The three main hormones involved in the female menstrual cycle are estrogen, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH). Estrogen causes the thickening of the uterine lining and development of female secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone maintains the thickened uterine lining to prepare for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, decreasing progesterone levels cause the uterine lining to shed through menstruation. LH surges near ovulation to trigger the release of a mature egg. Together, these hormones regulate the monthly changes in a woman's reproductive system through menarche, menstruation, and menopause.
Physiology for medical students in university.
Assignment done by students to be used for other university students also.
Focus more on the menstruation in female.
Why females living in one dorm menstruate at period and synchronization occur for their period.
Students can understand the reason why this occur and come to common understand the reason.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
The document discusses the physiology of the menstrual cycle. It begins with an introduction to menstruation and the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis that regulates the cycle. It then describes the three phases of the ovarian cycle (follicular, ovulatory, luteal) and the corresponding four phases of the uterine cycle (menstrual, proliferative, secretory, ischemic). It also discusses cervical mucus changes, abnormalities in menstruation, and some comfort measures during menstruation.
The document summarizes the female reproductive cycle and mammary glands. It describes the menstrual cycle which occurs over approximately 28 days and involves the ovarian and uterine cycles controlled by hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The uterine cycle includes the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases where the endometrium is prepared for potential fertilization and pregnancy. If no fertilization occurs, menstruation begins. The document also describes menopause and the role of the mammary glands in producing milk during lactation under hormonal control.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND OVULATION 04-09-23 dr.Aremu.pptKawukiIsah
The document discusses the menstrual cycle in women. It defines the menstrual cycle and explains that it typically occurs monthly from puberty to menopause. The cycle involves changes in the ovaries and uterus regulated by hormones. It describes the four phases - follicular, ovulation, luteal, and menstrual. Key events like menarche, ovulation and menstruation are explained. Causes and symptoms of common conditions like PMS and dysmenorrhea are also summarized.
The document provides information about the menstrual cycle and irregular menstrual cycles in females. It describes the three phases of the menstrual cycle - the proliferative phase, secretory phase, and menstrual phase. It also lists several common causes of irregular menstrual cycles such as pregnancy, thyroid problems, polycystic ovary syndrome, and stress. The document encourages requesting an appointment with an infertility specialist by calling or booking online to discuss fertility and family planning options.
The female reproductive system has external and internal organs that work together for reproduction. The external organs include the vulva, which contains the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. The internal organs include the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and cervix. During ovulation, an egg travels from the ovaries to the uterus through the fallopian tubes. If fertilized by sperm, it may implant in the uterus. The placenta then develops to nourish an embryo. Hormones regulate the menstrual cycle of the uterine lining shedding if no implantation occurs.
Physiology for medical students in university.
Assignment done by students to be used for other university students also.
Focus more on the menstruation in female.
Why females living in one dorm menstruate at period and synchronization occur for their period.
Students can understand the reason why this occur and come to common understand the reason.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
The document discusses the physiology of the menstrual cycle. It begins with an introduction to menstruation and the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis that regulates the cycle. It then describes the three phases of the ovarian cycle (follicular, ovulatory, luteal) and the corresponding four phases of the uterine cycle (menstrual, proliferative, secretory, ischemic). It also discusses cervical mucus changes, abnormalities in menstruation, and some comfort measures during menstruation.
The document summarizes the female reproductive cycle and mammary glands. It describes the menstrual cycle which occurs over approximately 28 days and involves the ovarian and uterine cycles controlled by hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The uterine cycle includes the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases where the endometrium is prepared for potential fertilization and pregnancy. If no fertilization occurs, menstruation begins. The document also describes menopause and the role of the mammary glands in producing milk during lactation under hormonal control.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND OVULATION 04-09-23 dr.Aremu.pptKawukiIsah
The document discusses the menstrual cycle in women. It defines the menstrual cycle and explains that it typically occurs monthly from puberty to menopause. The cycle involves changes in the ovaries and uterus regulated by hormones. It describes the four phases - follicular, ovulation, luteal, and menstrual. Key events like menarche, ovulation and menstruation are explained. Causes and symptoms of common conditions like PMS and dysmenorrhea are also summarized.
