1. The document outlines the research process, beginning with defining research and the different types of research. It then discusses formulating a research problem, reviewing literature, identifying variables, and constructing hypotheses.
2. The steps of the research process discussed include creating a research design, developing instruments for data collection, selecting a sample, writing a research proposal, collecting data, analyzing and presenting findings.
3. An example of formulating a research problem, objectives, variables, and hypotheses for a study on factors influencing student absenteeism is provided to illustrate applying the concepts.
The document summarizes a lecture on creativity in scientific research given on March 7, 2016. It discusses definitions of creativity, the six resources needed for creativity including intellectual abilities, knowledge, thinking styles, personality, motivation, and environment. It also outlines decisions that can develop creativity such as redefining problems, questioning assumptions, and tolerating ambiguity. The lecture assessed creative talent and thinking styles and discussed three types of creative contributions to science: those that accept, reject, or integrate current paradigms. It highlighted recent recipients of creative research awards.
Research seminar lecture_2_research_proposal__types_of_research_methods_stude...Daria Bogdanova
This document provides an outline of a research seminar on educational sciences. It discusses the structure of a research proposal, including the main sections and steps. The three main sections of a research proposal are: 1) why the research is being conducted, 2) what will be researched, and 3) how the research will be done. It then describes several common quantitative and qualitative research methods, including surveys, experiments, case studies, interviews, and content analysis. The document aims to help students understand how to develop and carry out an educational research study.
This document provides guidance on how to write a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, explains why it is important, and outlines the key steps to writing an effective literature review, including selecting a topic, searching relevant literature, analyzing and critically evaluating the literature, and managing references. The document emphasizes that a literature review surveys scholarly sources on a topic to demonstrate that the writer understands relevant research and to argue that the topic merits further examination.
This document provides methodological guidance for writing a thesis. It discusses:
1) Conducting research as a process of discovery that involves risk of failure.
2) Different types of research methods including inductive, deductive, empirical, and review.
3) Key aspects of developing a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and discussing results.
4) Strategies for defining the scope of the thesis, including focusing on a modest problem and relationship between two phenomena that can be studied within available time and resources.
This document discusses data analysis and summarizing key aspects in 3 sentences or less:
The document discusses different types of data, qualitative vs quantitative data, and the process of data analysis which involves noticing patterns in the data, collecting and categorizing important pieces of information, and thinking critically about the meaning and implications. It also notes that negative results are often not published but can still provide valuable scientific insights, and sufficient statistics are important for others to evaluate and build upon the analysis. The document provides examples and outlines the various steps in the data analysis process.
revealing some of the outstanding tips to craft a research based high quality case study, research paper and thesis.
For assignment help visit https://bit.ly/33dGAhU or mail us at info@thoughtfulminds.org
This document outlines an educational webinar on scientific research. It discusses key topics like the definition of research, the basic vs applied distinction, the scientific method, and the 10 hallmarks of scientific research. These include research being a driver of innovation, moving fast, being purposeful, rigorous, hypothesis-driven, reproducible, precise and objective. The webinar aims to explain the basic concepts and process of scientific research.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions of research, the nature and types of business research, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses scientific research processes and characteristics. The key points are:
- Business research is defined as the systematic and objective process of generating information to aid decision-making. It can describe efforts to investigate and solve specific problems encountered in business settings.
- There are differences between qualitative research, which focuses on depth, meaning and subjectivities, and quantitative research, which relates to numbers that can be quantified.
- Research should be undertaken when time allows, information is inadequate, decisions are important, and research benefits outweigh costs. Ethical considerations like informed consent,
The document summarizes a lecture on creativity in scientific research given on March 7, 2016. It discusses definitions of creativity, the six resources needed for creativity including intellectual abilities, knowledge, thinking styles, personality, motivation, and environment. It also outlines decisions that can develop creativity such as redefining problems, questioning assumptions, and tolerating ambiguity. The lecture assessed creative talent and thinking styles and discussed three types of creative contributions to science: those that accept, reject, or integrate current paradigms. It highlighted recent recipients of creative research awards.
Research seminar lecture_2_research_proposal__types_of_research_methods_stude...Daria Bogdanova
This document provides an outline of a research seminar on educational sciences. It discusses the structure of a research proposal, including the main sections and steps. The three main sections of a research proposal are: 1) why the research is being conducted, 2) what will be researched, and 3) how the research will be done. It then describes several common quantitative and qualitative research methods, including surveys, experiments, case studies, interviews, and content analysis. The document aims to help students understand how to develop and carry out an educational research study.
