Research in education is conducted to address educational problem and provides solution that will stimulate effectiveness within the educational sector. Like other disciplines, educational researches must be conducted without issues or bottlenecks that will hinder the integrity of the study or the researchers. This chapter identifies various issues that are currently practiced which are unethical. The chapter also provides insights to the aspects that researchers and scholars must focus in order to ensure that unethical issues are avoided when conducting researches. Conclusions and recommendations were made in order to improve the current practices towards global best practices in educational research management. Sukhdev Singh Dhanju "Ethical Issues in Educational Research Management and Practice" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30865.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/philosophy/30865/ethical-issues-in-educational-research-management-and-practice/sukhdev-singh-dhanju
The document outlines the Philippines Department of Education's (DepEd) Basic Education Research Agenda. It establishes priority research areas to guide DepEd and stakeholders in conducting research to inform education policy and programs. The agenda was developed through a consultation process and identifies research questions within key themes. Priority research themes were chosen based on DepEd's vision and mission, and focus on improving student learning outcomes, teacher quality, and other issues. The research agenda will be reviewed annually and guide DepEd researchers over six years on evidence-based studies of the education system.
This document outlines the ethical principles and responsibilities in scientific conduct. It discusses the need for ethical standards to ensure science benefits society and avoids harm. Some key responsibilities are outlined, including for researchers to maintain integrity, for institutions to define policies, and for funding bodies and journals to enforce guidelines. The goals are to foster trust in science and accountability among all involved parties.
This document discusses three types of research: fundamental/basic research, applied research, and action research. It provides details about each:
- Fundamental research aims to improve scientific theories without immediate practical applications. It expands knowledge for knowledge's sake through questions of why, what, or how without generalizing. Findings may later revolutionize practices.
- Applied research aims to solve practical problems and has immediate implications. It uses academic theories and techniques for specific purposes. It seeks to generalize while assuming other variables don't change.
- Action research is initiated to solve immediate problems through reflection and teams working to improve practices. It has two types: participatory research involving stakeholders, and practical research assisting organizations. It
This document provides an overview of the core course titled "Business Research Methods" for the 5th semester B.Com/BBA program at the University of Calicut School of Distance Education. It includes chapters on business research, planning research and the research process, research design, measurement and scaling, data processing, and research reporting. The document was prepared by two assistant professors and scrutinized by an associate professor from the university's Department of Commerce. It provides study material and content for students in the core course on research methods.
This document provides an overview of business and management research. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. Business research aims to provide information that improves decision-making. The document discusses different types of research including basic vs applied, exploratory vs descriptive vs explanatory, and qualitative vs quantitative. It also outlines common research methods like the scientific method, case studies, and action research. The hypothetico-deductive method involving theory, hypotheses, data collection, and analysis is discussed as a popular approach in business research. Determining factors for when to conduct research like time, data availability, and costs vs benefits are also summarized.
Policy, action or social, research is built and operated on a functional cycle that creates, processes, applies and reviews ideas into action often used for problem solving. Policy research focuses more on practical or actionable social factors, than theoretical considerations. This paper discusses and explains the basics of research; and the nature, application, challenges and prospects of policy research with a case study specifically designed as group exercise for mid-level staff of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The paper pays particular attention to the need for evidence-based policy making reflecting the importance of research methodology. The paper concludes that a trend exists on organizing workshops to counter listed challenges including lack of knowledge and skills in policy research among those charged with policy inputs; and emphasise on emerging prospects. The paper therefore strongly recommends the kind of workshop organised for the middle-level staff of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to fill in the gap in policy research knowledge and skills for official charged with policy inputs.
The document discusses three types of research: fundamental (or basic) research, applied research, and action research. Fundamental research is driven by curiosity to expand knowledge without immediate practical applications. Applied research aims to solve specific practical problems and has direct applications. Action research is initiated to solve immediate problems through a reflective team-based process.
This document discusses key concepts in research frames and designs for health informatics and health information management (HIM) research. It defines research and describes the components of a research frame, including theories, models, assumptions, and methodology. The document outlines different types of research designs such as descriptive, correlational, observational, evaluation, experimental, and quasi-experimental designs. It also discusses the distinctions between basic and applied research and quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods approaches.
The document outlines the Philippines Department of Education's (DepEd) Basic Education Research Agenda. It establishes priority research areas to guide DepEd and stakeholders in conducting research to inform education policy and programs. The agenda was developed through a consultation process and identifies research questions within key themes. Priority research themes were chosen based on DepEd's vision and mission, and focus on improving student learning outcomes, teacher quality, and other issues. The research agenda will be reviewed annually and guide DepEd researchers over six years on evidence-based studies of the education system.
This document outlines the ethical principles and responsibilities in scientific conduct. It discusses the need for ethical standards to ensure science benefits society and avoids harm. Some key responsibilities are outlined, including for researchers to maintain integrity, for institutions to define policies, and for funding bodies and journals to enforce guidelines. The goals are to foster trust in science and accountability among all involved parties.
This document discusses three types of research: fundamental/basic research, applied research, and action research. It provides details about each:
- Fundamental research aims to improve scientific theories without immediate practical applications. It expands knowledge for knowledge's sake through questions of why, what, or how without generalizing. Findings may later revolutionize practices.
- Applied research aims to solve practical problems and has immediate implications. It uses academic theories and techniques for specific purposes. It seeks to generalize while assuming other variables don't change.
- Action research is initiated to solve immediate problems through reflection and teams working to improve practices. It has two types: participatory research involving stakeholders, and practical research assisting organizations. It
This document provides an overview of the core course titled "Business Research Methods" for the 5th semester B.Com/BBA program at the University of Calicut School of Distance Education. It includes chapters on business research, planning research and the research process, research design, measurement and scaling, data processing, and research reporting. The document was prepared by two assistant professors and scrutinized by an associate professor from the university's Department of Commerce. It provides study material and content for students in the core course on research methods.
This document provides an overview of business and management research. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. Business research aims to provide information that improves decision-making. The document discusses different types of research including basic vs applied, exploratory vs descriptive vs explanatory, and qualitative vs quantitative. It also outlines common research methods like the scientific method, case studies, and action research. The hypothetico-deductive method involving theory, hypotheses, data collection, and analysis is discussed as a popular approach in business research. Determining factors for when to conduct research like time, data availability, and costs vs benefits are also summarized.
Policy, action or social, research is built and operated on a functional cycle that creates, processes, applies and reviews ideas into action often used for problem solving. Policy research focuses more on practical or actionable social factors, than theoretical considerations. This paper discusses and explains the basics of research; and the nature, application, challenges and prospects of policy research with a case study specifically designed as group exercise for mid-level staff of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The paper pays particular attention to the need for evidence-based policy making reflecting the importance of research methodology. The paper concludes that a trend exists on organizing workshops to counter listed challenges including lack of knowledge and skills in policy research among those charged with policy inputs; and emphasise on emerging prospects. The paper therefore strongly recommends the kind of workshop organised for the middle-level staff of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to fill in the gap in policy research knowledge and skills for official charged with policy inputs.
The document discusses three types of research: fundamental (or basic) research, applied research, and action research. Fundamental research is driven by curiosity to expand knowledge without immediate practical applications. Applied research aims to solve specific practical problems and has direct applications. Action research is initiated to solve immediate problems through a reflective team-based process.
This document discusses key concepts in research frames and designs for health informatics and health information management (HIM) research. It defines research and describes the components of a research frame, including theories, models, assumptions, and methodology. The document outlines different types of research designs such as descriptive, correlational, observational, evaluation, experimental, and quasi-experimental designs. It also discusses the distinctions between basic and applied research and quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods approaches.