The document provides information about the menstrual cycle and irregular menstrual cycles in females. It describes the three phases of the menstrual cycle - the proliferative phase, secretory phase, and menstrual phase. It also lists several common causes of irregular menstrual cycles such as pregnancy, thyroid problems, polycystic ovary syndrome, and stress. The document encourages requesting an appointment with an infertility specialist by calling or booking online to discuss fertility and family planning options.
The female reproductive system has external and internal organs that work together for reproduction. The external organs include the vulva, which contains the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. The internal organs include the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and cervix. During ovulation, an egg travels from the ovaries to the uterus through the fallopian tubes. If fertilized by sperm, it may implant in the uterus. The placenta then develops to nourish an embryo. Hormones regulate the menstrual cycle of the uterine lining shedding if no implantation occurs.
This power point presentation explains the female reproductive system briefly. It explains about different stages of female reproduction i.e. puberty, menarche, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause etc.
The document discusses the female menstrual cycle. It begins with menstruation which lasts 5-7 days and signals the start of a new cycle. It then explains how hormones like FSH and LH cause an egg to mature and be released from the ovaries (ovulation) around day 14. If the egg is not fertilized, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing the uterine lining to shed through menstruation and restarting the cycle. The entire process repeats roughly every 28 days and is controlled by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries and uterus.
The menstrual cycle consists of four phases - menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase. It is controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates follicle growth in the ovaries. Ovulation occurs when an LH surge causes the release of an egg. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy. Common issues include painful or heavy periods, which can be caused by hormonal imbalances or underlying conditions.
The menstrual cycle involves changes in the ovaries and uterus driven by hormones. It begins at menarche and typically repeats every 21-35 days until menopause. Each cycle can be divided into the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase. During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production. Ovulation occurs when an LH surge causes an egg to be released. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone to thicken the uterine lining if implantation occurs. If not, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins, restarting the cycle.
1) The document discusses the normal physiology of the female reproductive system, including oogenesis and follicular development where approximately 1-2 million primary oocytes are present at birth and only 400-500 fully mature each month.
2) It describes the hormonal physiology and monthly cycle, influenced by hormones like FSH, LH, estrogens, and progesterone. Ovulation occurs around day 14 before menstruation.
3) The functions of estrogen and progesterone are outlined, such as estrogen's effects on development of the uterus, breasts, and external sex organs during puberty, and progesterone's role in preparing the uterus for potential implantation.
The menstrual cycle involves changes in the uterus and ovaries controlled by hormones. The proliferative phase prepares the uterus for pregnancy by thickening its lining under estrogen. Ovulation releases an egg, after which progesterone supports the lining during the secretory phase. If implantation does not occur, hormone levels fall and the menstrual phase sheds the lining. Menstrual management involves products like pads and tampons to absorb blood and allow women to participate in daily activities during their period.
This document discusses hormonal contraception, including oral contraceptives. It covers the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle, types of hormonal contraception including oral contraceptives, and considerations for initiating and choosing oral contraceptives. The key topics covered are the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle, mechanisms of action and types of combined and progestin-only oral contraceptives, considerations for initiating oral contraceptive use, and factors to consider when choosing an oral contraceptive.
Infertility male and Female , Test Tube Baby, GIFT and Stem CellDnyaneshwarSawairamR
Infertility:
Inability of Couple to conceive (Pregnant ) pregnancy after regular sexual intercourse without use of contraceptive upto one year.
It may occur in male and female , Accordingly two type of infertility
Male infertility and Female infertility
This document outlines the menstrual cycle and provides education on menstrual health. It begins with definitions of menstruation and the characteristics of a normal menstrual cycle. It then describes the two cycles that make up the menstrual cycle: the endometrial cycle consisting of the menstrual, proliferative, secretary, and ischemic phases, and the ovarian cycle consisting of the follicular and luteal phases. Finally, it discusses general principles of self-care during menstruation and the importance of health education to promote understanding and a positive self-image regarding menstruation.
