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Renewable Energy Systems
BIO FUELS (Biogas)
Lecture 29
Instructor : Engr. Ijaz Husnain
Lecturer (EE)
Semester: 8th EE
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
2
Why Biogas?
• Dealing with wastes hasbecome anightmare for
various people all over the world and no doubt has
brought about sanitationproblems.
• Power hasalso become amajor concern especially
in the lessprivileged ruralareas.
• Integration of these two problems wouldbe aplus
point for variouscommunities.
• From Biogas,various components canbe powered
by properly making useof the gasobtained. Less
pollutant manure canbe obtainedultimately.
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
3
Biogas
• Biogasis clean environment friendly fuel.
• Biogasis generated when bacteria degrade biological materialin
the absenceof oxygen, in aprocess known asanaerobic
digestion.
• Biogasgenerally comprise of 55-65 %methane, 35-45 %carbon
dioxide, 0.5-1.0 %hydrogen sulfide and traces of watervapour.
• Theheating value of biogas is about 60%of natural gasand
about 25%of propane. [Average calorific value ofbiogas is 20
mj/m3].
• Biogashascorrosive nature and storage of biogas isnot
practical.
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
4
ProcessOf Bio-digestion
• Anaerobic digestion is basically asimple
processcarried out in anumber of stepsthat
canusealmost any organic material asa
substrate.
• Conventional anaerobic digestion is a"liquid"
process,where waste is mixed with water to
facilitate digestion. Sincebiogas is amixture of
methane and carbon dioxide it is arenewable
fuel.
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
5
Biogas production process (Anaerobic
digestion) is a multiple-stage processin
which some main stagesare:
Liquefaction
AcidProduction
Acetate Production
Methane Production
ProcessOf Bio-digestion
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
6
FattyAcids
Carbohydrates
AminoAcids
Sugars
Proteins
Carbonic
Acids And
Alcohols Hydrogen,
AceticAcid
And
Carbon
dioxide
Hydrogen, C
arbon
dioxide and
Ammonia
Methane
And
Carbon
dioxide
Fats
Acidogenesis
Hydrolysis Acetogenesis Methanogenesis
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
7
ProcessOf Biodigestion
(1) LIQUEFICATION
• Complex organic matter is degraded to basic structureby
hydraulic bacteria.
o Protein -> Polypeptide andAminoAcid
o Fat-> Glycerin and FattyAcid
o Amylase -> Monosacride and Polysacride
(2) ACIDPRODUCTION(Acidogenesis)
• Simple organic matters are converted into H2andCO2
• Acting bacteria in this process are calledhydrogen-producing
bacteria and acid-producing bacteria.
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
8
(4)ACET
A
TEPRODUCTION(Acetogenesis)
• Theshort-chain fatty acids are metabolized by synthrophic
acetogenic and homoacetogenic bacteria into acetate,carbon
dioxide, and hydrogen.
(5)METHANEPRODUCTION(Methanogenesis)
• In this process, acetic acid, H2, CO2,are converted into CH4.
• Methane-producing bacteria have strict PHrequirement and
low adaptability totemperature.
ProcessOf Biodigestion
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
9
Biogas ProductionPotentialFrom
DifferentWastes
Raw Material Biogas Production Methane Contentin
Liters/Kg biogas%
1 Cattle Dung 40 60.0
2 Green leaves and twigs 100 65.0
3 Food Waste 160 62.0
4 Bamboo Dust 53 71.5
5 Fruit waste 91 49.2
6 Bagasse 330 56.9
7 Dry Leaves 118 59.2
8 Non edible Oil SeedCakes 242 67.5
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
10
Utilization Of Biogas
• Cooking: Abiogas plant of 2 cubic meters is sufficient for
providing cooking fuel needs of afamily of about five persons.
• Lighting: Biogasis used in silk mantle lamps for lightingpurposes.
Therequirement of gasfor powering a100 candle lamp (60 W)is
0.13 cubic meter perhour.
• Power Generation: Biogascanbe used to operate adual fuel
engine to replace up to 80 %of diesel-oil. Diesel engines have
been modified to run 100 per cent on biogas. Petrol and CNG
engines canalso be modified easily to usebiogas.
• Transport Fuel:After removal of CO2,H2Sand water
vapor, biogas canbe converted to natural gasquality for usein
vehicles.
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
11
Benefits Of Biogas
• Availability of power at affordablerates
• Reduces pollution
• Reducestime wastage while collecting firewood
• Reducesreliance on fossil fuels
• Saveson the environment (Reducesdeforestation)
• Improves living standards in ruralareas
• Reducesglobal warming
• Produces good quality enriched manure to improve soilfertility.
• Effective and convenient way for sanitary disposal oforganinc
wastes, improving the hygienicconditions.
• Asasmokelessdomestic fuel it reduces the incidence of eye andlung
diseases. Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
12
Countries Having Biogas
Production Potential From
Different Wastes
•India
•U.S.A
•Pakistan
•Bangladesh
•Germany
•China
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
13
DisadvantagesOfBiogas
• Theprocessis not very attractive
economically on alarge industrial scale.
• It is very difficult to enhance the efficiency of
biogas systems.
• Biogascontains some gasesas
impurities, which are corrosive to themetal
parts of internal combustionengines.
• Not feasible to set up at all the locations.