Professional ethics and scientific research: conceptions of researchers who a...Martín López Calva
Forum Viena
Juan Martín López-Calva.
juanmartin.lopez@upaep.mx
María del Carmen de la Luz Lanzagorta. marucha_delaluz@yahoo.com.mx
UPAEP Puebla, México
Educational Research Quantitative Methods (basic and applied) Anum Butt
This document discusses applied research. It defines applied research as research conducted to apply or test theories and evaluate their usefulness in solving educational problems. The key objectives of applied research are to understand applied research and its purpose, define applied research with examples, and describe the design and steps of applied research. Applied research aims to solve immediate problems, test theories in practical situations, and provide data to support and revise theories. It is conducted in real-world settings and focuses on applying solutions to practical issues.
The purpose of research is explanatory, descriptive and exploratory. Hence, the study should seek to appraise its information within the larger body of research. Researches must always be innovative and also of soaring quality in order to produce knowledge that is relevant and applicatory. The result of the research should be used for policy and project execution.
1) Research is a systematic process of investigation to discover answers to problems through objective and verifiable methods. It aims to increase knowledge and understanding.
2) Social work research plays a key role in strengthening the scientific basis of the profession by validating concepts, theories, and methods through empirical testing. It also evaluates social work programs and identifies client needs and available resources.
3) Quantitative research collects numerical data to explain phenomena through statistical analysis. It aims to quantify observations in an objective manner that can be repeated. Qualitative research seeks to understand why people behave as they do through non-numerical data.
This document provides an introduction to research concepts including the meaning and nature of research, purposes of good research, characteristics of good research, and the research process. Research is defined as an inquiry or investigation to address problems, needs, and provide new knowledge. The purposes of good research include preserving human life, serving humanity, and advancing knowledge. Characteristics include being systematic, objective, empirical, and using statistical methods. The research process is described as cyclic involving problem identification, literature review, formulation of research questions and design, data collection and analysis, reporting results, and dissemination.
Research ethics provide guidelines for the responsible conduct of research to protect participants and ensure a high standard. They establish principles like autonomy, beneficence, and justice. Researchers have obligations to protect participants' rights through informed consent, confidentiality, and respect. Ethical issues include ensuring voluntary participation, obtaining informed consent, avoiding biased language or selection, maintaining honesty, and debriefing participants. Research ethics promote social good and objectivity.
This document provides an overview of research ethics and the postgraduate research (PGR) ethical review process at the School of Education, University of Nottingham. It discusses key concepts in research ethics like informed consent and protecting participants. It also summarizes guidelines from the British Educational Research Association (BERA) on responsibilities to participants, sponsors, and the research community. Additionally, it addresses some challenges with ethical codes and the need for researchers to make judgment calls. Finally, it briefly touches on additional considerations for ethics in practitioner and action research due to dual roles of researchers.
Data management in NHMRC's revised National Statement on Ethical Conduct in H...ARDC
Presentation from the webinar 'Data management in NHMRC's revised National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research' on 5th September 2018 by Jeremy Kenner, Expert Advisor – Ethics Research Quality and Priorities Branch NHMRC.
Educational Research 102: Selecting the Best Study Design for your Research Q...fnuthalapaty
This document discusses selecting the appropriate study design for an educational research question. It begins by describing different types of research including empirical vs non-empirical and basic vs applied research. It then covers quantitative research designs like experimental, quasi-experimental, causal-comparative and correlational studies. Key aspects of these designs like control groups, randomization, pre-post testing are explained. Threats to internal and external validity and steps in the research process are also summarized. The document aims to help researchers understand how to match their research question to the best fitting study design.
This document defines and discusses nursing research. It begins by exploring the meaning and etymology of the term "research" and defines it as a studious inquiry aimed at discovering new facts or interpretations. Nursing research is specifically defined as a systematic process that develops knowledge to influence nursing practice, education, administration, and informatics. The characteristics and steps of the scientific method are also outlined. The document emphasizes that nursing research is needed to build the body of nursing knowledge, validate practice, and make healthcare more effective and efficient. It also discusses the roles nurses play in research depending on their level of education. Finally, it identifies characteristics of good research such as being systematic, empirical, and aimed at developing evidence-based practice.
Research ethics by dr vijay kumar, teacher educatorDr. Vijay Kumar
Dr. Vijay Kumar discusses research ethics and basics. He outlines five principles of ethical research put forth by the American Sociological Association: professional competence, integrity, responsibility, respect for people, and social responsibility. Several professional standards are associated with these principles, including seeking proper permissions and participants' informed consent. The document explains the process of obtaining approvals from authorities and participants' informed consent, which involves outlining the research purpose and participants' involvement, rights to refuse or withdraw, and what will be done with results.
The document summarizes a class presentation on research methodology. It discusses the importance of adhering to ethical standards in research to promote knowledge, avoid errors, and build public trust and support. Maintaining high ethical standards ensures research integrity, protects privacy and intellectual property, and promotes collaboration. The presentation outlines four key ethical principles - respecting individuals, competence, integrity, and responsibility. It also references codes of research ethics from universities and national organizations.
The document discusses several key ethical issues in research including principles of ethics in research, the role of internal review boards, and types of misconduct. The main points covered are:
- The four main principles of ethics in research are protection from harm, informed consent, right to privacy, and honesty with professional colleagues.
- An internal review board reviews all research proposals and must approve any study before it begins to ensure ethical standards are followed.
- Misconduct in research can include fraud, falsification of data, plagiarism, failure to comply with requirements, and other unacceptable practices. Upholding integrity in research is important.
Research ethics codes have been adopted by professional associations, government agencies, and universities to ensure research is conducted honestly, objectively, carefully, and with integrity. Some key principles are respecting intellectual property, maintaining confidentiality, responsible publication, social responsibility, non-discrimination, proper care of animal subjects, and protecting human subjects by minimizing risks and maximizing benefits.
In recent years, educational researchers in particular have started showing more interest and awareness towards ethical guidelines and codes while conducting educational researches. This trend stems from the popularity of the online researches and sophisticated software to crosscheck if the written text is ethically correct or not exactly plagiarized. This has culminated into the authenticity and validity of some of the contemporary styles of research being employed to new research methodologies. This paper is a theoretical analysis of the concept and importance of ethical guidelines and the cases of plagiarism. In addition, certain reasons of plagiarizing tendencies have also been dealt with. Conclusions have been drawn from personal experience, related works and university norms to incorporate an ethical code of conduct in the domain of educational research.
The document discusses ethics in research. It defines ethics as rules that distinguish between right and wrong and norms of conduct. It states that while some ethical norms are commonsense, their interpretation and application can differ depending on individuals' values and experiences. The document also discusses how ethics involves studying standards of conduct in fields like medicine. Additionally, it notes that research ethics is important as it promotes values like knowledge, truth, collaboration, and accountability to the public. The document concludes by listing some key principles of research ethics such as honesty, objectivity, and protecting human subjects.
Collaborative action research is a process where teachers work together to systematically examine their own educational practices using research techniques to improve student learning. It involves teams of practitioners with common interests investigating issues relevant to their work. The key aspects of collaborative action research are that it is team-based, focuses on improving situations identified by participants, and aims to develop a shared understanding of teaching practices through research.
Ethical Publication Issues in the Collection and Analysis of Research Data.pdfssuser6f4a6d
This document discusses ethical issues in research and academic publishing. It covers key topics like study design and ethics approval, data analysis, authorship, plagiarism, and conflicts of interest. Maintaining integrity throughout the research and publication process is important. The document provides definitions and examples of ethical theories, characteristics of good research, and different types of academic publications. It also discusses guidelines for conducting ethical research, analyzing data properly, and publishing work without misconduct.