INFERTILITY IN FEMALE,Educational Platform.pptxnoorhadia494
The document discusses infertility in females. It begins with objectives of the lecture which are to introduce infertility, discuss female anatomy, pathophysiology, risk factors, causes, signs and symptoms. It then defines infertility, describes types, and reviews anatomy. Pathophysiology includes issues like anovulation, endometriosis, abnormalities, and hormonal problems. Risk factors include age, smoking, weight, STDs and alcohol use. Causes may be damage to fallopian tubes, infections, hormonal issues, or cervical problems. Diagnosis involves tests like exams, blood tests, ultrasounds and laparoscopy. Treatment includes fertility drugs to regulate ovulation, metformin, gonadotropins, IUI, IVF
Recent advancement in infertility final pptLalitaSharma39
This document provides an overview of recent advancements in infertility management. It begins with definitions of infertility and its types. It then discusses various causes of female infertility including age, smoking, STIs, weight, chemotherapy, genetic factors, and issues with the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. Tests for infertility and treatment options like laparoscopy, medication, and assisted reproductive technologies are also outlined. Specific ART procedures described in detail include IUI, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI, and ovary transplants.
The female reproductive system includes ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. During ovulation, an egg is released from the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. If fertilized by sperm, it may implant in the uterus and develop into a fetus. The female reproductive cycle and hormones that regulate it, including estrogen and progesterone, precisely coordinate female fertility and pregnancy.
The menstrual cycle is divided into three phases - the proliferative phase, secretory phase, and destructive phase. The proliferative phase begins around day 6 and lasts 9 days as the uterine lining is repaired after menstruation and a follicle matures and ovulation occurs around day 14. In the secretory phase from days 15-28, the uterine lining thickens and glands develop to secrete nutrients for potential embryo implantation. If implantation does not occur, menstruation begins in the destructive phase from days 1-5, where the uterine lining is shed.
The menstrual cycle is divided into three phases - the proliferative phase, secretory phase, and destructive phase. The proliferative phase begins around day 6 and lasts 9 days as the uterine lining is repaired after menstruation and a follicle matures and ovulation occurs around day 14. In the secretory phase from days 15-28, the uterine lining thickens and glands develop to secrete nutrients for potential embryo implantation. If implantation does not occur, menstruation begins in the destructive phase from days 1-5, where the uterine lining is shed.
Menstruation is the monthly discharge of blood and tissues from the uterus through the vagina in non-pregnant women. It typically begins during adolescence between ages 12-15 and occurs about every 21-31 days. Menstruation stops during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and after menopause. The menstrual cycle involves both ovarian and uterine cycles regulated by hormones like estrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries and hypothalamus/pituitary gland. When fertilization does not occur, decreasing progesterone triggers menstruation and the start of a new cycle. Imbalances in hormones like estrogen and progesterone can cause various symptoms.
The document discusses spermatogenesis, the process of sperm formation in the testes. It takes place in 4 stages: proliferation of spermatogonia, growth of primary spermatocytes, maturation through meiosis, and transformation of spermatids into mature sperm. Sertoli cells provide nutrients and support throughout spermatogenesis via cytoplasmic attachment to developing germ cells. The process takes approximately 74 days to complete.
This Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly Breastfeeding This Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingThis Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingThis Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingThis Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingThis Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingThis Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingThis Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingPregnancy begins at implantation, around 6-10 days after fertilization. The placenta forms, supporting embryo growth. Hormonal changes aid fetal development over 40 weeks, divided into trimesters. Physical and emotional changes occur in the mother. Pregnancy ends with childbirth, followed by a period of recovery and bonding for the mother and baby.The menstrual cycle typically lasts about 28 days, although it can vary from person to person. It consists of several phases, each characterized by hormonal changes and physiological events:
1. **Menstrual Phase (Days 1-5)**: The shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium), resulting in menstruation (bleeding). Estrogen and progesterone levels are low at the beginning of this phase.
2. **Follicular Phase (Days 1-14)**: The pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries. One follicle matures and releases an egg (ovulation) around day 14. Estrogen levels rise during this phase, stimulating the thickening of the endometrium.
3. **Ovulation (Around Day 14)**: The mature follicle ruptures, releasing the egg into the fallopian tube. This typically occurs around day 14 of a 28-day cycle, but it can vary. Ovulation is triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH).