This document provides guidance on how to write a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, explains why it is important, and outlines the key steps to writing an effective literature review, including selecting a topic, searching relevant literature, analyzing and critically evaluating the literature, and managing references. The document emphasizes that a literature review surveys scholarly sources on a topic to demonstrate that the writer understands relevant research and to argue that the topic merits further examination.
This document provides methodological guidance for writing a thesis. It discusses:
1) Conducting research as a process of discovery that involves risk of failure.
2) Different types of research methods including inductive, deductive, empirical, and review.
3) Key aspects of developing a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and discussing results.
4) Strategies for defining the scope of the thesis, including focusing on a modest problem and relationship between two phenomena that can be studied within available time and resources.
This document discusses data analysis and summarizing key aspects in 3 sentences or less:
The document discusses different types of data, qualitative vs quantitative data, and the process of data analysis which involves noticing patterns in the data, collecting and categorizing important pieces of information, and thinking critically about the meaning and implications. It also notes that negative results are often not published but can still provide valuable scientific insights, and sufficient statistics are important for others to evaluate and build upon the analysis. The document provides examples and outlines the various steps in the data analysis process.
revealing some of the outstanding tips to craft a research based high quality case study, research paper and thesis.
For assignment help visit https://bit.ly/33dGAhU or mail us at info@thoughtfulminds.org
This document outlines an educational webinar on scientific research. It discusses key topics like the definition of research, the basic vs applied distinction, the scientific method, and the 10 hallmarks of scientific research. These include research being a driver of innovation, moving fast, being purposeful, rigorous, hypothesis-driven, reproducible, precise and objective. The webinar aims to explain the basic concepts and process of scientific research.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions of research, the nature and types of business research, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses scientific research processes and characteristics. The key points are:
- Business research is defined as the systematic and objective process of generating information to aid decision-making. It can describe efforts to investigate and solve specific problems encountered in business settings.
- There are differences between qualitative research, which focuses on depth, meaning and subjectivities, and quantitative research, which relates to numbers that can be quantified.
- Research should be undertaken when time allows, information is inadequate, decisions are important, and research benefits outweigh costs. Ethical considerations like informed consent,
This document provides guidance on how to write a research proposal. It outlines the key elements that should be included such as an introduction defining the research topic and question, objectives, study design, population, methodology, ethical considerations, timeline and budget. A good research proposal convinces others that the proposed study is worthwhile and that the investigator is competent to complete it. Including all relevant components helps ensure the scientific rigor of the planned research.
This document discusses common mistakes in scientific research. It begins by defining scientific research and outlining the research process. It then explains that a flawless research process is difficult for young researchers due to a lack of experience and guidance. Some common mistakes discussed include selecting a research topic that is too broad or narrow, having unclear research objectives, conducting an insufficient literature review, failing to obtain necessary ethical approvals, and not implementing adequate measures to reduce bias. Additional mistakes relate to poor research methodology, errors in data collection and analysis, using improper statistical methods, and plagiarism in writing up results. Throughout, the document emphasizes the importance of learning from mistakes to conduct better research.
The document provides an overview of the research methodology process for science and technology. It defines research and notes that research involves systematically collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding, interpreting data to draw conclusions, and building on past research rather than just restating facts. The document outlines Wallace's model for the research process and discusses key stages including proposing a research topic after reviewing literature, conducting the research, and documenting the work through publications like conference and journal papers. It also provides guidance on components of documentation like the research proposal, thesis, scientific writing format IMRAD, and considerations for publication.
This document provides an overview of planning educational research. It discusses frameworks for planning research, conducting literature reviews, orienting decisions, research design and methodology, data analysis, and presenting results. Different types of research are described, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Key elements of research design are outlined. The document also discusses operationalizing research questions, sources for literature reviews, developing hypotheses, and ensuring quality in research planning.
The document provides an overview of the research process. It discusses that the research process involves systematic and organized steps to provide direction for the researcher. It involves identifying, locating, assessing, analyzing and developing ideas. The document also discusses primary and secondary sources, with primary sources being original works and secondary sources being studies by other researchers describing and analyzing primary sources. Finally, the document outlines the main steps in the research process as defining the topic, writing a thesis, developing an outline, developing a search strategy, evaluating sources, taking notes, writing and revising the paper, and documenting sources.
Presentation done to JOOUST staff to highlight challenges facing young researchers on writing grants winning proposals at the commencement of their carriers.
