This document discusses ethnography and colonialism. It begins by defining ethnography as the study of naturally occurring behaviors within a culture. It then outlines the process, characteristics, types, steps, advantages and limitations of ethnographic research. It defines colonialism as the domination of a territory and people by a foreign power. The document explains how European colonialism was driven by religion, economics, and power. It also discusses the forms and legacy of colonialism, including political, economic and social impacts. Finally, it relates how ethnography was used during the colonial period to understand and exploit colonized cultures and territories.

1. Ethnography and Colonialism
By
Amba Datt Pant
Nepal Open University
M.Phil. 1st Semester, 2019
Roll No:75152105
To
M. Phil. Virtual Class
EDRES703: Research Methodology II in Education
Facilitated by: Dr. Chandra Laksamba
Date: 14 August 2019

2. Overview of the Presentation
1) Introduction of Ethnography.
2) Process of Conduct Ethnography.
3) Characteristics of Ethnographic Research.
4) Concept of Emic and Emit.
5) Types of Ethnographic Research.
6) Steps of Ethnographic Research
7) Advantages of Ethnographic Research.
8) Limitations of Ethnographic Research.
9) colonization
Cont. ………………………..

3. 9) Difference between Colonialism and Imperialism.
10) European’s ‘3G’ purposes of colonialism.
11) Major forms of Colonization.
12) Legacy of Colonialism.
13) Conclusion

4. Purpose of Presentation
 Define Ethnography.
 Explain process, characteristics, and types of ethnography.
 Outline the steps of ethnography.
 Explain advantage and limitations of ethnography.
 Define colonialism and practices.
 Relate ethnography to colonization.

5. Introduction of Ethnography
 Ethnography came from the Greek ethnos = folk/people and
graphein = writing. It identifies its roots in sociology and
anthropology.
 Ethnography is the in-depth study of naturally occurring behavior
within a culture of social group. Ary et.al (2002).
 The study of group’s behaviors, beliefs, and languages, and
interactions.
 "Ethnography is the art and science of describing a group or culture.
The description may be of a small tribal group in an exotic land or a
classroom in middle-class suburbia.“--David M. Fetterman, 1998.

6. Process of Conduct Ethnography
Provides understanding of large issues.
Day to day pictures of events, thoughts, and behaviors.
Detailed record of beliefs and behavior.
Collection of several forms of documents.

7. Characteristics of Ethnographic Research
Cultural theme.
Cultural sharing group.
Shared patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language.
Field work (Emic. Etic. And negotiation)
Description themes and interpretation.
Context and setting
Researcher reflexivity.

8. Concept of ‘Emic’ and ‘Etic’
Emic knowledge and interpretations are those existing within a
culture, that are ‘determined by local custom, meaning, and belief’ and
best described by a 'native' of the culture. (Ager and Loughry, 2004)
Etic knowledge refers to generalizations about human behavior that
are considered universally true, and commonly links cultural practices
to factors of interest to the researcher, such as economic or ecological
conditions, that cultural insiders may not consider very relevant
(Morris et al., 1999).

9. Types of Ethnographic Research
1. Realist Ethnographies:
An objective unbiased account written in third person.
Collected data not overshadowed by biases, political goals or
judgements.
Interpretation based on notes from the participants views.
Looking from the outside in.
2. Case Studies:
Study of program, event, or activity of an individual.
 In-depth exploration of actual case.
 Extensive data collection.

10. Types of Ethnographic Research
3. Critical Ethnographies:
 Advocates to emancipate those who are being marginalized in society.
Studies inequality, repression, dominance and empowerment.
Reflexive and self-aware of their role, no longer objective observer.

11. Steps of Ethnography
Identifying Problem
Formulating Research Questions
Addressing Ethical Issues
 Deciding the Sample
Finding the Role and Managing
Entry into the Context
Finding informants
Develop Relations in the Field
Data collection
Data analysis
Leaving the study area
Writing Report
Niure. D.P. (2068)

12. Advantage of Ethnography
Direct observation
Empirical/based on Proof
Useful in theory building
Detailed data collection
Holistic approach
Respondent’s perception/emic perspective
Ecologically valid

13. Limitations of Ethnography
Time consuming
Reliability
Stand-alone description/partial description
Reliability due to human instrument used
Difficult to generalize out of ethnic group
Problem to Access.
Openness
Long-time study in study area.
Collection of large volume of materials.

14. Colonization
Concept and definition
Colony: A country or area that is govern by people from
an other more powerful country. (oxford dictionary)
Colonization/Colonisation: is a process by which a central
system of power dominates the surrounding land and its
components.
Colonialism: is the political, social, economic, and cultural
domination of a territory and its people by a foreign
power for an extended period of time.
Imperialism: taken from Latin word “Imperium” meaning
‘Power’, a state policy of extending power and
domination, especially by direct territorial acquisition or
gaining political and economic control of other areas.

15. Difference between Colonialism and Imperialism
Imperialism involved, the practice, the theory, and attitudes of a
dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory.
While Colonialism refers to the implanting of settlements on a
distance territory.

16. Colonization Practice by Europeans
In 1492 AD to 1763 AD, the first wave of colonialism appears. In the
beginning Spain and Portugal started colonize in Asia and American
continents. England, France, and Netherland after on.
Top colonizers:
 England, France, Portugal, Spain, Germany, Italy, Denmark,
Netherland, and Asian country Japan.

17. European’s Purpose of Colonialism ‘3G’
 God: Missionaries established colonies to promote Christianity.
 Gold: Colonies provided industrial raw materials that helped the
economy of European status. Silk and porcelain ware from China,
cotton textiles, steel and spices from India, fruits and scents from
Arabia and wine from Europe were some of the most popular goods
all over the world.
Glory: Colonies were became sign of power and victory.

18. Major Forms of Colonialism
Direct control by parent country.
Indirect control by establishing a protectorate.
• Military imperialism.
• Political imperialism.
• Economical imperialism.

19. Legacy of Colonialism
Political: Colonial political systems were undemocratic, law and order
was not systematic. A lot of funds was spend on police force and
army, rather than subjects basic needs such as food, health, housing,
education and other sectors of social welfare.
Economic: Exploitation of raw materials for export, high demands of
workers, mass migration of Africans to labor in poor working
condition and inadequate pay.
 Social: Movement of people cause dislocation and isolated family,
changed joint family structure, urbanization occurred rapidly, change
occupation and effect on economic status, change in religious
concept, change in traditional values and norms.

20. Conclusion
Ethnography is the in-depth study of naturally occurring
behavior within a culture of social group.
Colonialism is the political, social, economic, and cultural
domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power
for an extended period of time.
In the incent colonial period of time people used to travel
one place to an other place and visited different ethnic
groups so that they could understand culture and as well as
traditions after that they extend their culture, trade,
languages, and utilize their virgin land and natural
resources. In this purpose they studied and wrote
ethnographies.
The end

21. References
 Ary, D. Jacobs, L. C. and Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to
Research in Education (6th ed.) Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Peter, O. nwankwo. (2010). Pre-colonial, colonial, and post-
colonial eras. New York: University Press of America.
https://www.slideshare.net/lanceabalos/ethnographic-research-
6946418?qid=b286947f-de46-4ac5-a60e-231c1b014f45
Khanal, P. (2067). Educational Research Methodology. Kirtipur,
Kathmandu: Sunlight Pulication.
Niure, D. P. (2068). Research Methodology. Kirtipur,
Kathmandu: New Hira Books Enterprises.