4. **Luteal Phase (Days 15-28)**: After ovulation, the ruptured follicle forms a structure called the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. Progesterone levels rise, preparing the endometrium for possible implantation of a fertilized egg. If fertilization does not occur, estrogen and progesterone levels drop towards the end of this phase, leading to the shedding of the endometrium and
The document summarizes the female menstrual cycle, which occurs approximately every 28 days. It describes the ovarian and uterine cycles, including the follicular phase where an egg matures and is released (ovulation), the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms, and the proliferative and secretory phases in the uterus. Key hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone regulate the cycle through feedback mechanisms between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. Abnormalities in the cycle can occur if ovulation does not take place.
This document discusses various factors that can cause infertility in males and females. It describes abnormalities that can impair sperm production or function in males such as low sperm count, abnormal sperm morphology or motility. It also discusses erection or ejaculation issues. In females, it mentions disorders of ovulation, fallopian tube abnormalities, cervical issues, or recurrent pregnancy loss as factors. Some diagnostic tests and treatments for infertility are also outlined such as semen analysis, ovulation predictor kits, fertility drugs, artificial insemination, IVF etc.
The document discusses the menstrual cycle and menstruation. It defines menstruation as the shedding of the uterine lining every month. It describes the typical phases and characteristics of a normal menstrual cycle, including the ovarian and uterine cycles. The four phases are the menstrual, follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases. Changes in cervical mucus and potential abnormalities are also reviewed. Comfort measures and health education related to menstruation are provided.
This power point presentation explains the female reproductive system briefly. It explains about different stages of female reproduction i.e. puberty, menarche, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause etc.
The document discusses the female menstrual cycle. It begins with menstruation which lasts 5-7 days and signals the start of a new cycle. It then explains how hormones like FSH and LH cause an egg to mature and be released from the ovaries (ovulation) around day 14. If the egg is not fertilized, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing the uterine lining to shed through menstruation and restarting the cycle. The entire process repeats roughly every 28 days and is controlled by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries and uterus.
The menstrual cycle consists of four phases - menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase. It is controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates follicle growth in the ovaries. Ovulation occurs when an LH surge causes the release of an egg. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy. Common issues include painful or heavy periods, which can be caused by hormonal imbalances or underlying conditions.
The menstrual cycle involves changes in the ovaries and uterus driven by hormones. It begins at menarche and typically repeats every 21-35 days until menopause. Each cycle can be divided into the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase. During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production. Ovulation occurs when an LH surge causes an egg to be released. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone to thicken the uterine lining if implantation occurs. If not, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins, restarting the cycle.
1) The document discusses the normal physiology of the female reproductive system, including oogenesis and follicular development where approximately 1-2 million primary oocytes are present at birth and only 400-500 fully mature each month.
2) It describes the hormonal physiology and monthly cycle, influenced by hormones like FSH, LH, estrogens, and progesterone. Ovulation occurs around day 14 before menstruation.
3) The functions of estrogen and progesterone are outlined, such as estrogen's effects on development of the uterus, breasts, and external sex organs during puberty, and progesterone's role in preparing the uterus for potential implantation.
The menstrual cycle involves changes in the uterus and ovaries controlled by hormones. The proliferative phase prepares the uterus for pregnancy by thickening its lining under estrogen. Ovulation releases an egg, after which progesterone supports the lining during the secretory phase. If implantation does not occur, hormone levels fall and the menstrual phase sheds the lining. Menstrual management involves products like pads and tampons to absorb blood and allow women to participate in daily activities during their period.
This document discusses hormonal contraception, including oral contraceptives. It covers the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle, types of hormonal contraception including oral contraceptives, and considerations for initiating and choosing oral contraceptives. The key topics covered are the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle, mechanisms of action and types of combined and progestin-only oral contraceptives, considerations for initiating oral contraceptive use, and factors to consider when choosing an oral contraceptive.
Infertility male and Female , Test Tube Baby, GIFT and Stem CellDnyaneshwarSawairamR
Infertility:
Inability of Couple to conceive (Pregnant ) pregnancy after regular sexual intercourse without use of contraceptive upto one year.