Ethical issues in research presentation.pptxgororotich
Ethical issues in educational research encompass considerations around informed consent, privacy/confidentiality, and participant protection. Key ethical issues occur during research design, conduct, and dissemination. Researchers must obtain informed consent, protect privacy of sensitive data, minimize potential harms, and ensure research benefits the educational community. Upholding ethical guidelines is important for responsible and impactful educational research.
Professional ethics and scientific research: conceptions of researchers who a...Martín López Calva
Forum Viena
Juan Martín López-Calva.
juanmartin.lopez@upaep.mx
María del Carmen de la Luz Lanzagorta. marucha_delaluz@yahoo.com.mx
UPAEP Puebla, México
Educational Research Quantitative Methods (basic and applied) Anum Butt
This document discusses applied research. It defines applied research as research conducted to apply or test theories and evaluate their usefulness in solving educational problems. The key objectives of applied research are to understand applied research and its purpose, define applied research with examples, and describe the design and steps of applied research. Applied research aims to solve immediate problems, test theories in practical situations, and provide data to support and revise theories. It is conducted in real-world settings and focuses on applying solutions to practical issues.
The purpose of research is explanatory, descriptive and exploratory. Hence, the study should seek to appraise its information within the larger body of research. Researches must always be innovative and also of soaring quality in order to produce knowledge that is relevant and applicatory. The result of the research should be used for policy and project execution.
1) Research is a systematic process of investigation to discover answers to problems through objective and verifiable methods. It aims to increase knowledge and understanding.
2) Social work research plays a key role in strengthening the scientific basis of the profession by validating concepts, theories, and methods through empirical testing. It also evaluates social work programs and identifies client needs and available resources.
3) Quantitative research collects numerical data to explain phenomena through statistical analysis. It aims to quantify observations in an objective manner that can be repeated. Qualitative research seeks to understand why people behave as they do through non-numerical data.
This document provides an introduction to research concepts including the meaning and nature of research, purposes of good research, characteristics of good research, and the research process. Research is defined as an inquiry or investigation to address problems, needs, and provide new knowledge. The purposes of good research include preserving human life, serving humanity, and advancing knowledge. Characteristics include being systematic, objective, empirical, and using statistical methods. The research process is described as cyclic involving problem identification, literature review, formulation of research questions and design, data collection and analysis, reporting results, and dissemination.
Research ethics provide guidelines for the responsible conduct of research to protect participants and ensure a high standard. They establish principles like autonomy, beneficence, and justice. Researchers have obligations to protect participants' rights through informed consent, confidentiality, and respect. Ethical issues include ensuring voluntary participation, obtaining informed consent, avoiding biased language or selection, maintaining honesty, and debriefing participants. Research ethics promote social good and objectivity.
This document provides an overview of research ethics and the postgraduate research (PGR) ethical review process at the School of Education, University of Nottingham. It discusses key concepts in research ethics like informed consent and protecting participants. It also summarizes guidelines from the British Educational Research Association (BERA) on responsibilities to participants, sponsors, and the research community. Additionally, it addresses some challenges with ethical codes and the need for researchers to make judgment calls. Finally, it briefly touches on additional considerations for ethics in practitioner and action research due to dual roles of researchers.
Data management in NHMRC's revised National Statement on Ethical Conduct in H...ARDC
Presentation from the webinar 'Data management in NHMRC's revised National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research' on 5th September 2018 by Jeremy Kenner, Expert Advisor – Ethics Research Quality and Priorities Branch NHMRC.
Educational Research 102: Selecting the Best Study Design for your Research Q...fnuthalapaty
This document discusses selecting the appropriate study design for an educational research question. It begins by describing different types of research including empirical vs non-empirical and basic vs applied research. It then covers quantitative research designs like experimental, quasi-experimental, causal-comparative and correlational studies. Key aspects of these designs like control groups, randomization, pre-post testing are explained. Threats to internal and external validity and steps in the research process are also summarized. The document aims to help researchers understand how to match their research question to the best fitting study design.
This document defines and discusses nursing research. It begins by exploring the meaning and etymology of the term "research" and defines it as a studious inquiry aimed at discovering new facts or interpretations. Nursing research is specifically defined as a systematic process that develops knowledge to influence nursing practice, education, administration, and informatics. The characteristics and steps of the scientific method are also outlined. The document emphasizes that nursing research is needed to build the body of nursing knowledge, validate practice, and make healthcare more effective and efficient. It also discusses the roles nurses play in research depending on their level of education. Finally, it identifies characteristics of good research such as being systematic, empirical, and aimed at developing evidence-based practice.
Research ethics by dr vijay kumar, teacher educatorDr. Vijay Kumar
Dr. Vijay Kumar discusses research ethics and basics. He outlines five principles of ethical research put forth by the American Sociological Association: professional competence, integrity, responsibility, respect for people, and social responsibility. Several professional standards are associated with these principles, including seeking proper permissions and participants' informed consent. The document explains the process of obtaining approvals from authorities and participants' informed consent, which involves outlining the research purpose and participants' involvement, rights to refuse or withdraw, and what will be done with results.
The document summarizes a class presentation on research methodology. It discusses the importance of adhering to ethical standards in research to promote knowledge, avoid errors, and build public trust and support. Maintaining high ethical standards ensures research integrity, protects privacy and intellectual property, and promotes collaboration. The presentation outlines four key ethical principles - respecting individuals, competence, integrity, and responsibility. It also references codes of research ethics from universities and national organizations.
The document discusses several key ethical issues in research including principles of ethics in research, the role of internal review boards, and types of misconduct. The main points covered are:
- The four main principles of ethics in research are protection from harm, informed consent, right to privacy, and honesty with professional colleagues.
- An internal review board reviews all research proposals and must approve any study before it begins to ensure ethical standards are followed.
- Misconduct in research can include fraud, falsification of data, plagiarism, failure to comply with requirements, and other unacceptable practices. Upholding integrity in research is important.
Research ethics codes have been adopted by professional associations, government agencies, and universities to ensure research is conducted honestly, objectively, carefully, and with integrity. Some key principles are respecting intellectual property, maintaining confidentiality, responsible publication, social responsibility, non-discrimination, proper care of animal subjects, and protecting human subjects by minimizing risks and maximizing benefits.
In recent years, educational researchers in particular have started showing more interest and awareness towards ethical guidelines and codes while conducting educational researches. This trend stems from the popularity of the online researches and sophisticated software to crosscheck if the written text is ethically correct or not exactly plagiarized. This has culminated into the authenticity and validity of some of the contemporary styles of research being employed to new research methodologies. This paper is a theoretical analysis of the concept and importance of ethical guidelines and the cases of plagiarism. In addition, certain reasons of plagiarizing tendencies have also been dealt with. Conclusions have been drawn from personal experience, related works and university norms to incorporate an ethical code of conduct in the domain of educational research.
The document discusses ethics in research. It defines ethics as rules that distinguish between right and wrong and norms of conduct. It states that while some ethical norms are commonsense, their interpretation and application can differ depending on individuals' values and experiences. The document also discusses how ethics involves studying standards of conduct in fields like medicine. Additionally, it notes that research ethics is important as it promotes values like knowledge, truth, collaboration, and accountability to the public. The document concludes by listing some key principles of research ethics such as honesty, objectivity, and protecting human subjects.
Collaborative action research is a process where teachers work together to systematically examine their own educational practices using research techniques to improve student learning. It involves teams of practitioners with common interests investigating issues relevant to their work. The key aspects of collaborative action research are that it is team-based, focuses on improving situations identified by participants, and aims to develop a shared understanding of teaching practices through research.
Ethical Publication Issues in the Collection and Analysis of Research Data.pdfssuser6f4a6d
This document discusses ethical issues in research and academic publishing. It covers key topics like study design and ethics approval, data analysis, authorship, plagiarism, and conflicts of interest. Maintaining integrity throughout the research and publication process is important. The document provides definitions and examples of ethical theories, characteristics of good research, and different types of academic publications. It also discusses guidelines for conducting ethical research, analyzing data properly, and publishing work without misconduct.