The document discusses data analysis and negative results in scientific research. It provides examples of how negative results are underreported but still provide valuable information. It emphasizes that negative results:
1) Prevent wasted efforts on experiments that already failed,
2) Help identify false conclusions by focusing only on positive results, and
3) Can still provide important evidence against hypotheses or support the null hypothesis. Examples show how negative results advanced scientific understanding. The document argues negative results should receive the same rigorous interpretation and publication consideration as positive results.
The roles and process of research in architecture Lynnstyles
This document discusses research methods in architecture, including literature on different types of architectural research (research through design, research for design, research into design, design as research). It also examines experimental research methods. Experimental research aims to identify causal links and test theories through systematic manipulation and measurement of variables. Key steps include defining a problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, constructing an experiment design, and conducting the experiment through repeated trials. As a case study, the document discusses experimental research methods used at the Heydar Aliyev Centre, such as building small-scale mock-ups to test hypotheses.
1. The document discusses various aspects of conducting scientific research, including the aim of postgraduate studies, the process of the scientific method, life in the lab, and tips for doing research.
2. It explains the six main steps of the scientific method: question, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, conclusion, and communication of results.
3. Tips for conducting research include being enthusiastic, managing time effectively, being patient, keeping data safe, and enjoying the research experience.
The document discusses the process of identifying and formulating a research problem. It begins by defining what constitutes a research problem and notes that selecting a problem depends on factors like a researcher's knowledge and interests. It then outlines the key steps in formulating a problem, which include: reviewing literature and theories in the topic area, delimiting the topic to something specific and measurable, evaluating the problem's significance and feasibility, and finally stating the problem in a clear declarative or interrogative statement. The overall process moves from initially identifying a broad research area to defining the specific variables, population, and research question that will be investigated.
Any question that we want answered and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate can become a research problem or a research topic for our study
The document discusses key aspects of defining a research problem, including what constitutes a research problem, why it is important to define the problem, and examples of research problems. It also covers selecting a research problem by choosing a topic of interest that is manageable in scope. Finally, it discusses formulating the problem as a clear question and considering feasibility, clarity, significance, and ethics.
1. The document discusses selecting and formulating a research problem. It defines research as a process of observing phenomena repeatedly to collect data and draw conclusions.
2. A research problem is a question a researcher wants to answer or a problem they want to solve. It is the first step in the research process. Without a problem, research cannot proceed.
3. Formulating a research problem involves selecting a broad research topic, reviewing literature and theories, delimiting the topic to something more specific, evaluating the problem's significance and feasibility, and finally stating the problem in declarative or interrogative format.
This document summarizes research methodology and design. It discusses types of research including pure and applied research as well as qualitative and quantitative research. It also outlines the research process including formulating research questions, developing a research proposal, and designing the research. The design considerations covered include design strategy, data collection methods, sampling, and pilot testing. It also discusses research ethics and characteristics of sound research.
Proposal writing fms research seminar seriesShameem Ali
This document provides guidance on developing a research proposal. It discusses what reviewers look for in a proposal and emphasizes the importance of clearly relating objectives, methodologies, and expected outcomes. It also addresses common questions students have about the need to prepare a detailed proposal before beginning their study. The document outlines what a research proposal should include, such as the introduction/background, literature review, methodology, and reference sections. It provides examples of proposal structures and tables of contents. Finally, it offers tips for identifying a legitimate research problem and gap in the literature to address.
Research methods for engineering students (v.2020)Minh Pham
Beginning students who start doing research may face to many difficulties from choosing a good research topic to start, how to develop new ideas to how to implement models to test their ideas and write papers. Research skill is a craft skill. You only learn it by doing. However, it is good to learn know-how in doing research. In this lecture, I share information of how-to-do research for engineering students with the hope that it will help students to save time at the beginning state of doing research.
This document provides guidance on writing and publishing scientific papers in dentistry. It discusses the scientific process, communicating results through talks and written documents, and the obligations of research. It defines science and what makes research scientific. Characteristics of good science are outlined, including starting with a question and having a clear goal, specific plan, dividing problems into subproblems, hypotheses testing, and the cyclical nature of science. The document provides advice on literature reviews, impact factors, validity and reliability, statistics, and scientific writing style.
This powerpoint presentation will probably help not just the students but also the teachers to be resourceful, engage and productive in terms of teaching and learning.
