2. Research Design
a crucial aspect of the research process
encompasses the overall plan of the research work
outlines structure and strategy employed to answer a research
question or test a hypothesis.
guides the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.
choice of research design depends on the nature of the research
question, the type of data needed, and the researcher's goals
3. Experimental Research Design
a study to test an idea, practice, or procedure to determine
whether to affect the outcome or dependent variable.
a systematic approach used in scientific research
investigate cause-effect relationships between variables
perform carefully in a controlled environment
involves the intentional manipulation of one or more
independent variables to observe their impact on a
dependent
6. Pre-experimental Design
simplest form of research design that follows the basic
steps in the experiment
does not have a comparison group
considered as very weak in terms of control
less control over the experiment
includes one or more than one experimental group to be
observed against certain treatments.
7. Types of Pre-experimental Design
There are three types of Pre-experimental designs.
1. One Shot Case Study Design
2. One Group Pre-test Post-test Design
3. Static Group Comparison Design
8. One Shot Case Study Design
this design includes a single experimental group, on a single
occasion after experiencing some event, treatment, or intervention
observations are made after the implementation of that treatment
no random assignment of the subjects to the experimental group
no control group
9. One Group Pre-test Post-test Design
the simplest type of pre-experimental design
only the experimental group is selected as the study subjects
a pre-test of the dependent variable is made before the
implementation of the treatment in the selected group
after treatment, a post-test is carried out to assess the effect of
treatment on the group
this design measures the effect of intervention before (pre-test)
and after the experiment (post-test)
there is no control group in this design
11. Static Group Comparison Design
two groups: Experimental Group and Control Group
no random selection of the participants
the researcher assumes the two groups are equivalent at the start
no pre-test; dependent variable measured after treatment
post-test compares the effect of the independent or treatment variable
better performance in the experimental group indicates the
independent variable's responsibility for change in the dependent
variable
13. Uses of Pre-experimental Design
This design is often the first step in the research process and can provide
valuable insights that inform future studies.
Exploratory Studies: exploring a new area of study or phenomenon
Pilot Studies: to test the feasibility before conducting larger, more
rigorous experiments
Preliminary Investigations: investigations between variables to
provide initial evidence for the presence or absence of relationships
One-Shot Case Study: provide preliminary evidence of the
potential effects of an intervention
14. Contd…
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design: examine changes within the
group over time
Time-Series Designs: provide insights into how outcomes change
over time by measuring the dependent variable at multiple time
points before and after the introduction of an intervention
Feasibility Studies: assess whether a larger-scale experimental
study is practical and achievable given the available resources and
constraints
Educational Research: evaluate the effectiveness of teaching
methods, interventions, or programs in real-world settings