Ethical issues in research presentation.pptxgororotich
Ethical issues in educational research encompass considerations around informed consent, privacy/confidentiality, and participant protection. Key ethical issues occur during research design, conduct, and dissemination. Researchers must obtain informed consent, protect privacy of sensitive data, minimize potential harms, and ensure research benefits the educational community. Upholding ethical guidelines is important for responsible and impactful educational research.
RCH 7301, Critical Thinking for Doctoral Learners 1 ajoy21
RCH 7301, Critical Thinking for Doctoral Learners 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Summarize critical concepts of business scholarship in research writing.
1.1 Define the dissertation within business research.
1.2 Compose a sample problem statement.
6. Evaluate the responsibilities of business administration research.
6.1 Apply an ethical framework to research.
6.2 Explain why ethics are important to businesses and researchers.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 1
Article: “It’s a Dissertation, Not a Book”
Webpage: Project Planner
Unit I Assignment
1.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 1
Chapter 4
Article: “It’s a Dissertation, Not a Book”
Webpage: Project Planner
Unit I Assignment
6.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 4
Article: “It’s a Dissertation, Not a Book”
Webpage: Project Planner
Unit I Assignment
6.2.
Unit Lesson
Chapter 4
Article: “It’s a Dissertation, Not a Book”
Webpage: Project Planner
Unit I Assignment
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 4: Business Research Ethics
In order to access the resources below, utilize the CSU Online Library to begin your research.
Review the research stages on the Project Planner webpage.
Byrne, D. (2017). Project planner. SAGE Research Methods.
http://methods.sagepub.com.libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/project-planner
Cassuto, L. (2011, July 29). It’s a dissertation, not a book. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 57(42).
UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Demystifying the Dissertation:
Ethics of Research
RCH 7301, Critical Thinking for Doctoral Learners 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
Ethics and Research Ethics
Business research, like all research, is guided foremost by the concept of ethics. Blumberg et al. (2005) offer
a general definition of ethics as being a set of moral norms that we use to guide the moral choices
underpinning both our behavior and the ways that we create relationships with others. While most individuals
have thought about morals and morality, applying the definition of ethics to research requires a consideration
of ethics in general and in relation to how ethics pertain to the appropriateness of a researcher’s behavior
toward the subjects of research and/or toward those entities affected by the research. All research is based
on problems that we find in the real world, and people are impacted by not only the solutions that others might
devise for those problems but also by researchers’ investigations into problems. The nuanced moral territory
where right and wrong are not clear-cut or immediately discernible and where our actions as researchers can
affect others is where our ethical principles are most important to guide our research.
The deontological approach to ethics teaches us that ethical principles should never be compromised in favor
of getting resul ...
This document provides an overview of business research methods. It discusses the definition and key features of research, as well as the importance and purpose of research. It also defines different types of research including business research, social research, and educational research. The document outlines the characteristics of good research and some limitations of research. Finally, it discusses the role and requirements of theory in research.
Research is defined as a systematic, methodical process of investigation leading to new discoveries. It involves collecting empirical data through observation and analysis in order to increase understanding of a topic. Research aims to be logical, analytical, and reproducible to allow others to confirm findings. It serves purposes like exploration, description, and evaluation. Research ethics require honesty, objectivity, integrity, and respect for colleagues, intellectual property, and human/animal subjects.
The document provides an overview of research ethics and guidelines for master's and doctoral students. It defines ethics and research, discusses the key differences between clinical and social science research. It also summarizes the international evolution of research ethics codes and regulations, including the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, Belmont Report, CIOMS Guidelines, and ICH Guidelines. The document outlines ethical principles of respect, beneficence, and justice in research and considerations at different stages of the research process.
Research ethics addresses the ethical principles and values applied to research. This includes ethical treatment of human and animal subjects, preventing misuse of research results, and addressing scientific misconduct. The key principles of research ethics are respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Respect for persons means respecting individual autonomy and protecting vulnerable populations. Beneficence means research should do no harm and maximize benefits while minimizing risks. Justice means fairness in who bears risks and benefits from research. Research ethics aims to ensure ethical and responsible conduct of research through guidelines, oversight bodies, and codes of conduct.
Here are the answers to the quiz:
1. Research is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It involves the discovery of new facts or testing new ideas.
2. Two reasons why we need to conduct research are:
- To gain new knowledge and understanding. Research allows us to discover new facts and relationships that were previously unknown. This expands our body of knowledge.
- To solve problems. Research helps us identify solutions to problems by testing new ideas and approaches through a systematic process. This allows us to improve practices, products, policies and theories.
3. Two general and specific purposes of research are:
- Description - Research describes a phenomenon. For example,
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
An analysis of utilization of educational research findings for qualitative d...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the utilization of educational research findings for decision making regarding undergraduate business education programs in Nigerian universities. It discusses how research is an important part of the university system and should contribute to the body of knowledge. However, the study found that research findings and recommendations were not being used for qualitative decision making in business education programs in tertiary institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted of deans and lecturers from 3 institutions to understand the causes of non-utilization of research findings for program improvement. The results identified several factors contributing to the delay in applying research results in the educational setting.
This document discusses different forms of ethics as they relate to research. It begins with defining ethics as involving concepts of right and wrong conduct. It then discusses the importance of ethics in research, including promoting truth and accountability. The objectives of research ethics are outlined as protecting participants and interests. Types of ethics discussed include normative ethics concerning moral rules, descriptive ethics studying beliefs about morality, applied ethics examining issues, and meta ethics studying moral language.
A Qualitative Methodological Approach Through Field ResearchDiana Oliva
Article 1 takes a social constructionist perspective to examine how gender myths are appropriated into development policies and programs. It uses a qualitative methodological approach involving discourse analysis to critically analyze the language and narratives around gender in development.
Article 2 adopts a feminist standpoint theory framework to explore women's lived experiences of domestic violence. It employs an ethnographic methodology, using in-depth interviews and focus groups to generate rich qualitative data from the perspectives of abused women themselves.
Both articles adopt a critical theoretical lens to challenge dominant power structures. While Article 1 focuses on deconstructing development discourse, Article 2 centers women's voices to
Fostering-a-research-culture-Dr-Dee-Drew-et-alMahua Das
This document summarizes a research initiative launched at the University of Wolverhampton's School of Health and Wellbeing research day. The initiative had two aims: to undertake a research project and involve academics in the research process. A survey of academics found that most were not currently engaged in research, with lack of time and workload issues cited as barriers. The research day provided hands-on experience in designing the study, but follow-up workshops had low attendance, consistent with literature showing difficulty balancing research and other responsibilities. The initiative highlighted both facilitators and barriers to developing a research culture among university academics.
UNIT-1 BRM marketing to my career to solar.pptxJANNU VINAY
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions, objectives, significance, and process. It defines research as a systematic and organized way to find answers to questions through scientific investigation and discovery of new facts. The objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Research is significant as it contributes to new knowledge, supports decision-making, improves practices, helps solve problems, and enhances quality of life. The research process involves problem formulation, literature review, developing hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and reporting findings.
reseach methodology in social sciences..shailesh15
This document discusses various topics related to research methodology. It begins by defining what research is, including that it is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge. It then discusses different types of research such as descriptive, exploratory, and explanatory research. It also discusses different research methods like quantitative and qualitative approaches. Various steps in the research process are outlined, including defining the problem, literature review, data collection and analysis. Finally, it discusses key principles of research ethics like honesty, objectivity, and protecting confidentiality.