This document discusses the conceptual framework, which provides the structure and content for a research study based on literature and experience. It defines a conceptual framework and explains where it fits in different types of research. It also discusses developing a conceptual framework by drawing from literature, experience and prior research. Conceptual frameworks can take various forms like flow charts, diagrams or maps. They are useful for moving beyond descriptions to explanations, and for structuring discussions. However, frameworks also risk bias so must be revisited during research.
The document discusses conceptual frameworks in research. It defines a conceptual framework as a written or visual presentation that explains the key factors, concepts or variables being studied and their relationships. A conceptual framework appears early in the research process to provide structure. It is developed from literature and the researcher's knowledge and experience. Conceptual frameworks can take various forms like flowcharts, diagrams or maps. They are useful for structuring research but can also introduce bias. The conceptual framework should be revisited and evaluated as part of the research.
This document provides guidance on how to write a research proposal. It outlines the key elements that should be included such as an introduction defining the research topic and question, objectives, study design, population, methodology, ethical considerations, timeline and budget. A good research proposal convinces others that the proposed study is worthwhile and that the investigator is competent to complete it. Including all relevant components helps ensure the scientific rigor of the planned research.
This document discusses common mistakes in scientific research. It begins by defining scientific research and outlining the research process. It then explains that a flawless research process is difficult for young researchers due to a lack of experience and guidance. Some common mistakes discussed include selecting a research topic that is too broad or narrow, having unclear research objectives, conducting an insufficient literature review, failing to obtain necessary ethical approvals, and not implementing adequate measures to reduce bias. Additional mistakes relate to poor research methodology, errors in data collection and analysis, using improper statistical methods, and plagiarism in writing up results. Throughout, the document emphasizes the importance of learning from mistakes to conduct better research.
The document provides an overview of the research methodology process for science and technology. It defines research and notes that research involves systematically collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding, interpreting data to draw conclusions, and building on past research rather than just restating facts. The document outlines Wallace's model for the research process and discusses key stages including proposing a research topic after reviewing literature, conducting the research, and documenting the work through publications like conference and journal papers. It also provides guidance on components of documentation like the research proposal, thesis, scientific writing format IMRAD, and considerations for publication.
This document provides an overview of planning educational research. It discusses frameworks for planning research, conducting literature reviews, orienting decisions, research design and methodology, data analysis, and presenting results. Different types of research are described, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Key elements of research design are outlined. The document also discusses operationalizing research questions, sources for literature reviews, developing hypotheses, and ensuring quality in research planning.
The document provides an overview of the research process. It discusses that the research process involves systematic and organized steps to provide direction for the researcher. It involves identifying, locating, assessing, analyzing and developing ideas. The document also discusses primary and secondary sources, with primary sources being original works and secondary sources being studies by other researchers describing and analyzing primary sources. Finally, the document outlines the main steps in the research process as defining the topic, writing a thesis, developing an outline, developing a search strategy, evaluating sources, taking notes, writing and revising the paper, and documenting sources.
Presentation done to JOOUST staff to highlight challenges facing young researchers on writing grants winning proposals at the commencement of their carriers.
The document discusses data analysis and negative results in scientific research. It provides examples of how negative results are underreported but still provide valuable information. It emphasizes that negative results:
1) Prevent wasted efforts on experiments that already failed,
2) Help identify false conclusions by focusing only on positive results, and
3) Can still provide important evidence against hypotheses or support the null hypothesis. Examples show how negative results advanced scientific understanding. The document argues negative results should receive the same rigorous interpretation and publication consideration as positive results.
The roles and process of research in architecture Lynnstyles
This document discusses research methods in architecture, including literature on different types of architectural research (research through design, research for design, research into design, design as research). It also examines experimental research methods. Experimental research aims to identify causal links and test theories through systematic manipulation and measurement of variables. Key steps include defining a problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, constructing an experiment design, and conducting the experiment through repeated trials. As a case study, the document discusses experimental research methods used at the Heydar Aliyev Centre, such as building small-scale mock-ups to test hypotheses.
1. The document discusses various aspects of conducting scientific research, including the aim of postgraduate studies, the process of the scientific method, life in the lab, and tips for doing research.
2. It explains the six main steps of the scientific method: question, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, conclusion, and communication of results.
3. Tips for conducting research include being enthusiastic, managing time effectively, being patient, keeping data safe, and enjoying the research experience.
The document discusses the process of identifying and formulating a research problem. It begins by defining what constitutes a research problem and notes that selecting a problem depends on factors like a researcher's knowledge and interests. It then outlines the key steps in formulating a problem, which include: reviewing literature and theories in the topic area, delimiting the topic to something specific and measurable, evaluating the problem's significance and feasibility, and finally stating the problem in a clear declarative or interrogative statement. The overall process moves from initially identifying a broad research area to defining the specific variables, population, and research question that will be investigated.
