlando Bloom.
2. The person who Mike saw in the planetarium was his old school teacher.
3. The people who Clarissa saw in the bowling alley were her neighbors.
4. The event which she missed because Nigel was in Switzerland was his birthday party.
5. The person with who Mike had fun in the water park was his cousin.
6. The people who Clarissa claims to have met in the ice-skating rink were Olympic champions.
Here are the steps:
1. Get in groups of 5 people.
2. Choose one device for recording, such as a cellphone.
3. Choose one person to be the summarizer.
4. Draw a topic from the bag.
5. Have a 6-minute discussion about the topic, trying to use noun clauses in every statement.
6. The summarizer listens and writes a short conclusion about the discussion using noun clauses.
7. Each group shares their recording and summary with the larger group.
The goal is to practice using noun clauses while discussing a topic. Let me know if any part needs more clarification!
The document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It explains that a literature review synthesizes previous research on a topic to discover new insights and determine if proposed research questions have been answered. It also allows one to assess different methodologies used and determine if a proposed study is feasible. The document outlines four tasks of a literature review: summary, synthesis, critique, and comparison. It provides examples of language and outlines for organizing a literature review and identifying its key parts.
The document discusses grammatical concepts like nouns, noun phrases, clauses, subjects, verbs, objects, and complements. It provides examples of each, including sentences like "We believe that reality shows are not real" and "It seems that these shows are phony" to illustrate noun clauses functioning as subjects and complements. Key ideas covered are the definitions of nouns/noun phrases, clauses, and the subject-verb-object/complement structure of sentences.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Research questions
1. What do the research questions below have in common?
1. What opportunities can listening based
games provide to EFL learners of Canceles
School, who have a poor English language
input and that is located in an
underprivileged context?
How does the use of listening based
games influence or impact the
development of listening skills in second
graders students of Canceles School?
2. What does the application of
an adapted version of
Reciprocal Teaching
experienced with sheltered
Instruction inform us about
the English reading
comprehension and oral
production of Seventh grade
EFL learners?
3. What are the learner‟s
perceptions regarding listening
activities using bottom-up
listening strategies in an eighth
grade English class?
What is the impact in terms of
English language learning with
the application of applying
bottom- up listening strategies to
EFL eighth grade learners?
4. What errors does syntactic
negative transfer provoke in Pre-
intermediate English Learners‟
writing in an English as a foreign
language teaching program?
What leads English
Pre‐Intermediate students to
make errors in writing in
determined syntactic categories?
6. The RESEARCH
Research is the QUESTION is the
The figures in the
process whereby beginning of the
following slide
questions are research process
encompass the
raised and and the focus of
entire reseach
answers are both the reader
process.
sought and the
researcher.
7.
8. Primary research Practical problems
• Ferris (1995) realized
• The that teachers spend a
collection of lot of time providing
original primary feedback to Ss‟
compositions: Does
data feedback actually
helps Ss improve their
writing?
Secondary sources
• Such as textbook or
theoretical papers presented
at conferences.
• They summarize other
people‟s research.
9. What are the types of research
questions?
Descriptive Relational Causal
10. • To describe what is
going on or what
exists.
• Describes data and
characteristics about
the population or
phenomenon being
studied.
• Descriptive research
cannot be used to Relational • A study designed to
create a causal determine whether
relationship, where one or more variables
one variable affects • A study is designed to causes or affects one
another. look at the or more outcome
relationshpis between variables.
two or more
variables.
• Examines whether
Descriptive some X variable is
systematically related
Causal
to some Y variable
11. Wong (2009):
1. How do the untrained native English
speaking tutors teach their tutees?
2. What problems do the untrained native
English speaking tutors face in their
teaching?
3. How do the untrained native English
speaking tutors view their own teaching?
12. Jiang (2011):
What are the contributions of L1 literacy and
L2 proficiency to L2 reading comprehension?
What is the relationship, if any, between
participants‟ attitudes and vocabulary
acquisition?
Pellicer-Sánchez and Schmitt (2010):
What is the relationship, if any, between
participants‟ attitudes and vocabulary
acquisition?
13. Alessi and Dwyer (2000):
Will
vocabulary assistance (either before or
during reading) affect reading time?