Research methodology theory chapt. 1- kotthariRubia Bhatia
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methodology. It discusses what research is, the objectives of research methodology, and the importance and significance of research in management. It also outlines some key aspects of research methodology, including marketing research, making government policy, operational research, motivational research, and its scope. The document aims to give the reader a high-level understanding of the key concepts and components of research methodology.
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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Research is a public trust that must be ethically conducted,
trustworthy, and socially responsible if the results are to be
valuable. All parts of a research project – from the project
design to submission of the results for peerreview– must be
upstanding in order to be consideredethical.When even one
part of a research project is questionable or conducted
unethically, the integrity of the entire project is called into
question (University of Minnesota Center for Bioethics
(UMCB, 2003). Knowing what constitutes ethical research is
important for all people who conduct research projects or
use and apply the results from research findings. All
researchers should be familiar with the basic ethical
principles and haveup-to-dateknowledgeabout policies and
procedures designed to ensure the safety of research
subjects and to prevent sloppy or irresponsible research,
because ignorance of policies designed to protect research
subjects is not considered a viable excuse for ethically
questionable projects. Therefore, the duty lies with the
researcher to seek out and fully understand the policies and
theories designed to guarantee upstanding research
practices (UMCB, 2003).
Given the importance of ethics for the conduct of research,it
should come as no surprise that many different professional
associations, government agencies, and universities have
adopted specific codes, rules, and policies relating to
research ethics. Many different disciplines, institutions, and
professions have standardsforbehaviourthatsuittheiraims
and goals. These standards also help members of the
discipline to coordinate their actions or activities and to
establish the public's trust of the discipline. For instance,
ethical standards govern conduct in medicine, law,
engineering, and business. Ethical norms alsoservetheaims
or goals of educational research management and apply to
people who practice/conduct scientific research or other
scholarly or creative activities. There is even a specialized
discipline, research ethics,whichstudiesthesenorms(David
& Resnik, 2015).
Having explored the importance of ethics in research, this
chapter is concerned with the presentation of what
constitute ethical issues in educational research
management and practice. These must always be adhered
when conducting educational and other research
experiments.
Theoretical clarification
Principles
Principles are the norms or standards for conduct that
distinguish between right and wrong. They help to
determine the difference between acceptable and
unacceptable behaviours (CIRT, 2019). When we talk about
ethics in general parlance, we are simply referring to those
laws, rules, regulations, dos and don’ts that are guiding a
place, profession or thing. In other words, these are simply
those norms which must be adhered to. Ethics vary from
place to place, culture to culture, profession to profession,
and with time.
Research
Research is a systematic and well-plannedprocessoffinding
out the reality and truths underlying certain problems or
phenomena of interest throughobservationandcollectionof
data (using appropriate tools),analysisofdata (usingproper
quantitative or qualitative techniques), presentation and
interpretation of data, and through proper decision making
(deductions or inference). The focus of educationalresearch
is to solve problems, create new knowledge and modify
existing ones to suit the dynamics of the society. Thus, for
any exercise to be termed as research in education or
elsewhere, it must be characterized by ability to fore hidden
truths that can be uncovered by mere intuition, it must also
develop new techniques of doing thingscontextually,itmust
provide verifiable evidence to back the truthuncovered,and
it must also be used to address issues that have raised the
eyebrows of many people within an environment.
Didactic research Management
Educational research management simply refers to the
process of streamlining and tailoring research activities in
education and its related disciplines towards realizing their
goals. Every research in education has broad and specific
goals which they seek to attain. However, not all
experiments in education achieve their intended objectives
at the end for one reason or the other. Whatever the reason,
any research that does not achieve pre-stated goals and
objectives cannot be said to have been effectively
management. The aim of educational research management
or simply research management is to remove all bottlenecks
that may hinder the successful completion of any research
endeavor in education. This can be achieved through proper
planning, organization, budgeting, staffing, directing,
coordination, and reporting.
Planning for any educational research activity, is necessary
to make future forecast concerning what educational
problem you intend to solve; why you intend solving the
problem identified; how you intend solving the problem;
when you intend solving the problem; where you intend
solving the problem; and who are those to benefit from such
a research. Taking these into consideration will give you an
idea of the problem of the study/topic, location of the study,
population/sample, methods of data collection/analysis,
significance of the study, time/duration of the study, and so
on. Organizing in educational research managementimplies
that all the necessary information to conduct the study are
properly harnessed and integrated.Suchmaterial thatneeds
to be organized include designing research instruments,
sourcing for relevant literatures thatare relatedtothestudy,
preparing citations and referencing of other works used,
including data collection, processing, presentation and
interpretation.
Budgeting is very crucial ineveryresearchendeavorbecause
it sometimes predict the scope of studies. It is appropriateto
always consider how much resources you can provide to
support the research. Budgeting is not only limited to
available income, it also includes the willingness to set out
resources to enable the conduct of a study, and the
publication of research reports.
Staffing as educational research management process
involves the appropriate selection of individuals required to
collect from, or selection of research assistants to support in
the data collection process.
Directing involves the process of passing instructions,
guidelines, rules and regulations to research participants,
research assistants and other members of theresearchteam
to enable them to understand their roles, what to avoid, and
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the care they must demonstrate in order to obtain reliable
results. Coordination as a management function is very
essential in educational research. It is very useful for studies
involving collaboration, because it enables all the members
of the research team to work independently and yet
collectively to achieve the sole aim of the research.
Coordination simply means to ensure that all the sub-units
or various individuals work in line with the objectives of the
research.
The last aspect of educational researchmanagement process
is budgeting. Reporting entails that at the end of any
educational researchexperiment,accuratedocumentationof
the entire process including the aims, problem statement,
hypothesis (for quantitative studies), methods and results,
be presented. The reason behind reporting research is to
enable information sharing and for problem solving. This
must also be done according to prescribe rules as may be
determined by the publishers or institution. Another aspect
of reporting in educational research management is the act
of giving feedback to research grantsprovidersontheextent
to which the proposed research study has been carried out,
including the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats facing the study.
Moral Principles in Educational and Research
As earlier stated, ethics are just rules which must be
followed in doing a thing in an acceptable manner, or in a
manner considered right. Therefore, ethics in educational
research management are those ideals, rights, wrongs, and
guidelineswhichscholarsconductingeducational researches
are expected to follow in order to avoid problems in the
research process, and to produce research findingsthatmay
be used to address the educational concerns of the society.
These ethics are not there to threaten researchers, but to
serve as blueprint guiding what should be done, and what
shouldn’t be done. It is, therefore,expedientthatresearchers
acquaint themselves with ethical issues governing the
conduct of research in education and beyond. This chapter
thus, provide such ethical issues and how they can be
checked effectively.
Ethical issues in educational research management and
practice
Ethical issues in educational research management and
practice refers to those problems resulting from the
breaching of prescribed ethics that ought to be followed
when conducting educational research, or when managing
the educational research process and activities. Below are
some ethical issuesineducational researchmanagement and
practice.
Copyright infringement issues
Copyright means granting exclusive right to a research or
other scholarly work for use, publication or sale. When
documents are copyrighted, it means that such documents
are protected under copyright laws are not meantto beused
by anyone without prior permissionfromtheauthor,creator
or copyright owner. The use of such protected works by
copyright laws constitutes what is known as copyright
infringement. Therefore, copyright infringement simply
refers to a situation where individuals make use of
copyrighted files for personal or commercial purposes
without receiving prior access from the copyright owners.It
is a serious offence that is punishable by law.
However, in educational researchmanagementorpractice,it
is common to see many students, lecturers, researchers and
scholars make use of other peoples’ work that are
copyrighted without gaining prior consent form the authors
or copyright owners of such work. It does not even matter
whether only a small part of such protected files has been
used. Copyright policies appliestobothcopyinginpartsorin
whole. To avoid this, it is very important to identify
copyrighted documents either online and/or offline, then
gain proper access from those concern, before usingthem as
instructed.