It may occur in male and female , Accordingly two type of infertility
Male infertility and Female infertility
This document outlines the menstrual cycle and provides education on menstrual health. It begins with definitions of menstruation and the characteristics of a normal menstrual cycle. It then describes the two cycles that make up the menstrual cycle: the endometrial cycle consisting of the menstrual, proliferative, secretary, and ischemic phases, and the ovarian cycle consisting of the follicular and luteal phases. Finally, it discusses general principles of self-care during menstruation and the importance of health education to promote understanding and a positive self-image regarding menstruation.
INFERTILITY IN FEMALE,Educational Platform.pptxnoorhadia494
The document discusses infertility in females. It begins with objectives of the lecture which are to introduce infertility, discuss female anatomy, pathophysiology, risk factors, causes, signs and symptoms. It then defines infertility, describes types, and reviews anatomy. Pathophysiology includes issues like anovulation, endometriosis, abnormalities, and hormonal problems. Risk factors include age, smoking, weight, STDs and alcohol use. Causes may be damage to fallopian tubes, infections, hormonal issues, or cervical problems. Diagnosis involves tests like exams, blood tests, ultrasounds and laparoscopy. Treatment includes fertility drugs to regulate ovulation, metformin, gonadotropins, IUI, IVF
Recent advancement in infertility final pptLalitaSharma39
This document provides an overview of recent advancements in infertility management. It begins with definitions of infertility and its types. It then discusses various causes of female infertility including age, smoking, STIs, weight, chemotherapy, genetic factors, and issues with the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. Tests for infertility and treatment options like laparoscopy, medication, and assisted reproductive technologies are also outlined. Specific ART procedures described in detail include IUI, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI, and ovary transplants.
The female reproductive system includes ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. During ovulation, an egg is released from the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. If fertilized by sperm, it may implant in the uterus and develop into a fetus. The female reproductive cycle and hormones that regulate it, including estrogen and progesterone, precisely coordinate female fertility and pregnancy.
The menstrual cycle is divided into three phases - the proliferative phase, secretory phase, and destructive phase. The proliferative phase begins around day 6 and lasts 9 days as the uterine lining is repaired after menstruation and a follicle matures and ovulation occurs around day 14. In the secretory phase from days 15-28, the uterine lining thickens and glands develop to secrete nutrients for potential embryo implantation. If implantation does not occur, menstruation begins in the destructive phase from days 1-5, where the uterine lining is shed.
The menstrual cycle is divided into three phases - the proliferative phase, secretory phase, and destructive phase. The proliferative phase begins around day 6 and lasts 9 days as the uterine lining is repaired after menstruation and a follicle matures and ovulation occurs around day 14. In the secretory phase from days 15-28, the uterine lining thickens and glands develop to secrete nutrients for potential embryo implantation. If implantation does not occur, menstruation begins in the destructive phase from days 1-5, where the uterine lining is shed.
Menstruation is the monthly discharge of blood and tissues from the uterus through the vagina in non-pregnant women. It typically begins during adolescence between ages 12-15 and occurs about every 21-31 days. Menstruation stops during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and after menopause. The menstrual cycle involves both ovarian and uterine cycles regulated by hormones like estrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries and hypothalamus/pituitary gland. When fertilization does not occur, decreasing progesterone triggers menstruation and the start of a new cycle. Imbalances in hormones like estrogen and progesterone can cause various symptoms.
The document discusses spermatogenesis, the process of sperm formation in the testes. It takes place in 4 stages: proliferation of spermatogonia, growth of primary spermatocytes, maturation through meiosis, and transformation of spermatids into mature sperm. Sertoli cells provide nutrients and support throughout spermatogenesis via cytoplasmic attachment to developing germ cells. The process takes approximately 74 days to complete.
This Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly Breastfeeding This Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingThis Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingThis Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingThis Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingThis Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingThis Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingThis Report is for the 3rd Period of Science Grade10 it has Menstrual Cycle Length and Changes, Dysmenorrhea, Fertilization and Pregnancy and lastly BreastfeedingPregnancy begins at implantation, around 6-10 days after fertilization. The placenta forms, supporting embryo growth. Hormonal changes aid fetal development over 40 weeks, divided into trimesters. Physical and emotional changes occur in the mother. Pregnancy ends with childbirth, followed by a period of recovery and bonding for the mother and baby.The menstrual cycle typically lasts about 28 days, although it can vary from person to person. It consists of several phases, each characterized by hormonal changes and physiological events:
1. **Menstrual Phase (Days 1-5)**: The shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium), resulting in menstruation (bleeding). Estrogen and progesterone levels are low at the beginning of this phase.