Any question that we want answered and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate can become a research problem or a research topic for our study
The document discusses key aspects of defining a research problem, including what constitutes a research problem, why it is important to define the problem, and examples of research problems. It also covers selecting a research problem by choosing a topic of interest that is manageable in scope. Finally, it discusses formulating the problem as a clear question and considering feasibility, clarity, significance, and ethics.
1. The document discusses selecting and formulating a research problem. It defines research as a process of observing phenomena repeatedly to collect data and draw conclusions.
2. A research problem is a question a researcher wants to answer or a problem they want to solve. It is the first step in the research process. Without a problem, research cannot proceed.
3. Formulating a research problem involves selecting a broad research topic, reviewing literature and theories, delimiting the topic to something more specific, evaluating the problem's significance and feasibility, and finally stating the problem in declarative or interrogative format.
This document summarizes research methodology and design. It discusses types of research including pure and applied research as well as qualitative and quantitative research. It also outlines the research process including formulating research questions, developing a research proposal, and designing the research. The design considerations covered include design strategy, data collection methods, sampling, and pilot testing. It also discusses research ethics and characteristics of sound research.
Proposal writing fms research seminar seriesShameem Ali
This document provides guidance on developing a research proposal. It discusses what reviewers look for in a proposal and emphasizes the importance of clearly relating objectives, methodologies, and expected outcomes. It also addresses common questions students have about the need to prepare a detailed proposal before beginning their study. The document outlines what a research proposal should include, such as the introduction/background, literature review, methodology, and reference sections. It provides examples of proposal structures and tables of contents. Finally, it offers tips for identifying a legitimate research problem and gap in the literature to address.
Research methods for engineering students (v.2020)Minh Pham
Beginning students who start doing research may face to many difficulties from choosing a good research topic to start, how to develop new ideas to how to implement models to test their ideas and write papers. Research skill is a craft skill. You only learn it by doing. However, it is good to learn know-how in doing research. In this lecture, I share information of how-to-do research for engineering students with the hope that it will help students to save time at the beginning state of doing research.
This document provides guidance on writing and publishing scientific papers in dentistry. It discusses the scientific process, communicating results through talks and written documents, and the obligations of research. It defines science and what makes research scientific. Characteristics of good science are outlined, including starting with a question and having a clear goal, specific plan, dividing problems into subproblems, hypotheses testing, and the cyclical nature of science. The document provides advice on literature reviews, impact factors, validity and reliability, statistics, and scientific writing style.
This powerpoint presentation will probably help not just the students but also the teachers to be resourceful, engage and productive in terms of teaching and learning.
This document discusses the conceptual framework, which provides the structure and content for a research study based on literature and experience. It defines a conceptual framework and explains where it fits in different types of research. It also discusses developing a conceptual framework by drawing from literature, experience and prior research. Conceptual frameworks can take various forms like flow charts, diagrams or maps. They are useful for moving beyond descriptions to explanations, and for structuring discussions. However, frameworks also risk bias so must be revisited during research.
The document discusses conceptual frameworks in research. It defines a conceptual framework as a written or visual presentation that explains the key factors, concepts or variables being studied and their relationships. A conceptual framework appears early in the research process to provide structure. It is developed from literature and the researcher's knowledge and experience. Conceptual frameworks can take various forms like flowcharts, diagrams or maps. They are useful for structuring research but can also introduce bias. The conceptual framework should be revisited and evaluated as part of the research.
A brief introduction to the research process for the student and teacher nurses. Please refer the books for details of the topic nursing research. kindly visit and subscribed my YouTube channel ' Bhuman '. Thank You !!
This Presentation was given in Guru Kashi University Talwandi Sabo (2013) at the inaugural ceremony of Ph.D. program. Bibliography is added for sake of References.
In 3 sentences:
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts like research objectives, types of research, research approaches, and the scientific steps of research including developing research questions, conducting a literature review, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The document also covers formulating hypotheses and research design to systematically study research problems.
This document outlines the key steps and phases of the research process. It begins by defining research and explaining its purpose, which includes advancing knowledge, addressing gaps, and improving practice. The document then describes the main characteristics of research and explains the differences between qualitative and quantitative approaches. It provides details on each step of the research process, from selecting a topic to developing a proposal, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. The overall summary is that this document provides an overview of how to conduct social science research through systematically outlining the important elements and sequential nature of the research process.