Fabrication issues
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)
(2018, p3.), defines fabrication as "making updata orresults
and recording or reporting them." Examples of fabricating
research data or results and recording or reporting them
include creating spreadsheets that contain demographic
information and performance results for research
participants who do not exist and creating figures for public
presentation that contain results of physical measures of
sound outputs for auditory devices that cannot produce
these levels.
It is common to find many researchers and scholars who
fabricate in educational research. Areas where fabrication
usually occurs include: data collection/generation,citations,
literature review, and in data analysis. Many researchers do
not go to the field to collect data, they stay indoors and
generate (cook) data that are not true. In terms of citations,
it is also common to see researchersciteauthorswhodid not
actually made such statements, just because of inability to
get the real author of the work. In literature review, many
scholars have been observed developing empirical studies
that do not exist. They do this most often to providea base in
the literature review of their studies to aid in the discussion
of their results. This is usually done by highly experienced
researchers who design empirical studies that do not exist
and make them look so real.
Falsification issues
Falsification issues simply refer to a situation where
researchers intentionally manipulate people ideas,research
data, and citations to suit the context of their studies. ORI as
cited in ASHA (2018), defines falsification as "manipulating
research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or
omitting data or results such that the research is not
accurately represented in the research record." Examples of
falsifying research data and/or reporting such data include:
Reporting data that were not collected
Altering data collected to achieve a particular outcome
Reporting only data that support your hypotheses and/or
interests, and
Making false claims in promotional materials about what
one’s research has demonstrated or supported.
Many scholars in the course of writing, maychangethedates
in old studies by putting in new dates in order to make the
work appear current. Some researchers also manipulate
research data by constantly modifying data and tuningthem
to the direction that suits their intentions and positions. It is
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also common to see many researchers who deliberately add
their own comments and ideas (even after appropriate
citation) to other peoples’ ideas in other to make such ideas
support their point of view. Changing the location of a study
to make it look different or modifying another person’s
research topic in parts or in full while retaining the person’s
workin parts or full as your own is falsification.All these,and
many more, are unethical ineducational researchandshould
be avoided for effective problem-solving.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the act of passing off somebody else’s ideas,
thoughts, pictures, theories, words, or stories as your own
(UMCB, 2003). ORI as cited in ASHA (2018 p5.), defines
plagiarism as "the appropriation of another person’s ideas,
processes, results, or words without giving appropriate
credit." Representing any part or parts of another’s work as
one’s own is considered plagiarism. Plagiarism takes many
forms. On one end of the spectrum are people who
intentionally take a passage word-for-word, put it in their
own work, and do not properly credit the original author.
The other end consists of unintentional (or simply lazy)
paraphrased and fragmented texts the author has pieced
together from several works without properly citing the
original sources.
There are many areas in which research are liabletocommit
plagiarism intentionally or unintentionally. Conducting a
review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the
contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior
work (David & Resnik, 2015) is plagiarism. Using data,
figures or charts from other peoples’ work without
acknowledging also constitute plagiarism.Plagiarism ranges
from unreferenced use of others published and unpublished
ideas, including research grant applications to submission
under “new” authorship of a complete paper, sometimes in
different language.
According to ASHA (2018), the following acts in research
constitutes plagiarism. Failing to recognize students or any
other contributors as authors of research or scholarly work
or assigning authorship credit to an individual who has not
contributed to research or scholarly work, may result in
violation of research principles. Using direct quotes or
paraphrasing published research to suggest that the
author(s) of the research endorsed a product, treatment,
product is plagiarism and may violate research principles
and rules (ASHA, 2018). Therefore,itisimportanttodisclose
all sources of information, and if large amount of other
people’s written or illustrative materials is to be used,
permission must be sought (Jenn, 2006).
To avoid plagiarism, it is also pertinent to: cite all ideas, data
and information that are of other people and not your own
knowledge/ideas; always use quotation marks if you are
using someone else’s ideas that are below 40 words, or
indent such long quotations thatareabove40 wordstoshow
they are not your words or ideas; at the beginning of a
paraphrased section, show that what comesnextissomeone
else’s original idea (for example, according to John) and at
the end of a paraphrased section, place the proper citation.
In support of appropriate practices expected of researchers,
“individuals shall reference the source when using other
persons' ideas, research, presentations, results, or products
in written, oral, or any other media presentation or
summary. To do otherwise constitutes plagiarism" (ASHA,
2018 p8.).
Citations issues
Citations and referencing issues are related to issue of
falsification and plagiarism. Citation is simply a process
where authors give credit to the appropriate source from
where an information used in their work that is not theirs,
was collected. A lot of facts ranging from ideas, quotations,
data, figures, tables, comments, findings,andmanymorecan
be cited in order to explain, present or clarify an idea, or to
provide evidence and/or justificationtoa pointthescholaris
trying to make.
Referencing on the other hand, is simply a list showing all
the various authors/sources that were cited in the body of
the work. The aim is to provide details of the sources from
where information was gotten in order to enable other
scholars verify or locate such sources as their own needs
may demand. Citation and referencing are intertwined
because cited works areexpected to all appear in the
referencing list; and all the authors or sources found in the
referencing list, will be believed to have been cited in the
main work. In regular research practice, many
undergraduates, post graduates, and even scholars do not
seem to be aware of this relationship between citation and
referencing. Consequently, it is possible to pick up many
research studies and discover that works have been
referenced in the list, that were not cited in the main work;
or that citations have been made without listing them in the
references.
Publication Issues
Publication issues refer to those unethical practices that
occur during the publication of scholarly works, and which
must be avoided to guarantee effective educational research
management and practices. Such issues include: submitting
the same paper to different journals without telling the
editors; publishing the same paper in two different journals
without telling the editors; bypassing the peer review
process and announcing your results through a press
conference without giving peers adequate information to
review your work; publishing research works without
proper peer review (David & Resnik, 2015).
Other unethical issues pertaining to publication include:
collecting monies from authors without publishing their
works; announcing the publication of a work in a different
month/volume/issue from when it was supposed to be
published; charging authors for vetting fees without any
review of their manuscript; have your papers reviewed in
open access journals and sending same to another Journal
for publication; publishing works online or in print without
sending hard copies or publishingthemonlineaftercharging
publication fees for both online and print; and many others
are issues usually faced in the process of publication.
For effective management of educational research, all these
issues highlighted above must be strictly avoided including
the issue of redundant publication. According to Giles
(2005), redundant publication occurs when two or more
papers, without full cross reference, share the same
hypothesis, data, discussion points,orconclusions.However,
previous publication ofanabstractduringtheproceedingsof
meetings does not preclude subsequent submission for
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publication, but full disclosure should be made at the time of
submission. This is also known as self-plagiarism. In the
increasing competitive environment where appointments,
promotions and grant applications are strongly influenced
by publication record, researchers are under intense
pressure to publish, and a growing minority is seeking to
bump up their CV through dishonest means.
Authorship Issues
Authorship is the process of shortlisting individuals whose
names should appear as developers, creators and owners of
research work. Authorship like many other terms, have no
universal definition due to variations in the opinions and
mindset of scholars. However, it is generally agreed that an
author should have made substantial contribution to the
intellectual content, includingconceptualisinganddesigning
the study; acquiring, analysing and interpreting the data
(Jenn, 2006). For someone or people to be referred to as
authors, they need to indicate that their work is original,
valid, and has not been published elsewhere by either them
or any other party. An author must also be involved in
drafting or revising the manuscript, as well as approving the
submitted manuscript for publication.Thosewhoassistedin
the collection of data, vetting, and typesetting of scholarly
works do not deserve to be included as authors. However,
their efforts may be acknowledged. According to Jenn
(2006), it is crucial to decide early in the planning of a
research who will be credited as authors, as contributors,
and who will be acknowledged. It is also advisable to read
carefully the “Advice to Authors” of the target journal which
may serve as a guide to the issue of authorship.