2. **Follicular Phase (Days 1-14)**: The pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries. One follicle matures and releases an egg (ovulation) around day 14. Estrogen levels rise during this phase, stimulating the thickening of the endometrium.
3. **Ovulation (Around Day 14)**: The mature follicle ruptures, releasing the egg into the fallopian tube. This typically occurs around day 14 of a 28-day cycle, but it can vary. Ovulation is triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH).
4. **Luteal Phase (Days 15-28)**: After ovulation, the ruptured follicle forms a structure called the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. Progesterone levels rise, preparing the endometrium for possible implantation of a fertilized egg. If fertilization does not occur, estrogen and progesterone levels drop towards the end of this phase, leading to the shedding of the endometrium and
The document summarizes the female menstrual cycle, which occurs approximately every 28 days. It describes the ovarian and uterine cycles, including the follicular phase where an egg matures and is released (ovulation), the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms, and the proliferative and secretory phases in the uterus. Key hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone regulate the cycle through feedback mechanisms between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. Abnormalities in the cycle can occur if ovulation does not take place.
This document discusses various factors that can cause infertility in males and females. It describes abnormalities that can impair sperm production or function in males such as low sperm count, abnormal sperm morphology or motility. It also discusses erection or ejaculation issues. In females, it mentions disorders of ovulation, fallopian tube abnormalities, cervical issues, or recurrent pregnancy loss as factors. Some diagnostic tests and treatments for infertility are also outlined such as semen analysis, ovulation predictor kits, fertility drugs, artificial insemination, IVF etc.
The document discusses the menstrual cycle and menstruation. It defines menstruation as the shedding of the uterine lining every month. It describes the typical phases and characteristics of a normal menstrual cycle, including the ovarian and uterine cycles. The four phases are the menstrual, follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases. Changes in cervical mucus and potential abnormalities are also reviewed. Comfort measures and health education related to menstruation are provided.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
2. The most likely causes for female infertility are:
1. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - PID is the most
common cause of infertility worldwide.
• It‘s an infection of the pelvis or one or more of the reproductive organs,
including the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the cervix or the uterus.
• PID usually stems from the same bacteria that cause sexually transmitted
diseases, such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. Chlamydia, in fact, causes 75
percent of fallopian tube infections.
• PID may also develop from bacteria that reach the reproductive organs
through abortion, hysterectomy, childbirth, sexual intercourse, use of an
intrauterine (IUD) contraceptive device or a ruptured appendix.
• Not only does PID cause infertility, but it may also lead to ectopic pregnancy
and blood poisoning, a potentially fatal complication.
3. 2. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO)
• Another major cause of infertility.
•Due to hormones in the wrong quantities, follicles do not produce eggs. Instead they
form fluid-filled cysts that eventually cover the ovaries.
• It also increases the risk of diabetes, cancer and even heart disease
•The symptoms include: Excessive facial hair , Acne , Depression , Unexplained weight
gain , Irregular or no periods , High insulin or cholesterol readings
4. 3. Endometriosis
• Endometriosis refers to a condition in which sections of the
uterine lining implant in the vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes
or pelvis.
• These implants eventually form cysts that grow with each
menstrual cycle, and may eventually turn into blisters and
scars. The scars can then block the passage of the egg.
5. 4. Fibroids
• Fibroids, or benign growths, may form in the uterus near the fallopian tubes or cervix.
As a result, the sperm or fertilized egg cannot reach the uterus or implant there.
Other Uterine Problems - Abnormal reproductive organs or endometritis (an abnormal
swelling of the uterine lining) may make it difficult for the fertilized egg to implant.
6. 5. Illness
• Certain diseases, such as diabetes, kidney disease or high blood pressure. Ectopic
pregnancy and some urinary tract infections may also elevate the risk of infertility.
6 . Medications
• Hormones, antibiotics, antidepressants, and pain killers may bring on temporary
infertility.