14. •What is a variable: •The variables of a •For example,
What it is
Examples
Variable and construct
study are clearly language ability is a
identified and construct that varies
•„not consistent or defined. (i.e., people vary in
having a fixed language ability).
pattern; liable to • In fact the term
change‟ construct is usually •Gender is a variable
replaced by the
term variable. in that it has two
possibilities: male and
female.
• If something does
•Examples of other
not vary, it is not a
variable. possible variables are
nationality, language
proficiency, method
of instruction, and so
on.
15. • An independent variable (IV) is regarded as the variable
Independent of influence—that is, it affects the variation (or change)
in another variable.
variable
• The variable being influenced (or changed) is labeled
Dependent the dependent variable (DV), in that its variation
depends on changes in the independent variable.
variable
The way you • The way you can identify the two variables is to note
which one is thought to affect
can identify (i.e., impact, change, cause, influence, etc.) the other.
The one doing the affecting is the independent
them variable, and the one being affected is the dependent
variable.
• The Zahar et al. (2001) study entitled “Acquiring
Vocabulary Through Reading: Effects of Frequency and
Example Contextual Richness” indicates two IVs, frequency and
contextual richness, and one DV, vocabulary acquisition.
16. 1. Which type of gloss, paper or electronic, will result in
higher scores on vocabulary learning test?
2. Which types of looked up information in the electronic
dictionary (L1 translation, L2 definition, example of
usage, or combinations of these) are associated with
better vocabulary learning scores?
17. 1. What is learners‟ perceived value of the
two tasks conditions (FonF and FonFs) and
word occurrences with regard to word
retention?
2. How many of the four major derivative
classes (i.e., noun, verb, adjective, adverb)
of a particular word do learners know to a
productive degree of mastery?
3. What is the relationship between
productive derivational word knowledge
and more global knowledge of a word?
18.
19. What do you
want to know Read about it:
about it? find a book, an
article, etc.
What do you Look at the text
already know features to see
about it? what you want
to learn more
about.
Then ask a
question about
it.
20. „SKINNY‟ QUESTIONS
have simple answers
which can be
answered in one
word or sentence. Avoid questions that
They begin with: can‟t be answered
when, how many, and/or opinion
who, where. questions.
„FATTY‟ QUESTIONS
cannot be answered
in one sentence.
They make you
think of other
questions. They
begin with: why,
which, how.
21. Avoid using inactive verbs such as “do” at the
beginning of your question.
Questions beginning with “do”, like questions
that begin with “should”, can be answered by
“yes,” “no”, “maybe,” or “I don‟t know”,” and
are stoppers. They elicit an opinion rather than
some activity directed toward research.
22. Set the population
Avoid using verbs such from whom you can
Determine your
as „to improve‟ or „to collect the information
constructs, which can
develop‟, such necessary for
be your dependent
questions are imposible answering your
and/or independent
to be answered in your question(s) and the
variables.
theses projects. context to which the
population belongs.
23. A construct is a concept that a given discipline
(e.g. applied linguistics) has constructed to identify
some quality that is thought to exist. One of the
popular constructs that applied linguistics has is
communicative competence.
24. They are defined in two
ways: either by using
other constructs or by
operational definitions.
By using other constructs:
Canale and Swain (1980)
defined communicative
competency by using 4
other constructs.
In observable terms (operational definition):
MacInttyre et al. (2002) defined willingness to
communicate WTC as „an underlying continuum
representing the predisposition toward or away
from communicating, given the choice‟ (p. 538)
25. 1. What is the impact of the instructional use
of video material in the listening skills of
Basic English students in a Teaching English
as a Foreign Language Program?
2. What does the application of illustrated
stories tell us about vocabulary range of
third graders?
3. What does the application of Reciprocal
Teaching inform us about the English oral
production of seventh grade EFL learners?
26. Do teachers from HHH school teach communicatively?
How do first-semester pre-services English teachers in
Colombian universities respond to English CBLI?
What functions of code-switching are evident in the oral
speech of students?
How does instruction affect students‟ writing performance?
What is the response towards the instructionally use of
culturally relevant and highly visual material of fifth grade
English Foreign Language students in a Colombian public
school?