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Research Ethics - Summary
The document discusses research ethics, outlining its importance and major ethical issues such as plagiarism, fabrication, and falsification. It also highlights guidelines from various organizations and ethical principles that govern research practices, including honesty, integrity, and fairness. Additionally, it mentions the role of ethics committees, like the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), in establishing best practices for scholarly publishing.
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Research Ethics - Summary
- 1. Research Ethics Importance, Principles/Guidelines; Major Ethical Issues; Ethics Committees; Publication Ethics. Muruli N Research Scholar Department of Library and Information Science University of Mysore
- 2. Presentation Outlines What isResearch Ethics? Major Ethical Issues Guidelines / Principles COPE, WAME Other Ethical Guidelines
- 4. What is Ethics? •Set of moral principles or values, that govern a person’s behaviour. The discipline of dealing with what is good and bad. • The English word ethics is derived from the Ancient Greek word ēthikós, meaning "relating to one's character“. • A group of moral principles or set of values; a particular theory or system or moral values; that govern an individual or a profession.
- 6. Research Ethics • Researchethics defines the way to incorporate ethical principles into research practice in all stages of research process. • Source: Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 2020
- 8. Plagiarism •Copying someone’s work •Citinga Source Improperly •Failure to cite a source •Creation of false source Source: https://uj.ac.za.libguides.com/c.php?g=581181&p=4011821
- 10. UGC Regulations -2018 Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions - Regulations, 2018
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- 12. Fabrication & Falsification •Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them. • Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. ▫ It is commonly hypothesized that scientists are more likely to engage in data falsification and fabrication when they are subject to pressures to publish, when they are not restrained by forms of social control, when they work in countries lacking policies to tackle scientific misconduct. ▫ Source: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/126805v1
- 13. Conti... • Publishing thesame paper in two different journals without telling the editor. • Indulging a colleague as an author on a paper even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper. • Using inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of research work; • Poor data storage and retention: Should be available for verification of others. Failing to keep good research records; Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period.
- 14. Guidelines • American PsychologicalAssociation ▫ Five Principles for Research Ethics • The Economic and Social Research Council, UK ▫ The Research Ethics Guidebook: a Resource for Social Scientists • Association of Social Anthropologists, UK ▫ Ethical Guidelines for Good Research Practice • Australian Government ▫ Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research, 2018 • The Economic and Social Research Council, UK) ▫ ESRC Framework for Research Ethics 2015
- 15. Ethical Principals • Honesty: Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public. • Objectivity: Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.
- 16. Conti... • Integrity: Keepyour promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action. • Carefulness: Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals. • Openness: Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas. • Confidentiality: Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
- 17. Conti.. • Responsibility: Anacademic community should uphold high standards of conduct in learning, teaching and research by requiring shared responsibility for promoting academic integrity among all members of the community. • Trust: An academic community should foster a climate of mutual trust to encourage the free exchange of ideas and enable all to reach their highest potential. • Fairness: An academic community should seek to ensure fairness in institutional standards, practices and procedures as well as fairness in interactions between members of the community.
- 18. Conti.. • Legality: Anacademic community should observe valid legal norms related to the conduct and publication of research particularly in relations to copyright, the intellectual property rights of third parties, the terms and conditions regulating access to research resources and the laws of libel. • Communication: An academic community should seek to make the results of its research as widely and as freely available as possible.
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- 20. The Committee onPublication Ethics (COPE) • The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) is a non-profit organization whose stated mission is to define best practice in the ethics of scholarly publishing and to assist editors and publishers to achieve this. • OPE was established in 1997 by a small group of medical journal editors in the United Kingdom. Now it has over 12,000 members worldwide, from all academic fields. • Paid membership is open to editors of academic journals and others interested in publication ethics. • It also provides a forum for its members to discuss individual cases (meeting four times a year in the UK and once a year in North America). • COPE publishes a monthly newsletter and organises annual seminars. • COPE has created an audit tool for members to measure compliance with its 'Core Practices' and guidance in the form of flowcharts, discussion documents, guidelines and eLearning modules.
- 21. Guidelines on GoodPublication Practice • COPE's first guidelines were developed after discussion at the COPE meeting in April 1999 and were published as Guidelines on Good Publication Practice in the Annual Report in 1999. • On their basis, the first edition of Code of Conduct for Editors was published on the first COPE website in November 2004, with an Editorial in the BMJ. • The Code was replaced in 2017 with a simplified description of expectations as COPE's Core Practices, with links to COPE's detailed guidance.
- 22. Other Ethical Guidelinesfor Research • Maintain high standards of work directed towards the constant improvement of the quality of the study. • Strive to preserve open channels of communication among research workers, scholars, participating professionals, and other persons or groups who might benefit from or apply research results. • In planning, conducting, and reporting studies, does not misrepresent the investigative competencies and abilities of research workers or associates. • Protect human subjects by taking all possible measures to respect privacy and the confidentiality of personalised research data. • Unless subjects have been fully informed of psychological or other risks involved in a given project and have consented to serve as research subjects in full realization of the possibility of stress or discomfort, do not utilize techniques that pose threats to subjects’ well-being.
- 23. Conti... • Let thestudies nature and purpose determine the degree of condor to be displayed regarding the exact purpose of a study; as a general rule, however, follow the principle of full disclosure of intend to subjects. • Report procedures and findings as accurately as possible. • Give credit to persons whose earlier research was especially useful in the conduct of another project. • Give credit to research associates who provided direct assistance. • Acknowledge the aid of persons who served as consultants or helped to plan, conduct, or report research activities. • When applicable, acknowledge sources of financial grants and other forms of direct or indirect aid. • Always resist the temptation to accept premature explanations; have the patience to wait for more verified data related to an observed but heretofore inadequately explained phenomenon. • Always place a high value on intellectual honesty”.
- 25. References • Abraham P(2000). Duplicate and salami publications. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 46: 67. • Bickman, L., & Rog, D. (2009). Applied research design: A practical approach. In L. Bickman& D. Rog (Eds.), Handbook of applied social research methods (2nd ed., pp. 3–43). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. • Canterbury Christ Church University. (2014). An Introduction to Ethics Issues and Principles in Research Involving Human Participants. Retrieved fromhttps://www.canterbury.ac.uk/research and consultancy/documents/introduction-to-ethics.pdf • Dantzker, M. L., & Hunter, R. D. (200). Research Methods for Criminology and Criminal Justice: A Primer. Butterworth-Heinemann, pp 21-30. • Kamat, P. V. (n.d.). Research Ethics. Retrieved from https://www3.nd.edu/~pkamat/pdf/ethics.pdf
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