Research methodology plays a vital role in a research study in every field ART commerce Science , Engineering etc., ensuring adherence to research objectives and the effective utilization of suitable data collection and analysis tools aligned with the chosen research design.
The document discusses quantitative and qualitative research methods. It defines both approaches and identifies their distinguishing and similar characteristics across six steps of the research process: identifying a research problem, reviewing literature, specifying a purpose, collecting data, analyzing/interpreting data, and reporting/evaluating. The document also outlines various research design types commonly used in quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods studies.
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines case study research as an approach that facilitates in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-world context using multiple data sources. Case studies can be explanatory, exploratory, or descriptive in nature. Key components of case study research include determining the research questions, unit of analysis, sources of evidence, and criteria for interpreting findings. The document also discusses techniques for analyzing case study evidence such as pattern matching, explanation building, time-series analysis, logic models, and cross-case synthesis.
The document outlines the phases of the research process. It discusses 5 main phases:
1) The conceptual phase which involves defining the research problem and formulating hypotheses.
2) The research design phase which involves identifying variables and developing operational definitions.
3) The empirical phase which involves collecting and analyzing data.
4) The analytic phase which involves interpreting results.
5) The dissemination phase which involves communicating findings.
The document provides details on each phase and emphasizes that the research process is iterative, with phases sometimes occurring in non-linear order depending on the research problem and conditions.
Research and experimental development (R&D)
Creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications
Mixed methods research involves collecting and analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data within a single study or series of studies. It provides a more complete understanding of research problems than either approach alone. Key components include quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis, and mixing the two forms of data. Common mixed methods designs are triangulation, embedded, explanatory, and exploratory designs. Researchers must consider philosophical worldviews and how quantitative and qualitative data can be mixed and integrated.
This document provides guidance on how to write a quality paper for publication. It outlines several essential points to consider, including having original research that advances knowledge and presenting findings in a high-quality manuscript. The document recommends developing awareness of topical issues by finding an exciting topic within popular areas of research. It also provides tips for structuring a manuscript, such as including an introduction, literature review, methodology, and conclusion. Key aspects of each section are highlighted, such as writing an abstract that solicits interest and concisely describes findings. The document emphasizes writing in a clear style and structure and critically analyzing prior works in the literature review.
This document outlines the basics of scientific research methods. It discusses what research is, the features that distinguish research from other activities, and the objectives and motivations for conducting research. The document also describes the process of conducting research, which includes conceptualization, contextualization, data collection and analysis, and reporting conclusions. Finally, it discusses research design techniques and how they involve sampling design, observational design, and statistical design to structure the research process.
Research method ch04 research topic and designnaranbatn
This document discusses research problem and design. It defines a research problem as the heart of a research project and must be researchable and lead to discovery. A research problem can be divided into sub-problems for clarity. Descriptive and experimental designs are described. Descriptive design involves observation and description while experimental design tests relationships through manipulation of variables. Both have advantages and disadvantages for research. The document also discusses topics like surveys, case studies, and qualitative vs. quantitative research.
The document provides guidance on conducting research. It recommends identifying an issue or problem to study, reviewing existing literature on the topic, planning and conducting a study, and publishing the results. It then discusses different dimensions of research projects, including the topic, novelty, scope, methodology, and intended utility. Finally, it notes that most research projects involve elements from multiple dimensions and can be positioned in a multidimensional conceptual space.
Educational research by dr. sudhir sahuSudhir INDIA
Research is usually associated with scholarly work done to earn advanced degrees. It also refers to the findings of scientists conducting experiments in laboratories. However, these common notions provide an incomplete portrayal of research that can constrain its scope.
Research is derived from the French word 'recherche' meaning to travel through or survey. It implies building upon past efforts to learn more about a topic rather than reinventing the wheel. Research aims to advance knowledge beyond what is currently known about a subject. It can be defined as a careful, systematic study undertaken to discover facts or establish principles.
Research methods have evolved from relying on authorities to more scientific approaches using inductive and deductive logic. The scientific method incorporates both to systematically solve meaningful
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Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Presentatie 8. Joost van der Linde & Daniel Anderton - Eliq 28 mei 2024
Research methodology the research process
1. Research Methodology
MASTERS IN TOURISM ECONOMIC AND HOTEL
MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBO
Prepared by Keethopayan Visvalingam
The Research process
2. WHAT IS RESEARCH?
• The Word Research derived from middle French “recherche” which
means “ to go about seeking”.