• Commonly used medications such as aspirin and ibuprofen can also impair fertility if
taken mid-cycle. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) pills can reduce the amount of estrogen and
luteinizing hormones in the body, impairing fertility.
7. 7. Surgical Complications
•Scar tissue left after abdominal surgery can cause problems in the movement of the
ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus, resulting in infertility.
•Frequent abortions may also produce infertility by weakening the cervix or by leaving
scar tissue that obstructs the uterus
8. Regulation of Female Monthly Rhythm:
- Puberty onset of adult sexual life
- Menarche beginning of menstrual cycles
- Menopause at 40 – 50 yrs irregular cycles, failure of ovulation female hormones
diminish
Due to: Ovaries are used up
Sx: Hot flushes, Psychic dyspnea, irritability, fatigue, anxiety, decreased strength and
calcification of bones
12. 1. What is menstruation?
2. Significance
3. Which hormones play a role in
menstruation?
4. Significance of each hormone
5. What medical conditions will arise due
to problems in hormones associated?
13. ■ The process in a woman of discharging
blood and other material from the
lining of the uterus at intervals of
about one lunar month (28 days) from
puberty until the menopause, except
during pregnancy.
14. ■ Menstruation is not the same as the menstrual
cycle.
■ The Menstrual cycle describes the cyclic
changes in a woman’s body going through
menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation,
the luteal phase and back to menstruation
again to begin the cycle.
■ Menstruation is therefore one of the 4 phases
of the menstrual cycle.
15. 1. Cycle of natural changes that occurs in
the uterus and ovary as an essential part of
making sexual reproduction possible.
2. Essential for the production of eggs.
3. Preparation of the uterus for pregnancy.
4. Fertile period of a woman’s life between
menarche and menopause.
16. ■ Menarche: Age at onset of menstruation
■ Primary
despite signs of puberty
■ Secondary amenorrhea:
for 3-6 months in a
Absence of menstruation
Absence of menstruation
woman who previously
menstruated
■ Dysfunctional uterine bleeding: Irregular bleeding
due to anovulation or anovulatory cycle
Menarche age 12
9 years
amenorrhea:
16 years
17. ■ Menorrhagia: Regular menstrual intervals,
excessive flow and duration
■ Metrorrhagia: Irregular menstrual intervals,
excessive flow and duration
■ Oligomenorrhea: Menstrual interval greater
than 35 days
Menstrual cycle
■ Anovulation / anovulatory:
without ovulation
■ Dysmenorrhea: Menstrual cramping/pain
18. 1. Duration of menstrual flow
2. Quality of the menstruum,
3. Amount of blood loss,
4. The flow pattern and
5. Associated symptoms.
19. ■ Last from 3 to 7 days.
▪ The exact duration varies from woman to woman.
▪ It however shows little or no variation for the
same woman from cycle to cycle.
▪ Most women do not experience cycle to cycle
changes more than 1 or 2 days.
▪ It is unusual for the same woman to have wide
swings such as 3 days duration in one cycle and 7
days in another.
20. ■ Menstrual blood is normally bright or light
red in color like the bleeding that occurs after
a knife cut or similar injury.
▪ It could look brown in some few
women and still be normal menstruation.
▪ It must not have a foul odor.
▪ Small clots may be a normal part of menstrual
blood.
21. ■ The average blood loss during normal
menstruation is about 35 ml, with a
range of 10 to 80 ml.
▪ Usually understood from the number of
pads soaked.
22. ■ Normally, as menses begin to flow, the
amount of blood loss seems to increase
gradually until it attains a maximum and
then starts diminishing as the end of the
flow draws near.
■ This pattern is described as crescendo-
decrescendo pattern.
23. ■ Normal menstruation may be accompanied by other
symptoms such as
▪ Breasts fullness,
▪ Mild lower abdominal pain or Irritability.
▪ Fluid retention
▪ Cramping
▪ Mood swings
▪ Weight gain
▪ Breast tenderness
▪ Diarrhea
▪ Constipation
■ These symptoms are never debilitating.
24.
