The researcher faced an ethical dilemma in their study due to a lack of informed consent. Only one of the intended classes participated in data collection, yet the researcher continued the study and presented results as if all classes were represented. To resolve this, the researcher should have obtained proper informed consent from all participants and ensured the data collection process was inclusive of all intended groups. A researcher has responsibilities to conduct accurate, unbiased research and avoid deception. Key ethical principles like informed consent, accuracy, and avoiding harm to participants should guide research.

1. Respond in a paragraph the discussion board. In your response,
do not just agree or disagree, tell the reason for your response.
Your response must be at least 100 words. Each answer
separately. Use APA 7.
Peer 1
Week 5 Post
Laura Lledo Rodriguez
Week 5 Post
Ethical issues might arise in research that can result in
bias outcomes. The researcher faced several ethical issues that
were related to the participation of student including nature of
participation as well as informed consent. The researcher did
not adhere to protocols for informed consent and autonomy to
withdraw or participate in the study. Collaboration and
participation should be voluntary. Participants should be free to
withdraw from the study without consequences. The involuntary
nature of participation and lack of informed consent affected the
overall results of the study, (Bell, et al., 2018).
The study resulted in an ethical dilemma for the action
research team due to the lack of informed consent. One of the
ways to resolve this issue is by honoring the participant’s
autonomy to make informed decisions concerning participating
in the study. Informed consent enables respondents to
participate willingly without undue threats or coaching. In

2. addition, it promotes a positive attitude and perception
regarding research processes and objectives after and before
completing the study. The researcher should also ensure that the
principle of beneficence and justice is observed throughout the
research procedure.
I believe that research requires extensive knowledge of
statistics. Most of the research requires to calculate correlation,
mean and medium. The main aim of a study is to identify,
describe a concept, and predict or explain a situation or solution
to a problem
The duties and responsibilities of researchers include
writing proposals and delivering presentations where required
(Mills, 2018). Following the strict code of ethics and protecting
private and confidential data at all times. Interpreting research
specification and coming up with a work plan that satisfies
requirements. Conducting research by using books, interviews,
gathering data, survey, journal articles, newspaper sources,
polls, and questionnaire. Some of the digital research tools that
are used by researchers include a blog, skype and wiki. The
researcher should interpret, evaluate and analyze trends and
patterns.
Record findings by taking written notes and using the
appropriate software. Some of the software that the researcher
can use include dragon mobile assistance, dragon dictate and
dragon dictation. Dragon mobile assistance is a software
application used for voice recognition. In addition, the
researcher is responsible for protecting and maintaining
electronic databases. Assisting with time schedules and budget
and anticipating research issues and prompt resolving them. In
general, a researcher is responsible for collecting data through
experimenting, examining and inquiring. Experimenting
involves observing. Techniques used to enquire include
interviews, and questionnaires. Methods that are used for

3. examining include maps, audio recording, video recording,
artifacts and field notes.
I believe that the researcher should obtain informed
consent from potential research participants. Researchers should
avoid using deceptive practices. Roles should be assigned to the
people participating in the research. Efforts should be made to
report data in the most accurate way.
Flinders conceptual framework that reflects ethical beliefs
includes utilitarian, deontological and relational perspective. I
believe that researchers should avoid harm, ensure informed
consent and confidentiality when carrying out research. When
conducting qualitative research, it is essential to make
judgements whether an action is correct or wrong based on the
moral code. Deontology applies to theories although it is
difficult to apply in real life. Utilitarian perspective states that
an action should be taken by considering the positive outcome.
This perception is accurate especially when addressing
complicated situations.
Reference
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2018).
Business research methods
. Oxford university press. Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=J9J2DwAAQB
AJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=research+&ots=GLivfg9VAP&sig=Mg
JY67JHNdUyXUOElW2FOP_Xqpc&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q
=research&f=false
Mills, G.E. (2018). Action Research.
A Guide for the Teacher Researcher
. Pearson.

4. Peer 2
Discussion Forum Week 5
Zulema Alonso Martínez
In chapter 5, the case study describes the ethical issue the
action researchers faced in their study.
The ethical issue that was faced in the research pertains to the
process of collecting research data. The researcher made a
decision to target grades 4, 5, and 6. However, when it came to
the process of collecting data, the research did not collect data
from all classes. According to the researcher, only one class
turned up, and that means that only data from one class was
collected. The other worrying issue, in this case, is the attitude
of the researcher. According to the researcher, when only one
class showed up, the researcher was relieved data analysis
would be simpler given that only a third of the expected data
would be turned in.
Define why the study's results created an ethical dilemma for
the action research team and describe another way they could
have resolved it.
The results created an ethical dilemma because they were not
based on all three cases. Despite the fact that the two classes
did not turn up for research processes, the researcher continued
to conduct research using the same hypothesis. In short, the
results were a representation of three classes irrespective of the
fact that only one class showed up for the research project. The

5. research results are affected by the processes in the respective
research (Golder, Ahmed, Norman, & Booth, 2017). When the
processes are ethical, the ethicality of the results ought not to
be doubted or questioned. However, when the process of
collecting, storing, or analyzing data is faced by ethical issues,
there is a need for worry because the results cannot pass the
ethical test if the processes of attaining the results were
compromised (Cascio & Racine, 2018).
What are a researcher's roles and responsibilities?
A researcher has a role in presenting data that is accurate. The
researcher is the custodian of the integrity of research. He or
she must ensure that all ethical guidelines have adhered to the
letter. Credibility and accuracy are two aspects that a researcher
has to promote (Macdonald, 2017). It is important to note that
researches are conducted to answer specific questions. The
researcher has a responsibility to make sure that the findings are
not biased.
How are issues of informed consent, accuracy, deception, and
social principles reflected in your ethical beliefs?
I believe that informed consent is paramount when it comes to
collecting data. Participants should only share information out
of their free will. Accuracy must be promoted by making sure
that all figures are correctly listed (Resnik, 2018). Deception
compromises the integrity of research, and therefore, it must be
discouraged at all costs. Research does override the principles
that members of society have put in place. The violation of any
social principle is a violation of ethical codes of conduct in the
field of research.
Which components of Flinders's (1992) conceptual framework
for guiding ethical conduct in qualitative research reflect your
own ethical beliefs?

6. The conceptual framework for Flinders includes four points of
view: utilitarian, ethics, relational and ecological. Consider the
questions that arise from these four prospects in your endeavors
to clarify your values and how these issues can contribute to
your own ethical attitude.
References
Cascio, M. A., & Racine, E. (2018). Person-oriented research
ethics: integrating relational and everyday ethics in research.
Accountability in research
,
25
(3), 170-197.
Flinders, D. J. (1992). In search of ethical guidance:
Constructing a basis for dialogue.
Qualitative studies in education
,
5
(2), 101-115.
Golder, S., Ahmed, S., Norman, G., & Booth, A. (2017).
Attitudes toward the ethics of research using social media: a
systematic review.
Journal of medical Internet research
,
19
(6), e195.
Macdonald, S. (2017). Embedded ethics and research integrity:
a response to ‘The Quest for Generic Ethics Principles in Social
Science Research by David Carpenter.
Finding Common Ground: Consensus in Research Ethics Across
the Social Sciences

7. , 29-35.
Mills, G. E. (2000).
Action research: A guide for the teacher researcher.
Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey.
Resnik, D. B. (2018).
The ethics of research with human subjects: Protecting people,
advancing science, promoting trust
(Vol. 74). Springer.