• In broadest sense of the word, research includes any gathering of data,
information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.
• Research is a process of step used to collect and analyze information to
increase our understanding of a topic or issue.
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3. WHAT IS RESEARCH?......
▸ The Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English lays down
the meaning of research as “a careful investigation or inquiry
specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.”
▸ “A careful, systematic , patient study and investigation in some field
of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles”
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4. TYPES OF RESEARCH
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Quantitative Research – In natural and social sciences, and maybe in other
fields, quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of
observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or computational
techniques.
Qualitative research- Qualitative research relies on unstructured and non-
numerical data. The data include field notes written by the researcher during
the course of his or her observation, interviews and questionnaires.
Deductive research- Deductive reasoning, also deductive logic, is the process
of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logical conclusion.
Deductive reasoning goes in the same direction as that of the conditionals,
and links premises with conclusions
Inductive Research– Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning in which
the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence, but not full assurance,
for the truth of the conclusion.. .
5. “1. Formulation a of a research problem
2. Creation of a research design
3. Instruments for data collection
4. Selecting a sample
5. Writing the research proposal
6. Collecting data
7.Processing and displaying data
8. Presenting findings
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Research Process- Steps
8. Formulating A Research Problem
▸ Research area, identify symptoms of an issue/ problem
▸ Literature survey
▸ Literature review
▸ Identifying the gaps
▸ Formulating the research problem
▸ Identifying variables
▸ Constructing hypotheses
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9. FORMULATING
RESEARCH PROBLEM
▸ Any question that needs answer can be a research problem. However, not all
questions can be transformed into research problems.
▸ What matters here:
Your knowledge in research methodology
Your knowledge of the subject area
Your understanding of the issues to be examined
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10. FORMULATING
RESEARCH PROBLEM
▸ Formation of a research problem is the first step in the research. Identify the
destination before you start the journey. It is the foundation of your
building.
▸ Sources of research problems:
▹ People (individuals, groups, organizations, communities)
▹ Problems (Issues, situations, associations,, needs, demographic)
▸ Use concepts that can be measured.
▸ Topic should be relevant to your profession/ subject area.
▸ Availability of data
▸ Ethical issues
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11. ▸ Objectives are goals of your study
▸ Main objectives
▸ Secondary or sub-objectives
▸ They must be clear, complete and
specific
Formulation Of Objectives
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12. LITERATURE REVIEW
▸ A literature review is a critical and in depth evaluation of previous research.
▸ It is a summary and synopsis of a particular area of research, allowing anybody
reading the paper to establish why you are pursuing this particular research
program.
▸ A good literature review expands upon the reasons behind selecting a particular
research question.
▸ Update the existing empirical literature
▸ To make research problem clear and bring focus into it
▸ To understand theory applicable, methods used by previous researches,
existing empirical evidence
▸ To have a broader knowledge in your area of research
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13. LITERATURE REVIEW
▸ Search and select literature
▸ Sources of literature
▸ Review selected literature
▸ Develop a theoretical framework (theories and issues related your
study)
▸ Develop a conceptual framework (aspects you select from theoretical
framework that form the basis of your research)
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14. How To Write The Literature
Review
▸ Write under themes
▸ Some may follow
chronological order
▸ Highlight your arguments
▸ Provide references
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15. EXAMPLE……
▸ Research Area: - Student Absenteeism
▸ Title:- Factors Influencing Student Absenteeism in Universities
▸ Research Questions:-
▹ What are the factors influencing students‟ absenteeism?
▹ What does the student feel absenteeism communicates to the
lecturer/teacher?
▹ What are the perceptions of regular students surrounding student
absenteeism?
▹ What messages do teachers communicate to their students regarding their
absenteeism?
▹ What are the potential impacts of teacher to student communication
regarding absenteeism?
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16. EXAMPLE……
▸ Research Objective:-
▹ General Objective:-
▹ In general study is to find out the factors contributing to the problem of
absenteeism among students in Higher education institutes. Apart from that
it suggest the suitable way of resolving the problem.
▹ Specific Objective:-
▹ To determine the difference between gender and student absenteeism
frequency
▹ To determine the relationship between the subject interest and student
absenteeism frequency
▹ To determine the relationship between student attitude and student
absenteeism frequency
▹ To determine the relationship between any other constrains and student
absenteeism frequency
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17. IDENTIFYING VARIABLES
▸ A concept or perception that takes on
different values and that can be measured
is a variable. It is something that varies.