25. ■ Begins when estrogen levels are low
■ Anterior pituitary secretes FSH and
LH, stimulation follicle to develop
■ Cells around egg enlarge, releasing
estrogen
■ This causes this uterine lining to
thicken
26. ■ LH and FSH still being released, for
another 3-4 days
■ Follicle ruptures, releasing ova into
the Fallopian tubes
27. ■ Now empty follicle changes to a yellow
colour, becomes corpus luteum
■ Continues to secrete estrogen, but now
beings to release progesterone
■ Progesterone further develops uterine
lining
■ If pregnant, embryo will release
hormones to preserve corpus luteum
28. ■ If no embryo, the corpus luteum begins
to disintegrate
■ Progesterone levels drop, uterine lining
detaches, menstruation can begin
egg all
■ Tissue, blood, unfertilized
discharged
■ Can take from 3-7 days
34. FEMALE HORMONES
PROTEIN HORMONES
l hCG
l hPL
l hCT
l Hypothalamic and
pituitary like hormones
l Others like inhibin, relaxin
and beta endorphins
STEROID
HORMONES
l Esrogens
l Progestin
35. HPL (Human placental
lactogen)
HCG (Human
chorionic
gonadotropin)
1)It is a hormone produced by the
syncytiotrophoblast, a portion of
the placenta following
implantation
2)The pituitary analog of hCG,
known as luteinizing hormone
3)promotes the maintenance of the
corpus luteum during the
beginning of pregnancy
4) hCG can also be used clinically
to induce ovulation in the ovaries
as well as testosterone production
in the testes.
1)Also called human chorionic
somatomammotropin (HCS), is a
polypeptide placental hormone.
2)Its structure and function is
similar to that of human growth
hormone
3)↓ maternal insulin sensitivity
leading to an increase in maternal
blood glucose levels.
4) ↓ maternal glucose utilization,
which helps ensure adequate fetal
nutrition (the mother responds by
increasing beta cells). Chronic
hypoglycemia leads to a rise in
hPL.
36. • The estrogens are steroidal hormones synthesized
from cholesterol and produced primarily by the ovaries,
placenta and corpus luteum.
ESTROGEN
37.
38. Secondary sexual characters
• Estradiol is responsible for the secondary sex characteristic of the
female
• It causes the growth of the duct system of the mammary gland
• It stops growth of long bones by initiating the closure of epiphyseal
growth plate
• It causes disposition and distribution of body fat.
• They are required for the development of the secondary sex
characteristics of the female including hair growth, deposition of body
fat, mammary gland development, plumage, etc.
• They play a role in the normal health and function of the skin
39. EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN ON
REPRODUCTIVE TRACTS
• VAGINA- slight mucous secretion, hyperemia, oedema
• CERVIX – Relaxation, Liquefaction of mucous plug
• UTERUS- Stimulates uterine gland development,
sensitization of the endometrium to oxytocin, immune
activation (local), leucocyte infiltration .
• FALLOPIAN TUBE-Increased motility & cilia activity
• MAMMARY GLAND- Stimulates mammary duct
development
41. SOURCES
• Luteal cells of corpus luteum
• Also produced from adrenal cortex
and placenta.
42. FUNCTIONS
• Progesterone causes growth of the glandular system of the
endometrium of the uterus, and the secretions from the
endometrial glands (uterine milk) for the nutrition of the ovum
and the attachment of the embryo.
• Progesterone plays a role in the maintenance of pregnancy (and
pseudopregnancy) by providing a favorable environment for
survival of the embryo.
• Progesterone causes growth of the alveolar system of the
mammary gland.
• Progesterone inhibits the smooth muscle activity of the uterus -
renders it less sensitive to oxytocin.
43. • Target tissues are relatively insensitive to progesterone unless
primed by estrogen - At low levels progesterone acts with
estrogen to stimulate ovulation by promoting LH release.
• At high levels progesterone inhibits the secretion of FSH and
LH via a negative feedback and thus also prevents the
ovulation of follicles during the luteal phase and during
pregnancy.
• Progesterone increases the efficiency of nutrient utilization.
44. EFFECTS ON PEPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
• Vagina- slight mucous secretion, paleness .
• Cervix- Closure, formation of mucous plug
• Uterus- stimulates uterine gland secretions, sensitization of
endometrium to oxytocin, decreases uterine motility,
• Fallopian tube- increased secretion , decreased motility
• Mammary gland – Stimulates lobulo-alveolar development