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
14
Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester
8th EE)
15

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Res lecture 29 biogas

  • 1. Renewable Energy Systems BIO FUELS (Biogas) Lecture 29 Instructor : Engr. Ijaz Husnain Lecturer (EE) Semester: 8th EE
  • 2. Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 2
  • 3. Why Biogas? • Dealing with wastes hasbecome anightmare for various people all over the world and no doubt has brought about sanitationproblems. • Power hasalso become amajor concern especially in the lessprivileged ruralareas. • Integration of these two problems wouldbe aplus point for variouscommunities. • From Biogas,various components canbe powered by properly making useof the gasobtained. Less pollutant manure canbe obtainedultimately. Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 3
  • 4. Biogas • Biogasis clean environment friendly fuel. • Biogasis generated when bacteria degrade biological materialin the absenceof oxygen, in aprocess known asanaerobic digestion. • Biogasgenerally comprise of 55-65 %methane, 35-45 %carbon dioxide, 0.5-1.0 %hydrogen sulfide and traces of watervapour. • Theheating value of biogas is about 60%of natural gasand about 25%of propane. [Average calorific value ofbiogas is 20 mj/m3]. • Biogashascorrosive nature and storage of biogas isnot practical. Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 4
  • 5. ProcessOf Bio-digestion • Anaerobic digestion is basically asimple processcarried out in anumber of stepsthat canusealmost any organic material asa substrate. • Conventional anaerobic digestion is a"liquid" process,where waste is mixed with water to facilitate digestion. Sincebiogas is amixture of methane and carbon dioxide it is arenewable fuel. Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 5
  • 6. Biogas production process (Anaerobic digestion) is a multiple-stage processin which some main stagesare: Liquefaction AcidProduction Acetate Production Methane Production ProcessOf Bio-digestion Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 6
  • 7. FattyAcids Carbohydrates AminoAcids Sugars Proteins Carbonic Acids And Alcohols Hydrogen, AceticAcid And Carbon dioxide Hydrogen, C arbon dioxide and Ammonia Methane And Carbon dioxide Fats Acidogenesis Hydrolysis Acetogenesis Methanogenesis Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 7
  • 8. ProcessOf Biodigestion (1) LIQUEFICATION • Complex organic matter is degraded to basic structureby hydraulic bacteria. o Protein -> Polypeptide andAminoAcid o Fat-> Glycerin and FattyAcid o Amylase -> Monosacride and Polysacride (2) ACIDPRODUCTION(Acidogenesis) • Simple organic matters are converted into H2andCO2 • Acting bacteria in this process are calledhydrogen-producing bacteria and acid-producing bacteria. Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 8
  • 9. (4)ACET A TEPRODUCTION(Acetogenesis) • Theshort-chain fatty acids are metabolized by synthrophic acetogenic and homoacetogenic bacteria into acetate,carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. (5)METHANEPRODUCTION(Methanogenesis) • In this process, acetic acid, H2, CO2,are converted into CH4. • Methane-producing bacteria have strict PHrequirement and low adaptability totemperature. ProcessOf Biodigestion Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 9
  • 10. Biogas ProductionPotentialFrom DifferentWastes Raw Material Biogas Production Methane Contentin Liters/Kg biogas% 1 Cattle Dung 40 60.0 2 Green leaves and twigs 100 65.0 3 Food Waste 160 62.0 4 Bamboo Dust 53 71.5 5 Fruit waste 91 49.2 6 Bagasse 330 56.9 7 Dry Leaves 118 59.2 8 Non edible Oil SeedCakes 242 67.5 Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 10
  • 11. Utilization Of Biogas • Cooking: Abiogas plant of 2 cubic meters is sufficient for providing cooking fuel needs of afamily of about five persons. • Lighting: Biogasis used in silk mantle lamps for lightingpurposes. Therequirement of gasfor powering a100 candle lamp (60 W)is 0.13 cubic meter perhour. • Power Generation: Biogascanbe used to operate adual fuel engine to replace up to 80 %of diesel-oil. Diesel engines have been modified to run 100 per cent on biogas. Petrol and CNG engines canalso be modified easily to usebiogas. • Transport Fuel:After removal of CO2,H2Sand water vapor, biogas canbe converted to natural gasquality for usein vehicles. Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 11
  • 12. Benefits Of Biogas • Availability of power at affordablerates • Reduces pollution • Reducestime wastage while collecting firewood • Reducesreliance on fossil fuels • Saveson the environment (Reducesdeforestation) • Improves living standards in ruralareas • Reducesglobal warming • Produces good quality enriched manure to improve soilfertility. • Effective and convenient way for sanitary disposal oforganinc wastes, improving the hygienicconditions. • Asasmokelessdomestic fuel it reduces the incidence of eye andlung diseases. Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 12
  • 13. Countries Having Biogas Production Potential From Different Wastes •India •U.S.A •Pakistan •Bangladesh •Germany •China Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 13
  • 14. DisadvantagesOfBiogas • Theprocessis not very attractive economically on alarge industrial scale. • It is very difficult to enhance the efficiency of biogas systems. • Biogascontains some gasesas impurities, which are corrosive to themetal parts of internal combustionengines. • Not feasible to set up at all the locations. Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 14
  • 15. Engr. Ijaz Husnain dab, Renewabale Energy system, (semester 8th EE) 15