X-ray diffraction is a powerful nondestructive technique that uses monochromatic X-rays to determine the interplanar spacings of crystalline materials in order to characterize their structures, phases, and other structural parameters like grain size and defects. It provides information through analyzing the diffraction peaks produced by constructive interference of the X-rays scattered from the lattice planes, with the peak intensities determined by the atomic distribution and making the pattern a fingerprint of the material. This review summarizes recent scientific trends in using X-ray diffraction over the past five years across various fields including pharmaceuticals, forensics, geology, microelectronics, glass, and corrosion analysis.

1. X-ray diffraction
XRD
Dr. G. D. HANDE

10. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful
nondestructive technique for characterizing
crystalline materials.
It provides information on structures, phases,
preferred crystal orientations (texture), and other
structural parameters, such as average grain
size, crystallinity, strain, and crystal defects.

11. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) is an
efficient analytical technique used to identify
and characterize unknown crystalline
materials.
Monochromatic x-rays are used to
determine the interplanar spacings of the
unknown materials.

13. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful
nondestructive technique for characterizing
crystalline materials.
It provides information on structures, phases,
preferred crystal orientations (texture), and other
structural parameters, such as average grain
size, crystallinity, strain, and crystal defects.
X-ray diffraction peaks are produced by
constructive interference of a monochromatic
beam of X-rays scattered at specific angles from
each set of lattice planes in a sample.

14. The peak intensities are determined by the
distribution of atoms within the lattice. Consequently,
the X-ray diffraction pattern is the fingerprint of
periodic atomic arrangements in a given material.
 This review summarizes the scientific trends
associated with the rapid development of the
technique of X-ray diffraction over the past five years
pertaining to the field of pharmaceutical industry,
forensic science, geological applications,
microelectronics and glass industry, as well as in
corrosion analysis.