The document outlines the 11 step process of conducting research: 1) Formulating the research problem, 2) Conducting an extensive literature review, 3) Developing working hypotheses, 4) Preparing the research design, 5) Determining the sample design, 6) Collecting data, 7) Executing the project, 8) Analyzing the data, 9) Testing hypotheses, 10) Drawing generalizations and interpretations, and 11) Preparing the report. The key aspects of each step, such as developing hypotheses, determining sample size and methods of data collection are also described.

1. NAME: MANDEEP
KAUR

2. An Introduction
• Research in common parlance refers to a
search for knowledge.
• In fact, research is an art of scientific
investigation.
• “systematized effort to gain new
knowledge.”

3. DEFINITION
According to Clifford Woody
“research comprises defining and redefining
problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested
solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating
data; making deductions and reaching
conclusions; and at last carefully testing the
conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypothesis”

4. PROCESS OF RESEARCH
1. Formulating the
research problem 2. Extensive
literature survey
3. Development of
working hypotheses
4. Preparing the
research design
5. Determining
sample design

5. PROCESS OF RESEARCH
6. Collecting
the data
7. Execution of the
project
8. Analysis of data
9. Hypothesis-
testing
10. Generalisations and
interpretation
11. Preparation of the report
or the thesis

6. 1. Formulating the research problem
 FIRST OF ALL WE NEEDS TO FIND THE
PROBLEM . THE PROBLEM MAY BE
EXISTING OF NEW FORMULATED ONE.
 The best way of understanding the problem
is to discuss it with one’s own colleagues or
with those having some expertise in the
matter.

7. 2. Extensive literature survey
Once the problem is
formulated, a brief
summary of it should be
written down.
IN LITERATURE SURVEY WE STUDY
FOLLOWS:
o THE CONCEPTS AND THEORIES.
o REVIEW PREVIOUS RESEARCH FINDINGS.

8. 3. Development of working
hypotheses
HYPOTHESES ARE IN GENERALLY
STAEMENTS WHICH EXPRESS IN THE FORM
MAY BE OR MAY NOT BE
in order to test its logical or
empirical consequences.
Hypothesis should be
specific and
limited to the piece of research
in hand because it has to be
tested.
By following ways
hypothesis can be made:
Discussions with
colleagues and experts about
the problem, data and
records, interviews

9. 4. Preparing the research design
The preparation of the research design, appropriate for a particular
research problem, involves
usually the consideration of the following:
(i) the means of obtaining the information;
(ii) the availability and skills of the researcher and his staff (if any);
(iv) the time available for research; and
(v) the cost factor relating to research, i.e., the finance available for
the purpose

10. 5. Determining sample design
‘universe’ or
‘population’.
Two important things in sample
design:
Sample size : large and small size
Sample unit: homogenious and
hetrogenious units.

11. Sample design
‘probability
sampling:
1. simple random sampling
2.systematic sampling
3. stratified sampling
4. cluster/area sampling
Non-Probability
sampling:
1. convenience
sampling
2. judgement sampling
3. quota sampling
techniques

12. 6. Collecting the data
considerably in context of
money costs, time and
other resources at the
disposal of the researcher.
It means getting and obtaining
necessary information which is
relevant to research and effects to our
research.

13. Method of collection of data
1. PRIMARY DATA:
Primary data can be collected
either through experiment or
through survey
1. By observation
2. Through personal interview
3. By mailing of questionnaires
4. Through schedules:
2. SECODARY DATA:
THE DATA WHICH ALREADY
HAS BEEN USED BY OTHERS.
AND AVAILABLE IN PRINTED
OR UNPRINTED FORM like
magzines, newspapers, articles,
books, online data available .

14. 7. Execution of the project
project should be execute in a
systematic
manner and in time.
A careful watch should be
kept for unanticipated factors
in order to keep the survey as
much
realistic as possible.

15. 8. Analysis of data
The analysis of data requires a
number of closely related
operations such as
establishment of
categories, the application of
these categories to raw data
through coding, editing ,
tabulation and then drawing.
statistical inferences.

16. 9. Hypothesis-testing
After analyzing the data as
stated above, the researcher
is in a position to
test the hypotheses, if any,
he had formulated earlier.
Various tests, such as Chi square test, t-test, F-test, by
statisticians
Hypothesis-testing will result in either accepting the
hypothesis
or in rejecting it.

17. 10. Generalizations and interpretation
If a hypothesis is tested and
upheld several times, it may
be possible for the researcher to
arrive at generalization, i.e., to
build a theory.
The process of interpretation may quite often
trigger off new questions which in
turn may lead to further researches

18. 11. Preparation of the reports
Finally, the researcher has to
prepare the report of
what has been done by him.
1. The layout of the report should
be as follows: (i) the preliminary
pages; (ii) the main text,
and (iii) the end matter.
Report should be concise and
express the achieved result.
3. Charts and illustrations in the
main report should be used if
necessary.

19. Conclusion
Whatever may be the types of research
works and studies, one thing that is
important is that they all meet on the
common ground of scientific method
should be apply there in research.