Some unethical issues in authorship that are commonplace
in educational research include:notinforminga collaborator
of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you
are the sole inventor; including a colleague as an authorona
paper in return for a favour even though the colleague did
not make a serious contribution to the paper; acquisition of
funding, the collection of data, or general supervision of the
research group, by themselves, do not justify authorship.
Others include: struggling to lead a paper in a researchwork
because you are higher in authority even when your efforts
are not as compared to others who are lower in ranks.
Leading a paper summarized from a student’s work as a
lecturer; changing the order in the list of authors during
publication without telling others; removing the names of
other authors without telling during publication
correspondence; paying monies for publication of articles
only without any significantcontributioninthedevelopment
of the research work does not also qualify one for
authorship.
Based on the foregoing, it is necessary to observe and shun
all these unethical behaviors pertaining to authorship and
ensuring that only acceptable conducts are practiced. UMCB
(2003) warned that, all the contributing co-authors of an
article must jointly decide the order of the listing of names.
The first person listed should be the person most closely
involved with the research. The authors should then decide
the order of the remaining authors in accordance with the
criteria of the publishing journal and be prepared to answer
questions about why the order is as it appears.
Privacy Issues
Confidentiality issues arise when information that ought to
be concealed are revealed to the public through any means.
During the research process, certain personal and
identifiable information of research participants, authors,
and reviewers need not be exposed for any reason. This is to
offer protection to the subjects and ensure that they are free
in providing the desired information sought after. During
peer review, it is also important for the editor to remove all
personal and identifiable data of authors from manuscripts
before sending them to for review. Details about who is
reviewing a paper should not also be disclosed to authors.
People participating in research are entitled to
confidentiality even if the results of research are made
public. Information shouldnotbedivulgedtoanyoneoutside
the research team unless prior authorization has been
obtained. In most cases, anonymity is guaranteed, and
participants may be assigned code names or numbers. This
enables the researchers to quote people without revealing
their identity (Alzheimer-Europe, 2009). Moreover, any
personal/private informationthatresearcherslearnofin the
course of the study, which is not related to the study, should
not be disclosed to anyone. Discussing with your colleagues,
confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a
journal. Sharing information that can be used to identify a
research participant is a violation of research ethics.
Even disclosing minimal information (e.g., initials of
participant’s name, disorder, address of participant, aspects
of treatment) through any form ofcommunication,including
social media, may allowotherstoidentifytheparticipant and
may be a violation of research principles (ASHA, 2018). No
extra personal data should be gathered that is not
immediately pertinent tothe study.Thepersonal data will be
carefully organized and managed to ensure that no
unauthorized use is made of them.
Researchers should also take into consideration how they
are going to ensure privacy and confidentiality of the
participants. It is reasonable for anyone taking part in a
study to expect a certain level of anonymity, although some
participants may not feel this is too much of a concern for
them (especially among the younger generation of ‘public-
face’ social media users). Whether or not identities will be
revealed and how images andotheridentifyingfactorsmight
be used must be carefully negotiated with the subjectsof the
study. Subjects in a study have a right to know enough about
the study in order to decidewhethertheywanttoparticipate
in the study. In the case of minors, parental permission
(often through the schools) should be obtained (Dooly et al.,
2017). Protect confidential communications, such as papers
or grants submitted for publication,personnel records,trade
or military secrets, and patient records.
In some studies, particularly small-scale qualitative studies
or action research, researchers may decide to show the
preliminary results to the participants and invite them to
comment. This gives them the opportunity to confirm or
query anything that has been written about them as well as
to be more fully involved in the study. This is very important
in studies which have involved very personal contactorwith
participants who have shared very personal information
about themselves.
Data Command Issues
Data management is a cycle which spans from data
generation to data shredding. It encompasses several
activities that must be carried to ensure that research data
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are used for the purpose in which they were collected, and
for future use. With respect to research ethics, UMCB(2003)
disclosed that data management referencesthreeissues:the
ethical and truthful collection of reliabledata;theownership
and responsibility of collected data; and, retaining data and
sharing access to collected data with colleagues and the
public. Each issue contributes to the integrity of research
and can be easily overlooked by researchers.
Oftentimes, researchers will downplay the importance of
data management becausethedetailscanbetimeconsuming
and they assume they can “figure it out” as theygoalong.Itis
not adequate research practice to assume issues involved in
data collection will work themselves out on their own.
Instead, a clear, responsible, ethically sound, and carefully
outlined plan for data management is required at the
beginning of research to prevent all mannersofconflictsand
inappropriate research methods.
Ethical data collection refers to collecting data in a way that
does not harm or injure someone. Harm and injury could
range from outright physical injury to harmful disclosure of
unprotected confidential health information.Incomparison,
truthful data collection refers to data that,oncecollected, are
not manipulated or altered in any way that might impact or
falsely influence results (UMCB, 2003). Assigning and
ensuring responsibility forcollectingandmaintainingdata is
one of the most important ethical considerations when
conducting a research project. In contrast to the
straightforward concepts underlying truthful and ethical
data collection issues, the issue of data sharing is
complicated by personal emotions, motives,obligations, and
ownership. Despite its complexities, data sharing is a
hallmark of the scientific community, particularly in
academia.
Other data management practices that must also be given
due consideration in educational research practice include:
data protection, data analysis, data preparation, data
cleaning, data storage/retrieval, data citation, data backup,
and so on. However, in popular practice, most scholars do
not pay attention to these data management activities. They
make use of data and discard them without any records for
future references and re-use. Some scholars also have poor
data storage system that cannot guarantee safety and
confidence to research data. Failing to keep good research
records and failing to maintain research data for a
reasonable period is a bad data management practice.
Data Analysis Issues
According to Jenn (2006), it is the responsibility of the
researcher to analyse the data appropriately. Although
inappropriate analysis does not necessarily amount to
misconduct, intentional omission of result may cause
misinterpretation and mislead the readers. Fabricationand
falsification of data do constitute misconduct. For example,
in an educational research which assesses the performance
of male and female students, it is possible for a male
analysist to increase the scores of male students just to
ensure that he reaches the conclusion that; males are more
brilliant than females. Issues likethisaremisleadingbecause
they provide erroneous results. There is a tendency for the
researchers to under-report negative research findings
(Smith, 2005), and this is partly contributed by pressure
(Jenn, 2006). Trimming outliers from a data set without
discussing your reasons in paper and usinganinappropriate
statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of
your research (David & Resnik, 2015) are other issues
involved in data analysis.
Against all these issues, Dooly et al. (2017) advised that,
researchers should also try to be as ethical as possible when
interpreting the study results. Researchers should do their
best to not over-interpret or misinterpret the data and
represent the possible conclusions as closely as possible. To
do so, researchers can use triangulation techniques or
corroborate their conclusions with the participants
themselves through interviews and other techniques
proposed in qualitative methodologies (Dooly, et al., 2017).
To ensure appropriate data analysis, all sources and
methods used to obtain and analyse data should be fully
disclosed. Failure to do so may lead the readers to
misinterpret the results without considering possibility of
the study being underpowered. The discussion section of a
paper should mention any issues of bias and explain how
they have been dealt with in the design and interpretation of
the study.
Research Management Issues
Supervision of research staff, collaborators, and students is
an integral part of scholarly activity and research (ASHA,
2018). All individuals involved in research must be held to
the highest levels of ethical conduct. Supervisors must
ensure that all individuals involved in the research project
receive appropriate training and are competent to conduct
assigned research activities.
