The document discusses the language used in research and how it differs from everyday language. Research has its own specialized terminology and language structures used to communicate findings (1). Terms used in research can seem like jargon to non-researchers as they are technical words used within a specific field (2). The formation of research language is influenced by various factors like the use of multi-syllable words, types of questions asked, time spans studied, variable relationships, and how concepts are operationally defined for measurement (3).

1. LANGUAGE
OF
RESEARCH
-Adrian T. Divino

2. Research is existing within
the bound of science that
is quite different from other
subjects.
WHY?

3. …because of its
inclination to special or
abstract terms,
research is likewise pregnant
with extraordinary terms,
because this has a language of
its own

4. Research has its own
organized system of language
structures that…
 use to communicate with your
fellow researchers and with
readers eager to know the findings
of your research.

5. Endowed with special
knowledge; meaning,
ideas that are applicable
to a particular purpose.

6. Your expertise or special
knowledge in research causes
you to use…
 words
 phrases
 and other language structures

7. FOR NON-RESEARCHERS
They purposely read books on
research , the language of
research appears as a jargon.
Jargon are terms considered as
technical because these are
commonly used only by people
belonging to the same field of
specialization.

8. Exclusively used by specific
set of persons, like the
engineers, doctors, lawyers,
architects, or businessman,
among others, these terms do
not sound familiar or
understandable to ordinary
persons in society. (Shields &
Rangarian 2013; Trochim,
2006)

9. RESEARCH-LANGUAGE
FORMATION
FACTORS
1. Multi-syllable words
some terms reflecting the inherent characteristics of
research as a scientific method are made up of a number os
syllables such as the ff:
 theoretical – concepts
 empirical - observe
 probabilistic – uncertain
 quantitative – numerical
 qualitative – opinionated
 scientific – systematic
 inquiry - investigation

10. 2. Types and forms of questions
It has to ask questions that describe, show
relationships, and give reasons behind the
occurrence of something.
For qualitative research: questions to be asked
must elicit views, emotions, or opinions of
people.
RESEARCH-LANGUAGE
FORMATION

11. For Qualitative Research: questions to
be asked must elicit views, emotions, or
opinions of people.
For Quantitative Research: asks
questions about the exact number,
percentages, or frequency of things.
Informative questions rather than
yes-or-no questions are the
appropriate questions to ask in
research.

12. 3. Span of time covered by the research
Owing to the length of time--months or
years--that takes place in a study, research
introduced terms:
Cross-sectional study
-involves a one-time collection of
data in a span of time.
Longitudinal study
-repeated collection of data for the
purpose of finding out changes of
patterns over time.
RESEARCH-LANGUAGE
FORMATION

13. 4.Variable relationships
whether or not a variable
has effects on another
variable, based on cause-
effect relationships and on a
certain pattern that may result
in positive or negative
relationships.
RESEARCH-LANGUAGE
FORMATION

14. Research came out with the following
terms of variables:
a. Independent variables – the cause of
something
b. Dependent variables – bears the effect of
the independent variable
c. Extraneous variable – extra or unexpected
variable cropping up outside the research
design.
d. Confounding variable – unstable variable

15. 5. Formulation of Hypothesis
indicates the staging of a research.
It signals the occurrence of a scientific
or investigative way of doing things.
Null hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis
RESEARCH-LANGUAGE
FORMATION

16. 6.Data
facts, information, or logically derived
forms of knowledge that are called:
Qualitative data
-verbally and subjectively
expressed.
Quantitative data
-numerically and objectively
expressed.
RESEARCH-LANGUAGE
FORMATION

17. 7.Unit of Analysis
the subject or object of
your research study makes up
one major entity and either be
one of the following:
RESEARCH-LANGUAGE
FORMATION

18. Individual, group, artifact (painting,
book, travelogue)
Geographical unit (municipality,
province, country)
Social interaction (husband-wife,
teacher-learner, employer-employee)

19. Operational Definition
Concepts, theories, principles,
assumptions, predictions, and
other abstract terms are the
catchword of research. These
are cognitively-coined terms
that appear so complex to
readers, in general, especially,
those with zero background
knowledge about research.

20. Theoretical definition
(explanation based on the
concepts or knowledge related
to the field of discipline and
widely accepted as correct)
prevents readers from
immediately seeing the
relationships or relevance of
things involved in the research.

21.  is making the concept or the
thing meaningful by specifying
the way your research should
measure such concept. It
defines the basic concept
through the operation used or
research activity involved to
measure the concept.
Operational Definition

22. Guidelines in Giving
Operational Definition
The following pointers on defining
terms operationally:
1. Have a clear understanding of the
concept focused on by your study before
you begin defining such concept
operationally.
2. Base your operational definition on the
concept under study.

23. 3. Express the operational
definition in only one sentence.
4. Let the operational definition
explain the measurement of
variables clearly.
5. Construct an operational
definition that other researchers
can understand, assess, and
repeat in other research studies.

24. Examples:
1.Defining Temperature
 Theoretical/Conceptual
definition: force between
infinite reservoirs
Operational definition:
define temperature in relation
to operations with gas
thermometers

25. 2. Defining anger
Theoretical/ conceptual
definition: intangible; not directly
measured by observation
Operational definition: mention
facial expressions, vocabulary, or
voice tone to measure anger