▸ Types:
▸ Independent variables (they are
responsible for bringing about change in a
phenomenon, situation)
▸ Dependent variables (effects of a change
variable, the outcome of the changes
brought about by changes in an independent
variable)
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18. DEFFERENCE BETWEEN CONCEPT-
VARIABLE
▸ Concept are mental images or perception and therefore their meanings vary
from individual to individual, Whereas Variables are measurable with various
degrees of accuracy.
▸ You need to consider operationalization of concept that is how it will be
measured.
▸ To do this you must identify the indicators.
▸ These indicators are criteria reflecting concepts which can be converted to
variable
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20. Constructing Hypotheses
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▸ It is an „anticipation of nature‟ or an assumption, assertion
▸ “a tentative statement about something, the validity of which is usually
unknown‟
▸ It may be right, partially right or wrong
▸ It should be simple, specific and conceptually clear
▸ “Null hypothesis" is a general statement or default position that there is no
relationship between two measured phenomena, or no association among groups
▹ Eg:- Null hypothesis, H0: The world is flat.
Alternate hypothesis: The world is round.
▸ Several scientists set out to disprove the null hypothesis. This eventually led to
the rejection of the null and the acceptance of the alternate. Most people
accepted it.
21. 21
Research Design
• It is the plan, structure and strategy of investigating the
research problem
• It is an operational plan
• Procedures to be adopted
• Testing the design
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Constructing An Instrument For
Data Collection
▸ Data collection methods:
▹ Primary sources
▹ Observation
▹ Interview
▹ Questionnaire
▸ Use of secondary sources
▹ Establish the validity of the selected instrument
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Selecting A Sample
“Process of selecting a few from a bigger group”
Bigger group is the population and the selected few is the sample
Larger the sample size the more accurate will be the findings
24. • Sampling strategies are
numerous. They can be
categorized into three groups:
• Random/probability sampling
• Non-random/probability
sampling
• Mixed sampling
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Sampling Types
25. • It is your plan of research
• It reveals what you are going
to do, how you plan to do and
why you have selected the
proposed procedures
• It guides you as well as your
supervisor
• It is an academic piece of
writing
• It shows the strength of your
proposed research
e
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Research Proposal
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Basic Simplified Structure of Proposal
1. Title of the research
2. Basic Information About researcher
3. The setting of the study/ Introduction:
About the research, population, environment, resources, your
approaches and so on
4. The importance of the study. Why it is necessary to carry out.
5. The objectives of the study.
6. The hypothesis if you are testing any.
7. The Study design you are proposing to apply
8. About the data collecting instruments / tools that your going to use.
9. Information on the sample and its sampling design
10. Data processing techniques to be used.
11. The proposed time frame.
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Elements
▸ Introduction (an overview of the main area under study, historical
background, philosophical issues etc., trends, major theories, main issues
under consideration etc.)
▹ Importance (Why you do it? What are the benefits?)
▹ Problem (Your research problem or the research questions)
▸ Literature review
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Elements Contd.,
▸ Objectives ( main and secondary)
▸ Hypotheses
▸ Study design (population, sample, data collection methods etc.)
▸ Setting (brief description of the community, organization or agency in which you
are going to carry out the research)
▸ Analysis of data (methods you are going to use)
▸ Structure of the report or chapterization
▸ Limitations and problems you may encounter
▸ Work plan or schedule
▸ Budget (optional)
29. Collection Data
• Ethical issues relating to research participants ( their consent,
incentives, sensitive information, harm to participants etc.)
• Ethical issues relating to the researcher (avoiding bias, using
appropriate research methodology, correct reporting etc.)
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30. 30
Processing Data
▸ Editing data
▸ Coding data
▸ Verifying coded data
▸ Analyzing data
▸ Displaying data (charts, diagrams, tables)
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Writing The Report Or Thesis
▸ Follow standards (International standards or departmental
guidelines)
▸ Use appropriate referencing/citation system
▸ Preparation of a bibliography
▸ Avoid plagiarism
▸ Both bibliography and references appear at the end of a document.
But bibliography comes after thereference list. ...
1.Bibliography is listing all the materials that have been consulted
while writing an essay or a book. References, on the other hand, are
those that have been referenced in your article or book.
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Reference
▸ Referencing is a standardized method of formatting the information
sources you have used in your assignments or written work. Any
given referencing style serves two purposes: acknowledges the
source. allows the reader to trace the source.
▸ A references page is the last page of an essay or research paper
that has been written in Accepted style. It lists all the sources you
have used in your project, so readers can easily find what you've
cited.