Common issues in research supervision which must be
avoided include: giving the same research project to two
graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest;
overworking, neglecting, or exploiting graduate or post-
doctoral students and promising a student a bettergradefor
sexual favours (David & Resnik, 2015); publishing a
supervisee work as your own; forcing students to pay for
data analysis against their own interest; delaying students’
work unnecessarily for selfish reasons; assessing students’
works only after financial, sexual or other dubious
obligations have been met; and so on. Thus, the research
supervisor should maintain professional supervisor–
superviseerelationshipsand assigncreditappropriately,and
failure of individuals in supervisory or administrative roles
to delegate research responsibilities appropriately to
students or staff may result in violation of research
principles (ASHA, 2018).
Peer Review Issues
Peer review is the process in which an author (or authors)
submits a written manuscript or article to a journal for
publication and the journal editor distributes the article to
experts working in the same, or similar, scientific discipline.
The experts, otherwise called the reviewers, and the editor
then enter the peer review process. The entire process may
involve several rounds of communication between the
editor, the reviewers, and the original author (or authors)
before an article is fully ready for publication. The two most
important ethical concepts in the peer review process are
confidentiality and protection of intellectual property.
Reviewers should not know the author (or authors)theyare
reviewing, and the author (or authors)shouldnotbetold the
names of the reviewers. Only by maintaining strict
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confidentiality guidelines can the peer review process be
truly open and beneficial. Likewise, no person involved in
the peer review process – either the editor, reviewers, or
other journal staff – can publicly disclose the information in
the article or use the information in a submitted article for
personal gain (UMCB, 2003).
Peer reviewers, in addition to maintaining confidentiality,
can be neither conflicted nor political in their review.
Conflicts may take the form of financial conflicts with the
results, conflicts if the research is too similar to their own
research endeavors, and conflicts due to personal
relationships with the author (or authors). Political
motivations that might interfere with the peer review
process include competition to publish with other scientists
and inaccurate reviews designed to “punish” a competing
colleague or Journal.
Editors may find it difficult to guarantee a conflict-free peer
review process, because reviewers must be experts with
knowledge unique to the field to which the article pertains.
Therefore, many reviewers may find themselves faced with
an article concerning research that is very similar to their
own. Peer reviewers should disclose all conflicts of interest
that may unduly influence their review to the journal editor
and disqualify themselves when appropriate (UMCB, 2003).
Editors of Journals should maintain an open andethical peer
review policy, and all submitting authorsand readersshould
be fully aware of a journal’s process of peer review. Editors
do retain flexibility in assigning the number of peer
reviewers and what to do with the peer review information
once completed. One method isforaneditortoapproachtwo
or three reviewers and then ask an author (or authors) to
change the article to satisfy all the reviews. On the other
hand, an editor may take all the reviews and consolidate the
advice to help guide the author (or authors) when making
changes, clarifications, and corrections (UMCB, 2003).
Editors must not relinquish too many of their own
responsibilities to peer reviewers. The peer review process
represents one step in the publishing process and editors
need to take full responsibility for their decision to include
an article in their journal. This means that editors must
review the content and character of a submitted article,
using all the criteria listed for reviewers above, and should
rely on the reviewers primarily to catch errors that lie
outside the editor’s area of expertise and technical
understanding (Lawrence, 2003).
Discrimination issues
A foundational principle of research is the inclusion of the
varied demographics of the population under study. An
additional foundational principle is the fundamental respect
for individual differences by those who design, execute, and
report research. Discrimination in the selection and
treatment of human participants maybetheresultofexplicit
or implicit bias. One example would be excluding a specific
group (e.g., individuals who identify as bisexual) because of
personal bias when that variable (sexual orientation)would
not influence the research study’s outcome(s)(ASHA,2018).
Therefore, it is necessary to avoid discrimination against
colleagues or students based on sex, race, ethnicity, or other
factors not related to scientific competence and integrity
(David & Resnik, 2015).
Well-versed Consent Issues
Informed consent constitutes consent by persons served,
research participants engaged, or parents and/or guardians
of persons served to a proposed course of action after the
communication of adequate informationregardingexpected
outcomes and potential risks. Failure to obtain written
consent from individuals participating in research, or from
the parents/guardians of individuals participating in
research, represents an ethical violation of research rules
(David & Resnik, 2015).
According to Alzheimer-Europe (2009), different studies
involve different levels ofrisk andinconvenience(e.g.having
an interview, filling out a questionnaire, being observed,
giving a blood sample, having a scan or taking medication
which may have possible side-effects). Part of the process of
informed consent involves finding out what is involved in a
specific study and then taking the necessary time to decide
when that is acceptable.
Participants should be fully informed of the purpose and
approach of the research. Also, howthedata will becollected
and processed should be explained fully. The researcher
and/or research team should always obtain informed
consent from all parties involved in the research prior to
implementing the research project. This should include full
disclosure of any anticipated risks to the subjects, whether
the respondents should be compensated in any way, the
methodology to be used and data treatment (Dooly, et al.,
2017).
Conflicts of Interest
This happens when researchers have interests that are not
fully apparent and that may influence their judgments on
what is published. These conflicts include personal,
commercial, political, academic or financial interest.
Financial interests may include employment, research
funding, stock or share ownership, payment for lecture or
travel, consultancies and company support for staff. This
issue is especially pertinent in biomedical research where a
substantial number of clinical trials are funded by
pharmaceutical company (Jenn,2006;ASHA,2018).Even ifa
researcher is offered, or receives, gifts or incentives — even
something as minor as a free lunch
there may be a conflict of interest.
Such interests, where relevant, should be discussed in the
early stage of research. The researchers need to take extra
effort to ensure that their conflicts of interest do not
influence the methodology and outcome of the research. It
would be useful to consult an independent researcher, or
Ethics Committee, on this issue if in doubt. Whenpublishing,
these conflicts of interest should be declared to editors, and
readers will judge for themselves whether the research
findings are trustworthy.
Fund Issues
Grants are financial supports offered to researchers and
scholars who have identified a unique problem, and have
mapped strategies in solving theproblems,toenablethem to
conduct such investigations without challenges. Grants are
provided without interest nor return by organisations and
individuals. For instance, a researcher may want to address
the issues of security challenges in NorthernNigeria without
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having adequate funds to produceresearchinstrumentsthat
will serve all the states in the north or to travel from place to
place to collect data and to publish the research findings in
reputable Journals. Thus, interested organisations may
support by providing funds that will ensure the smooth
conduct of such a study.
However, ethical issuesconcerning researchgrantshavealso
emerged. These issues range fromgrantsallocationtogrants
utilization. It is unfair to give grants to people because of
their personal ties with an organization even when the
problem they intend to address is not as pressing as those of
other competing grants seekers. For social, economic,
political and religious reasons, grants are usually given to
unproductive researches against the novel ones. On the
hand, most researchers and scholars do not make use of
research grants for the execution of the actual research.
Some see it as an opportunity to alleviate poverty by
spending such funds in solving household problemswithout
conducting the proposed study. In other cases, researchers
intentionally use part of the grants for other private
investment, while only channeling an insufficient part of the
grant to the actual study. Consequently, the research is not
conducted as supposed, leading to fabrication and
falsification of data and other truths. Issues related to
research grants can be avoided through honesty in the
allocation of grants, and in the utilization of grants.
Conclusion
Research in education cannot be successfully conducted
without paying attention to the ethical issues bordering
around it. In time past, several scholars have made one
mistake or the other intentionally, due to ignorance or
through lack of awareness. There are numerous ethics that
must be followed for effective educational research
management and practice. These have been explained
exhaustively, the onus is now on students, researchers, and
scholars to abide by such ethics for improved problem
solving and effective decision making in researches
conducted in education and beyond.
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